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Shi Y, Shi G, Zhao S, Wang B, Yang Y, Li H, Zhang J, Wang J, Li X, O'Connor MF. Atrophy in the supramarginal gyrus associated with impaired cognitive inhibition in grieving Chinese Shidu parents. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2403250. [PMID: 39297282 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2403250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The loss of an only child, known as Shidu in China, is a profoundly distressing experience, often leading to Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Despite its impact, the structural brain alterations associated with PGD, potentially influencing cognitive impairments in Shidu parents, remain understudied.Objective: This study aims to identify brain structural abnormalities related to prolonged grief and their relation with cognitive inhibition in Shidu parents.Methods: The study included 40 Shidu parents and 42 non-bereaved participants. Prolonged grief was evaluated using the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire (PG-13). We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess brain structural alterations and their correlation with cognitive inhibition, as measured by Stroop interference scores.Results: Findings suggest that greater prolonged grief intensity correlates with reduced grey matter volume in the right amygdala and the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Additionally, enhanced amygdala-to-whole-brain structural connectivity showed a marginal association with prolonged grief, particularly with emotional-related symptoms. Furthermore, a decrease in SMG volume was found to mediate the relation between prolonged grief and Stroop Time Inference (TI) score, indicating an indirect effect of prolonged grief on cognitive inhibition.Conclusions: The study provides insight into the neural correlates of prolonged grief in Shidu parents, highlighting the SMG's role in cognitive inhibition. These findings emphasise the need for comprehensive grief interventions to address the complex cognitive and emotional challenges faced by this unique bereaved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guangyuan Shi
- Centre for Psychological Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaokun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolong Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Yang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Farraj N, Reiner M. Applications of Alpha Neurofeedback Processes for Enhanced Mental Manipulation of Unfamiliar Molecular and Spatial Structures. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:365-382. [PMID: 38722457 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
This study explores a novel approach to enhancing cognitive proficiency by targeting neural mechanisms that facilitate science and math learning, especially mental rotation. The study specifically examines the relationship between upper alpha intensity and mental rotation skills. Although prior neurofeedback research for increasing upper alpha highlights this correlation, mostly with familiar objects, novel chemistry and math learning prompts envisioning unfamiliar objects which question the persistence of this correlation. This study revisits the upper alpha and mental rotation relationship in the context of unfamiliar objects with a single neurofeedback session and examines the efficiency of manual and automatic neurofeedback protocols. Results will provide a basis for integrating neurofeedback protocols into learning applications for enhanced learning. Our study encompassed three cohorts: Group 1 experienced an automatic neurofeedback protocol, Group 2 received a manual neurofeedback protocol, and the control group had no neurofeedback intervention. The experimental phases involved EEG measurement of individual upper alpha (frequency of maximal power + 2 Hz) intensity, mental rotation tasks featuring geometric and unfamiliar molecular stimuli, one neurofeedback session for applicable groups, post-treatment upper alpha level assessments, and a mental rotation retest. The neurofeedback groups exhibited increased levels of upper alpha power, which was correlated with improved response time in mental rotation, regardless of stimulus type, compared to the control group. Both neurofeedback protocols achieved comparable results. This study advocates integrating neurofeedback into learning software for optimal learning experiences, highlighting a single session's efficacy and the substantial neurofeedback protocol's impact in enhancing upper alpha oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehai Farraj
- Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Miriam Reiner
- Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Yang H, Han J, Wang J, Duan Y, Jiang J. Exploring the effects of combining health qigong and dance on working memory in middle-aged and elderly women: A preliminary investigation. Exp Gerontol 2024; 194:112515. [PMID: 38972493 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive decline represents a critical clinical and public health issue that adversely affects the quality of life for older patients and their families. This concern was exacerbated by the reduced engagement in outdoor activities among seniors during the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting substantial challenges to aging societies. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of health qigong combined with Tibetan dance on working memory in middle-aged and elderly women, and to determine its potential as a preventive strategy against cognitive disorders. METHODS A pilot study was conducted to compare the effects of a Health Qigong exercise intervention with those of everyday life and sports routines. The primary outcome measure was working memory assessed using a 2-Back working memory task research paradigm. Between July and September 2021, a total of 33 women were divided into four groups: two middle-aged groups (N = 18, with 8 women in the experimental group and 10 in the control group) and two elderly groups (N = 15, with 7 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group). Participants in the experimental groups underwent a 10-week intervention, consisting of three 60-min sessions per week. Each session included a warm-up, Health Qigong combined with Tibetan dance, and a cool-down. Throughout the study, all participants continued their daily routines. Response times and error rates were analyzed using a mixed-design repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS A simple effects analysis revealed that Health Qigong combined with Tibetan dance significantly enhanced 2-Back response time and error rate in the middle-aged group. In contrast, the 2-Back error rate significantly increased in the elderly control group that did not receive the intervention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Health Qigong demonstrates beneficial effects on middle-aged and elderly women. Combining Health Qigong with dance may serve as a preventive measure against cognitive disorders. This pioneering study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, assesses the new possibility of Health Qigong and dance, with the objective to offer more diverse indoor exercise options for middle-aged and elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Chinese Exercise for Life Enhancement Division, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingyuan Han
- Chinese Exercise for Life Enhancement Division, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinxuan Wang
- Chinese Exercise for Life Enhancement Division, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongbin Duan
- Wushu Routine Teaching and Research Department, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingrong Jiang
- School of Art, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Nantachai G, Maes M, Tran-Chi VL, Hemrungrojn S, Tunvirachaisakul C. Neurocognitive Features of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Distress Symptoms in Older Adults Without Major Depression. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:1445-1459. [PMID: 39185278 PMCID: PMC11345013 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s473730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Two distinct symptom dimensions were identified in older adults who did not have major depressive disorder (MDD): a) a dimension associated with mild cognitive dysfunction, and b) a dimension related to distress symptoms of old age (DSOA). It is uncertain whether previous findings regarding the features of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) remain valid when patients with MDD are excluded. Methods To examine the neurocognitive features of aMCI (n = 61) versus controls (n=59) and the objective cognitive characteristics of DSOA in participants without MDD. Neurocognition was evaluated utilizing the Cambridge Neurological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and memory tests. Results This research demonstrated that CANTAB tests may differentiate between aMCI and controls. The One Touch Stockings of Cambridge, probability solved on first choice (OTS_PSFC), Rapid Visual Information Processing, A prime (RVP_ A´), and the Motor Screening Task, mean latency, were identified as the significant discriminatory CANTAB tests. 37.6% of the variance in the severity of aMCI was predicted by OTS_PSFC, RVP_ A´, word list recognition scores, and education years. Psychosocial stressors (adverse childhood experiences, negative life events), subjective feelings of cognitive impairment, and RVP, the probability of false alarm, account for 40.0% of the DSOA score. Discussion When MDD is ruled out, aMCI is linked to deficits in attention, executive functions, and memory. Psychosocial stressors did not have a statistically significant impact on aMCI or its severity. Enhanced false alarm response bias coupled with heightened psychological stress (including subjective perceptions of cognitive decline) may contribute to an increase in DSOA among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gallayaporn Nantachai
- Ph.D. Programme in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Somdet Phra Sungharaj Nyanasumvara Geriatric Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Chon Buri Province, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Ph.D. Programme in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D. Programme in Clinical Sciences, School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Cognitive Fitness and Biopsychiatry Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vinh-Long Tran-Chi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D. Programme in Clinical Sciences, School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Solaphat Hemrungrojn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Cognitive Fitness and Biopsychiatry Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chavit Tunvirachaisakul
- Ph.D. Programme in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ph.D. Programme in Clinical Sciences, School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ather M, Ejaz O, Rao AZ, Mujib MD, Raees F, Qazi SA, Hasan MA. Efficacy of audiovisual neurofeedback training for attention enhancement: a multimodal approach. Neuroreport 2024; 35:721-728. [PMID: 38874941 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Attention is a cognitive process that involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli and plays a fundamental role in perception, learning, memory, and decision-making. Neurofeedback (NF) is a useful technique for improving attention, providing real-time feedback on brain activity in the form of visual or auditory cues, and allowing users to learn to self-regulate their cognitive processes. This study compares the effectiveness of different cues in NF training for attention enhancement through a multimodal approach. We conducted neurological (Quantitative Electroencephalography), neuropsychological (Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale-15), and behavioral (Stroop test) assessments before and after NF training on 36 healthy participants, divided into audiovisual (G1) and visual (G2) groups. Twelve NF training sessions were conducted on alternate days, each consisting of five subsessions, with pre- and post-NF baseline electroencephalographic evaluations using power spectral density. The pre-NF baseline was used for thresholding the NF session using the beta frequency band power. Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant long-term effect of group (G1/G2) and state (before/after NF) on the behavioral and neuropsychological assessments, with G1 showing significantly higher Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale-15 scores, higher Stroop scores, and lower Stroop reaction times for interaction effects. Moreover, unpaired t -tests to compare voxel-wise standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography images revealed higher activity of G1 in Brodmann area 40 due to NF training. Neurological assessments show that G1 had better improvement in immediate, short-, and long-term attention. The findings of this study offer a guide for the development of NF training protocols aimed at enhancing attention effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ather
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | - Osama Ejaz
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | - Ahmad Zahid Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | | | - Faryal Raees
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital
| | - Saad Ahmed Qazi
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Electrical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abul Hasan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology
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Manser P, Herold F, de Bruin ED. Components of effective exergame-based training to improve cognitive functioning in middle-aged to older adults - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102385. [PMID: 38914262 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exergame-based training is currently considered a more promising training approach than conventional physical and/or cognitive training. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide quantitative evidence on dose-response relationships of specific exercise and training variables (training components) of exergame-based training on cognitive functioning in middle-aged to older adults (MOA). METHODS We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of exergame-based training to inactive control interventions on cognitive performance in MOA. RESULTS The systematic literature search identified 22,928 records of which 31 studies were included. The effectiveness of exergame-based training was significantly moderated by the following training components: body position for global cognitive functioning, the type of motor-cognitive training, training location, and training administration for complex attention, and exercise intensity for executive functions. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of exergame-based training was moderated by several training components that have in common that they enhance the ecological validity of the training (e.g., stepping movements in a standing position). Therefore, it seems paramount that future research focuses on developing innovative novel exergame-based training concepts that incorporate these (and other) training components to enhance their ecological validity and transferability to clinical practice. We provide specific evidence-based recommendations for the application of our research findings in research and practical settings and identified and discussed several areas of interest for future research. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023418593; prospectively registered, date of registration: 1 May 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Manser
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Health, OST - Eastern Swiss University of Applied Sciences, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wan X, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li D, Yu H, Wen D. Exercise therapy of mild cognitive impairment: EEG could enhance efficiency. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1373273. [PMID: 38659707 PMCID: PMC11039927 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1373273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Wan
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Perception and Control of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems, Ministry of Education, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Liu
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Perception and Control of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems, Ministry of Education, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Department of Sports, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wen
- School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Perception and Control of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems, Ministry of Education, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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e Siqueira TB, Parraça J, Sousa JP. Available rehabilitation technology with the potential to be incorporated into the clinical practice of physiotherapists: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1920. [PMID: 38605728 PMCID: PMC11007654 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of prototypes capable of intervening in the area of rehabilitation in physical therapy clinical practice activities that were previously carried out in a traditional way, that is, manually, demonstrates how technology is having an impact on professional careers such as physiotherapy. Objective The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive examination of various technologies employed in the facilitation of patient rehabilitation, with a focus on their potential integration within the clinical practice of physical therapists. Methods We conducted a systematic search in four electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PEDro, and PubMed) for research on rehabilitation technologies. The eligible studies should demonstrate a clear utilization of technology in various aspects of the clinical approach to the rehabilitation process and have been published between 2000 and 2021 in either Portuguese or English. Results A total of 18 articles that satisfied the selection criteria were included in the study. The studies were classified into four distinct categories of rehabilitation technologies, which were determined by the specific characteristics of the technology employed and its integration with the therapeutic approach to rehabilitation. These categories include digital technologies, artificial intelligence and/or robotics, virtual technologies, and hybrid technologies. Implications on Physiotherapy Practice Rehabilitation technologies possess the capacity to effectively facilitate clinical activities performed by physical therapy professionals, including injury prevention, movement monitoring, and coordination of rehabilitation programs, with minimal or negligible intervention from the physical therapist. Further research is required to ascertain the precise capabilities of various technologies in collaborating with physiotherapists to deliver comprehensive care for patients' physical well-being, encompassing both therapeutic and preventive approaches. Trial Registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42020222288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarciano Batista e Siqueira
- School of Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC)EvoraPortugal
| | - José Parraça
- School of Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC)EvoraPortugal
| | - João Paulo Sousa
- School of Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC)EvoraPortugal
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Wang J, Wang Y, Ou Q, Yang S, Jing J, Fang J. Computer gaming alters resting-state brain networks, enhancing cognitive and fluid intelligence in players: evidence from brain imaging-derived phenotypes-wide Mendelian randomization. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae061. [PMID: 38436466 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The debate on whether computer gaming enhances players' cognitive function is an ongoing and contentious issue. Aiming to delve into the potential impacts of computer gaming on the players' cognitive function, we embarked on a brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs)-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) study, utilizing publicly available data from a European population. Our findings indicate that computer gaming has a positive impact on fluid intelligence (odds ratio [OR] = 6.264, P = 4.361 × 10-10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.520-11.147) and cognitive function (OR = 3.322, P = 0.002, 95% CI 1.563-7.062). Out of the 3062 brain IDPs analyzed, only one phenotype, IDP NET100 0378, was significantly influenced by computer gaming (OR = 4.697, P = 1.10 × 10-5, 95% CI 2.357-9.361). Further MR analysis suggested that alterations in the IDP NET100 0378 caused by computer gaming may be a potential factor affecting fluid intelligence (OR = 1.076, P = 0.041, 95% CI 1.003-1.153). Our MR study lends support to the notion that computer gaming can facilitate the development of players' fluid intelligence by enhancing the connectivity between the motor cortex in the resting-state brain and key regions such as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the language center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Street, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qian Ou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yvhangtang Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sengze Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 4 Linyuan Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jiajie Jing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jiaqi Fang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
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Tazaki M. A review: effects of neurofeedback on patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1331436. [PMID: 38420112 PMCID: PMC10899454 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1331436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback training (NFT) is a non-invasive method and has been shown to be effective for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of NFT for patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Vascular Diseases (VD), so that we searched research articles from four databases, using the keywords neurofeedback, elderly, MCI, AD, VD, and dementia. As a result, 13 articles were identified regarding the effectiveness of NFT in patients with MCI and AD. Although each study differed in study design, training protocol, electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode placement, and reward and inhibition frequency bands, all were shown to enhance memory, attention, and other cognitive abilities. Additional well-designed, randomized studies with sufficient power are needed to further confirm the effectiveness of NFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Tazaki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sagary R, Malim NHAH, Abdullah NL, Mohamad WNAW, Ahmad AL. Impact of Mobile Games-Aided Neurorehabilitation: A Systematic Literature Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:29-44. [PMID: 38239257 PMCID: PMC10793137 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological rehabilitation is a physician-supervised programme for individuals with nervous system diseases, injuries or disorders. Neurological rehabilitation, also known as neurorehabilitation, is part of the rehabilitation process that improves function, reduces severity and enhances a patient's well-being. Because neurological injuries occur in the brain, spine and nerves, affecting multiple body parts including organs, blood vessels, muscles and bones, rehabilitation requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) on the use of mobile game in neurorehabilitation. The steps undertaken in the literature review included the collection, identification, categorisation, summarisation and synthesis of relevant studies in the research domain. A total of 50 related articles were reviewed. The study identified that the effects on cognitive skills, handgrip strength, memory, attention, visuospatial abilities, executive function tasks, motor functionality, and improvements in balance, visual perception, and functional mobility are impacts of the use of mobile games in neurological rehabilitation. Furthermore, several research challenges and recommendations for future research were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvenaa Sagary
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nasuha Lee Abdullah
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nor Azlen Wan Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alwani Liyana Ahmad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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DeGutis J, Aul C, Barthelemy OJ, Davis BL, Alshuaib S, Marin A, Kinger SB, Ellis TD, Cronin-Golomb A. Side of motor symptom onset predicts sustained attention deficits and motor improvements after attention training in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2023; 190:108698. [PMID: 37806442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) side of motor symptom onset has been associated with distinct cognitive deficits; individuals with left-side onset (LPD) show more visuospatial impairments, whereas those with right-side onset (RPD) show more verbal impairments. Non-spatial attention is a critical cognitive ability associated with motor functioning that is right hemisphere lateralized but has not been characterized with regard to PD side of onset. We compared individuals with LPD and RPD on non-spatial attention tasks and examined differential responses to a 4-week sustained attention training program. METHOD Participants included 9 with LPD and 12 with RPD, who performed both brief and extended go/no-go continuous performance tasks and an attentional blink task. Participants also engaged in an at-home sustained attention training program, Tonic and Phasic Alertness Training (TAPAT), 5 days/week for 4 weeks. We assessed cognitive and motor symptoms before and after training, and after a 4-week no-contact period. RESULTS At baseline, participants with LPD exhibited worse performance than those with RPD on the extended continuous performance task, indicating specific deficits in sustaining attention. Poorer attention was associated with worse clinical motor scores. Notably, side of onset had a significant effect on clinical motor changes after sustained attention training, with only LPD participants improving after training, and 4/9 showing clinically meaningful improvements. CONCLUSIONS Compared to RPD, participants with LPD had poorer sustained attention pre-training and were more likely to improve on clinical motor functioning after sustained attention training. These findings support mechanistic differences between LPD and RPD and suggest potential differential treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DeGutis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney Aul
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier J Barthelemy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Breanna L Davis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaikhah Alshuaib
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Marin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shraddha B Kinger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terry D Ellis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Boston University College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Romero Reyes YY, Andrade Valbuena LP. Is it possible to prevent the progression of mild cognitive impairment through non-pharmacological treatments? REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 52:372-379. [PMID: 38040542 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cognitive impairment produces slight cognitive and motor disturbances without affecting daily life during aging, however, if this symptomatology is not controlled, the speed of deterioration can increase, and even some cases of dementia can appear in the elderly population. OBJECTIVE To describe non-pharmacological therapies that seek to prevent, control and reduce the symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. METHODS An initial search was carried out in the databases of PubMed, Lilacs, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis and ProQuest. The results found were filtered through the PRISMA system and biases evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. RESULTS Four categories of non-pharmacological therapies were created, using 50 articles found in the search, which contribute to controlling and improving cognitive and motor areas, in order to reduce the symptoms presented by mild cognitive impairment. The treatments have different methods, instruments and objectives, so that no meta-analysis of the studies could be performed. In addition, limitations related to the sample, the effectiveness of the results and the methodological quality were found. CONCLUSIONS It was found that non-pharmacological therapies prevent, improve and control the symptoms caused by mild cognitive impairment, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with better methodologies to corroborate these results.
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14
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Manser P, Poikonen H, de Bruin ED. Feasibility, usability, and acceptance of "Brain-IT"-A newly developed exergame-based training concept for the secondary prevention of mild neurocognitive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1163388. [PMID: 37810620 PMCID: PMC10557950 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1163388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exergames provide a promising new approach to implement simultaneous motor-cognitive training, which may support preventing the decline in cognitive functioning in older adults who have a mild neurocognitive disorder (mNCD). Objectives To evaluate feasibility, system usability, and acceptance of "Brain-IT", a newly developed training concept combining exergame-based motor-cognitive training and heart rate variability (HRV) guided resonance breathing for the secondary prevention of mNCD. Methods A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an allocation ratio of 2:1 (i.e., intervention:control) was conducted. The control group proceeded with usual care. The intervention group performed a 12-week training according to the "Brain-IT" training concept implemented with the "Senso Flex" (Dividat AG) exergaming system in addition to usual care. Feasibility and usability outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics. User acceptance was analyzed qualitatively and using Friedman analysis of variance (ANOVA), as well as Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results Eighteen participants (77.3 ± 9.8 years; 44.4% females) were included. On average, we recruited 2.2 participants per month, and 35.3% of the individuals contacted were included. The intervention group had an attrition rate of 20% and mean adherence and compliance rates of 85.0 and 84.1%, respectively. The mean system usability score, measured with the system usability scale, was 71.7. High levels of exergame enjoyment, an increase in exergame enjoyment, and internalization of training motivation with large effect sizes (p = 0.03, r = 0.75 and p = 0.03, r = 0.74, respectively), as well as acceptable perceived usefulness, were observed. Preliminary data on the effects of the "Brain-IT" training are promising. Conclusion The feasibility and usability of the "Brain-IT" training are acceptable. However, frequent occurrences of technical problems and difficulties in using the exergame training system were identified as barriers to performing the "Brain-IT" training. To optimize feasibility, either improvements or alternative solutions are required in the hardware and software of the exergame used to implement the "Brain-IT" training. The "Brain-IT" training itself was well-accepted by older adults who have mNCD. Therefore, the effectiveness of the "Brain-IT" training concept should be investigated in future studies. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04996654.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Manser
- Motor Control and Learning Group, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Poikonen
- Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- Motor Control and Learning Group, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health, OST - Eastern Swiss University of Applied Sciences, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Porr B, Bohollo LM. BCI-Walls: A robust methodology to predict if conscious EEG changes can be detected in the presence of artefacts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290446. [PMID: 37616245 PMCID: PMC10449140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCI) depend on reliable realtime detection of conscious EEG changes for example to control a video game. However, scalp recordings are contaminated with non-stationary noise, such as facial muscle activity and eye movements. This interferes with the detection process making it potentially unreliable or even impossible. We have developed a new methodology which provides a hard and measurable criterion if conscious EEG changes can be detected in the presence of non-stationary noise by requiring the signal-to-noise ratio of a scalp recording to be greater than the SNR-wall which in turn is based on the highest and lowest noise variances of the recording. As an instructional example, we have recorded signals from the central electrode Cz during eight different activities causing non-stationary noise such as playing a video game or reading out loud. The results show that facial muscle activity and eye-movements have a strong impact on the detectability of EEG and that minimising both eye-movement artefacts and muscle noise is essential to be able to detect conscious EEG changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Porr
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Muñoz Bohollo
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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16
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Tewthanom K, Sukasi S, Lerspalungsanti S, Srisawat F. The potential competency outcome of vigorous brain training game in the elderly: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1406. [PMID: 37519425 PMCID: PMC10372300 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The potential outcomes of vigorous brain training game in the elderly is questionable. Methods A systematic review of studies reporting the outcomes of brain training game under the PRISMA guideline was conducted using the PubMed database (1997-2022). The selection criteria were clinical studies published in English language. Results A total of 174 articles were identified by searching keywords. However, after screening the relation of the topic and methodology, 21 articles were included. The results of all studies showed positive outcomes after using the brain training game. Variation in the measurement tools were observed. Conclusion The brain training game showed a positive effect on the brain function. However, the confirmation studies with large populations and standard measurement tools are required for more validated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunrat Tewthanom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of PharmacySilpakorn UniversityMeaungThailand
- National Metal and Materials Technology CenterKhlong NuengThailand
| | - Sittha Sukasi
- National Metal and Materials Technology CenterKhlong NuengThailand
| | | | - Foifon Srisawat
- National Metal and Materials Technology CenterKhlong NuengThailand
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17
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Mavragani A, Michels L, Schmidt A, Barinka F, de Bruin ED. Effectiveness of an Individualized Exergame-Based Motor-Cognitive Training Concept Targeted to Improve Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults With Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e41173. [PMID: 36745483 PMCID: PMC9941909 DOI: 10.2196/41173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous motor-cognitive training is considered promising for preventing the decline in cognitive functioning in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorder (mNCD) and can be highly motivating when applied in the form of exergaming. The literature points to opportunities for improvement in the application of exergames in individuals with mNCD by developing novel exergames and exergame-based training concepts that are specifically tailored to patients with mNCD and ensuring the implementation of effective training components. OBJECTIVE This study systematically explores the effectiveness of a newly developed exergame-based motor-cognitive training concept (called "Brain-IT") targeted to improve cognitive functioning in older adults with mNCD. METHODS A 2-arm, parallel-group, single-blinded randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio (ie, intervention: control), including 34 to 40 older adults with mNCD will be conducted between May 2022 and December 2023. The control group will proceed with the usual care provided by the (memory) clinics where the patients are recruited. The intervention group will perform a 12-week training intervention according to the "Brain-IT" training concept, in addition to usual care. Global cognitive functioning will be assessed as the primary outcome. As secondary outcomes, domain-specific cognitive functioning, brain structure and function, spatiotemporal parameters of gait, instrumental activities of daily living, psychosocial factors, and resting cardiac vagal modulation will be assessed. Pre- and postintervention measurements will take place within 2 weeks before starting and after completing the intervention. A 2-way analysis of covariance or the Quade nonparametric analysis of covariance will be computed for all primary and secondary outcomes, with the premeasurement value as a covariate for the predicting group factor and the postmeasurement value as the outcome variable. To determine whether the effects are substantive, partial eta-squared (η2p) effect sizes will be calculated for all primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS Upon the initial submission of this study protocol, 13 patients were contacted by the study team. Four patients were included in the study, 2 were excluded because they were not eligible, and 7 were being informed about the study in detail. Of the 4 included patients, 2 already completed all premeasurements and were in week 2 of the intervention period. Data collection is expected to be completed by December 2023. A manuscript of the results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed open-access journal in 2024. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the evidence base in the highly relevant area of preventing disability because of cognitive impairment, which has been declared a public health priority by the World Health Organization. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05387057; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05387057. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/41173.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Michels
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filip Barinka
- Clinic for Neurology, Hirslanden Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, OST - Eastern Swiss University of Applied Sciences, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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18
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Zary N, Adcock-Omlin M, de Bruin ED. Design Considerations for an Exergame-Based Training Intervention for Older Adults With Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: Qualitative Study Including Focus Groups With Experts and Health Care Professionals and Individual Semistructured In-depth Patient Interviews. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e37616. [PMID: 36602851 PMCID: PMC9853342 DOI: 10.2196/37616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exergames have attracted growing interest in the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive disorders. The most effective exergame and training components (ie, exercise and training variables such as frequency, intensity, duration, or volume of training and type and content of specific exergame scenarios) however remain to be established for older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders (mNCDs). Regarding the design and development of novel exergame-based training concepts, it seems of crucial importance to explicitly include the intended users' perspective by adopting an interactive and participatory design that includes end users throughout different iterative cycles of development. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the capabilities, treatment preferences, and motivators for the training of older adults with mNCD and the perspectives of individuals on training goals and settings and requirements for exergame and training components. METHODS A qualitative study including expert focus groups and individual semistructured in-depth patient interviews was conducted. Data were transcribed to a written format to perform qualitative content analysis using QCAmap software. RESULTS In total, 10 experts and health care professionals (80% females) and 8 older adults with mNCD (38% females; mean age 82.4, SD 6.2 years) were recruited until data saturation was observed. CONCLUSIONS The psychosocial consequences of patients' self-perceived cognitive deterioration might be more burdensome than the cognitive changes themselves. Older adults with mNCD prefer integrative forms of training (such as exergaming) and are primarily motivated by enjoyment or fun in exercising and the effectiveness of the training. Putting the synthesized perspectives of training goals, settings, and requirements for exergames and training components into context, our considerations point to opportunities for improvement in research and rehabilitation, either by adapting existing exergames to patients with mNCDs or by developing novel exergames and exergame-based training concepts specifically tailored to meet patient requirements and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Adcock-Omlin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, OST - Eastern Swiss University of Applied Sciences, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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19
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Porr B, Daryanavard S, Bohollo LM, Cowan H, Dahiya R. Real-time noise cancellation with deep learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277974. [PMID: 36409690 PMCID: PMC9678292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological measurements are often contaminated with large amounts of non-stationary noise which require effective noise reduction techniques. We present a new real-time deep learning algorithm which produces adaptively a signal opposing the noise so that destructive interference occurs. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the algorithm's performance by reducing electromyogram noise in electroencephalograms with the usage of a custom, flexible, 3D-printed, compound electrode. With this setup, an average of 4dB and a maximum of 10dB improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the EEG was achieved by removing wide band muscle noise. This concept has the potential to not only adaptively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of EEG but can be applied to a wide range of biological, industrial and consumer applications such as industrial sensing or noise cancelling headphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Porr
- Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sama Daryanavard
- Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Muñoz Bohollo
- Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Cowan
- Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Hong J, Park JH. Efficacy of Neuro-Feedback Training for PTSD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13096. [PMID: 36293673 PMCID: PMC9603735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
If the negative emotions experienced in life become trauma, they affect daily life. Neuro-feedback technology has recently been introduced as a treatment, but many different neuro-feedback protocols and methods exits. This study conducted a meta-analysis of neuro-feedback training for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to evaluate the effects of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG)-based neuro-feedback training. A search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted from January 2011 to December 2021. The studies' quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and publication bias was assessed by Egger's regression test. Seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. EEG was more effective than fMRI for PTSD symptoms, and the effect on PTSD symptoms was higher than on anxiety and depression. There was no difference in the effectiveness of the training sessions. Our findings showed that EEG-based neuro-feedback training was more helpful for training PTSD symptoms. Additionally, the methods were also shown to be valid for evaluating clinical PTSD diagnoses. Further research is needed to establish a gold standard protocol for the EEG-based neuro-feedback training (EEG-NFT) method for PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong
- Department of ICT Convergence, The Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuck Park
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
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21
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Santoyo-Mora M, Villaseñor-Mora C, Cardona-Torres LM, Martínez-Nolasco JJ, Barranco-Gutiérrez AI, Padilla-Medina JA, Bravo-Sánchez MG. COVID-19 Long-Term Effects: Is There an Impact on the Simple Reaction Time and Alternative-Forced Choice on Recovered Patients? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091258. [PMID: 36138994 PMCID: PMC9496861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative single-evaluation cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate cognitive damage in post-COVID-19 patients. The psychophysics tests of Two-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) and Simple Reaction Time (SRT), under a designed virtual environment, were used to evaluate the cognitive processes of decision-making, visual attention, and information processing speed. The population under study consisted of 147 individuals, 38 controls, and 109 post-COVID patients. During the 2AFC test, an Emotiv EPOC+® headset was used to obtain EEG signals to evaluate their Focus, Interest, and Engagement metrics. Results indicate that compared to healthy patients or recovered patients from mild-moderate COVID-19 infection, patients who recovered from a severe-critical COVID infection showed a poor performance in different cognitive tests: decision-making tasks required higher visual sensitivity (p = 0.002), Focus (p = 0.01) and information processing speed (p < 0.001). These results signal that the damage caused by the coronavirus on the central nervous and visual systems significantly reduces the cognitive processes capabilities, resulting in a prevalent deficit of 42.42% in information processing speed for mild-moderate cases, 46.15% for decision-making based on visual sensitivity, and 62.16% in information processing speed for severe-critical cases. A psychological follow-up for patients recovering from COVID-19 is recommended based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Santoyo-Mora
- Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
| | - Carlos Villaseñor-Mora
- Division of Sciences and Engineering, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus León, León 37150, Mexico
| | - Luz M. Cardona-Torres
- Department of Education and Research in Health, Hospital General Zona 4 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Celaya 38060, Mexico
| | - Juan J. Martínez-Nolasco
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
| | | | - José A. Padilla-Medina
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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22
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New treatment strategy for chronic low back pain with alpha wave neurofeedback. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14532. [PMID: 36008457 PMCID: PMC9411546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime prevalence of low back pain is 83%. Since there is a lack of evidence for therapeutic effect by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or physical therapy (PT), it is necessary to develop objective physiological indexes and effective treatments. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate the treatment effects of CBT, PT, and neurofeedback training (NFT) during alpha wave NFT. The early-chronic cases within 1 year and late-chronic cases over 1 year after the diagnosis of chronic low back pain were classified into six groups: Controls, CBTs, PTs, NFTs, CBT-NFTs, PT-NFTs. We evaluated the difference in EEG, psychosocial factors, scores of low back pain before/after the intervention. Therapeutic effect was clearly more effective in the early-chronic cases. We found that the intensity of alpha waves increased significantly after therapeutic intervention in the NFT groups, but did not have the main effect of reducing low back pain; the interaction between CBT and NFT reduced low back pain. Factors that enhance therapeutic effect are early intervention, increased alpha waves, and self-efficacy due to parallel implementation of CBT/PT and NFT. A treatment protocol in which alpha wave neurofeedback training is subsidiarily used with CBT or PT should be developed in the future.
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23
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Galvin-McLaughlin D, Klee D, Memmott T, Peters B, Wiedrick J, Fried-Oken M, Oken B. Methodology and preliminary data on feasibility of a neurofeedback protocol to improve visual attention to letters in mild Alzheimer's disease. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 28:100950. [PMID: 35754975 PMCID: PMC9228283 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are controlled by users through neurophysiological input for a variety of applications, including communication, environmental control, and motor rehabilitation. Although individuals with severe speech and physical impairment are the primary users of this technology, BCIs have emerged as a potential tool for broader populations, including delivering cognitive training/interventions with neurofeedback (NFB). Methods This paper describes the development and preliminary testing of a protocol for use of a BCI system with NFB as an intervention for people with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intervention focused on training visual attention and language skills, as AD is often associated with functional impairments in both. This funded pilot study called for enrolling five participants with mild AD in a six-week BCI EEG-based NFB intervention that followed a four-to-seven-week baseline phase. While two participants completed the study, the remaining three participants could not complete the intervention phase because of COVID-19 restrictions. Results Preliminary pilot results suggested: (1) participants with mild AD were able to participate in a study with multiple assessments per week and complete all outcome measures, (2) most outcome measures were reliable during the baseline phase, and (3) all participants with mild AD learned to operate a BCI spelling system with training. Conclusions Although preliminary results demonstrate practical feasibility to deliver NFB intervention using a BCI to adults with AD, completion of the protocol in its entirety with more participants is needed to further assess whether implementing NFB-based cognitive intervention is justified by functional treatment outcomes. Trial registration This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03790774).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Galvin-McLaughlin
- Institute on Development & Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Klee
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tab Memmott
- Institute on Development & Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Betts Peters
- Institute on Development & Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jack Wiedrick
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melanie Fried-Oken
- Institute on Development & Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Barry Oken
- Institute on Development & Disability, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Wang Z, Wang Q, Yan Y, Wang J, Zhu Y, Gao W, Kan X, Zhang Z, Jia L, Pang X. Application of Serious Games in Health Care: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:896974. [PMID: 35757619 PMCID: PMC9231462 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.896974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serious games (SGs) as one kind of intervention that can improve the level of knowledge and change behavior to affect health outcomes has been increasingly applied in health care. Objective Analyze hotspots and trends of the application of SGs in health care and provide reference and direction for further research in the future. Methods The Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database was used for extracting the literature on SGs in health care for the period from the database established to 11 October, 2021. Scoping review and bibliometric analysis were used to deeply analyze and visualize countries, categories of studies, annual study output, cited authors, cited journals, cited articles, and keywords of healthcare field. Results A total of 1,322 articles were retrieved, then every articles' title and abstract were read one by one, and 795 articles were included after screening with an exponential increase in publication volume. The United States of America made the greatest contribution to global publications regarding SGs in health care. From the total, 20.8% of articles fall under the category of health care sciences services. The target groups were mainly concentrated in children (18.0%), youth (13.8%), the elderly (10.9%), adolescents (9.1%), and adults (3.4%). Baranowski T (n = 103 citations) is the most influential author, followed by Kato PM (n = 73 citations) and Desmet A (n = 58 citations). The top three cited journals were "Plos One" (n = 268 citations), "Games for Health Journal" (n = 209 citations), and "Journal of Medical Internet Research" (n = 197 citations), and the top three cited articles were "A meta-analysis of serious digital games for healthy lifestyle promotion," "A Systematic Review of Serious Games in Training Health Care Professionals," and "Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults." More and more studies focus on specific age groups, such as children, adolescents, and the elderly. The research hotspots and trends included "rehabilitation," "medical education," and "design." Conclusions The application of SGs in health care remains important areas for future research. "Rehabilitation," "medical education," and "design" reflected the latest research hotpots and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhangyi Wang
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- Nursing Department, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hisen-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yishan Yan
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijie Gao
- The School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangling Kan
- Dean's Office, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- The School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Jia
- Dean's Office, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- The School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Jiang Y, Jessee W, Hoyng S, Borhani S, Liu Z, Zhao X, Price LK, High W, Suhl J, Cerel-Suhl S. Sharpening Working Memory With Real-Time Electrophysiological Brain Signals: Which Neurofeedback Paradigms Work? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:780817. [PMID: 35418848 PMCID: PMC8995767 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.780817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the idea that the ultimate biofeedback is to reward sensory pleasure (e.g., enhanced visual clarity) in real-time to neural circuits that are associated with a desired performance, such as excellent memory retrieval. Neurofeedback is biofeedback that uses real-time sensory reward to brain activity associated with a certain performance (e.g., accurate and fast recall). Working memory is a key component of human intelligence. The challenges are in our current limited understanding of neurocognitive dysfunctions as well as in technical difficulties for closed-loop feedback in true real-time. Here we review recent advancements of real time neurofeedback to improve memory training in healthy young and older adults. With new advancements in neuromarkers of specific neurophysiological functions, neurofeedback training should be better targeted beyond a single frequency approach to include frequency interactions and event-related potentials. Our review confirms the positive trend that neurofeedback training mostly works to improve memory and cognition to some extent in most studies. Yet, the training typically takes multiple weeks with 2-3 sessions per week. We review various neurofeedback reward strategies and outcome measures. A well-known issue in such training is that some people simply do not respond to neurofeedback. Thus, we also review the literature of individual differences in psychological factors e.g., placebo effects and so-called "BCI illiteracy" (Brain Computer Interface illiteracy). We recommend the use of Neural modulation sensitivity or BCI insensitivity in the neurofeedback literature. Future directions include much needed research in mild cognitive impairment, in non-Alzheimer's dementia populations, and neurofeedback using EEG features during resting and sleep for memory enhancement and as sensitive outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Lexington Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William Jessee
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stevie Hoyng
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Soheil Borhani
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ziming Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lacey K. Price
- Lexington Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Walter High
- New Mexico Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeremiah Suhl
- Lexington Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sylvia Cerel-Suhl
- Lexington Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States
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26
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Alatorre-Cruz GC, Fernández T, Castro-Chavira SA, González-López M, Sánchez-Moguel SM, Silva-Pereyra J. One-Year Follow-Up of Healthy Older Adults with Electroencephalographic Risk for Neurocognitive Disorder After Neurofeedback Training. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1767-1781. [PMID: 34974435 PMCID: PMC8925127 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: In healthy older adults, excess theta activity is an electroencephalographic (EEG) predictor of cognitive impairment. In a previous study, neurofeedback (NFB) treatment reinforcing reductions theta activity resulted in EEG reorganization and cognitive improvement. Objective: To explore the clinical applicability of this NFB treatment, the present study performed a 1-year follow-up to determine its lasting effects. Methods: Twenty seniors with excessive theta activity in their EEG were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group received an auditory reward when the theta absolute power (AP) was reduced. The control group received the reward randomly. Results: Both groups showed a significant decrease in theta activity at the training electrode. However, the EEG results showed that only the experimental group underwent global changes after treatment. These changes consisted of delta and theta decreases and beta increases. Although no changes were found in any group during the period between the posttreatment evaluation and follow-up, more pronounced theta decreases and beta increases were observed in the experimental group when the follow-up and pretreatment measures were compared. Executive functions showed a tendency to improve two months after treatment which became significant one year later. Conclusion: These results suggest that the EEG and behavioral benefits of this NFB treatment persist for at least one year, which adds up to the available evidence contributing to identifying factors that increase its efficacy level. The relevance of this study lies in its prophylactic features of addressing a clinically healthy population with EEG risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela C Alatorre-Cruz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México.,Department of Pediatrics. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thalía Fernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Susana A Castro-Chavira
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.,Institutt for Psykologi, Det Helsevitenskapelige Fakultet, Universitetet i Tromsø Norges Arktiske Universitet, Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mauricio González-López
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Sergio M Sánchez-Moguel
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.,Escuela Superior de Atotonilco de Tula, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Juan Silva-Pereyra
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
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27
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Kotov SV, Slyunkova EV, Borisova VA, Isakova EV. [Effectiveness of brain-computer interfaces and cognitive training using computer technologies in restoring cognitive functions in patients after stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:67-75. [PMID: 36582164 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212212267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and cognitive training using computer technologies in restoring cognitive functions in poststroke patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-four stroke patients (mean age 59.3±10.8 years) with stroke duration of 5.1±4.7 months, were included. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, patients before and after treatment were tested using memorization of words according to the method of Luria A.R. «10 words», the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT). All patients received standard rehabilitation therapy (exercise therapy, physiotherapy, sessions with a speech therapist-neuropsychologist). Patients of the first group additionally received training on the «Neurochat» complex, patients of the second group - on the «Exokist-2» complex, patients of the third group - cognitive training according to standard programs using computer technology and visual material. RESULTS Patients of the three groups showed a significant improvement in the total MoCA score: in the 1st and 2nd groups - p<0.01, in the 3rd group - p<0.05. According to CDT, there was a significant change in the 2nd group (p=0.018). The Luria method «10 words» revealed an improvement in memory in all groups (p<0.01, p<0.05), being more pronounced in the 1st and 2nd groups. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of BCI in restoring cognitive functions in patients after a stroke in comparison with cognitive training without BCI has been demonstrated. However, there are reasons to believe that various BCIs have a specific effect on cognitive functions and have their own target group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kotov
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Slyunkova
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Borisova
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Isakova
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Litz E, Werner C, Bauer JM, Hauer K. Effects and Feasibility of a Memory Exergame Training in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Games Health J 2021; 10:383-390. [PMID: 34860129 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2021.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the feasibility, sustainability, and effectiveness of task-specific memory exergame training on motor-cognitive performance in older adults. Materials and Methods: Fifty older adults (age: 78.8 ± 7.0 years) participated in a randomized controlled trial with a 10-week intervention and 3-month follow-up period. Both the intervention group (IG: n = 29) and control group (CG: n = 21) underwent a once-weekly exercise program, including strength and balance exercises, while the IG performed an additional exergame training, combining dynamic balance with visuospatial memory tasks. Outcome measures were completion time for distinct levels of memory exergame tasks without (condition 1) and with procedural support (condition 2) and (sub)-total game scores documented by a game-specific assessment strategy. Results: Significant improvements in the IG compared with the CG over the intervention period were found for completion times in most of the analyzed levels of condition 1 (P < 0.001-0.047; ηp2 = 0.238-0.335) and one level of condition 2 (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.267), for the subtotal game score of condition 1 (P = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.186), and for the total game score (P = 0.005; ηp2 = 0.162). Improvements were partially sustained 3 months after training cessation (P = 0.008-0.039, ηp2 = 0.095-0.174). Completion rates for initial levels were 86%-98%. No clinical events or safety issues were observed during the training. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that additional memory exergame training effectively, and sustainably, improves performance in complex motor-cognitive tasks involving dynamic balance and visuospatial memory in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Litz
- AGAPLESION Bethanien Hospital, Geriatric Centre of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- AGAPLESION Bethanien Hospital, Geriatric Centre of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre of Geriatric Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen M Bauer
- AGAPLESION Bethanien Hospital, Geriatric Centre of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre of Geriatric Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hauer
- AGAPLESION Bethanien Hospital, Geriatric Centre of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lin CW, Mao TY, Huang CF. A Novel Game-Based Intelligent Test for Detecting Elderly Cognitive Function Impairment. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:1698406. [PMID: 34880929 PMCID: PMC8648469 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1698406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES This research explores the game-based intelligent test (GBIT), predicts the possibilities of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and the risk of cognitive impairment, and then verifies GBIT as one of the reliable and valid cognitive assessment tools. METHODS This study recruited 117 elderly subjects in Taiwan (average age is 79.92 ± 8.68, average height is 156.91 ± 8.01, average weight is 59.14 ± 9.67, and average MMSE score is 23.33 ± 6.16). A multiple regression model was used to analyze the GBIT parameters of the elderly's reaction, attention, coordination, and memory to predict their MMSE performance. The binary logistic regression was then utilized to predict their risk of cognitive impairment. The statistical significance level was set as α = 0.05. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis showed that gender, the correct number of reactions, and the correct number of memory have a significantly positive predictive power on MMSE of the elderly (F = 37.60, R 2 = 0.69, and p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis noted that the correct average number of reactions falls by one question, and the ratio of cognitive dysfunction risk increases 1.09 times (p < 0.05); the correct average number of memory drops by one question, the ratio of cognitive dysfunction risk increases 3.76 times (p < 0.05), and the overall model predictive power is 88.20% (sensitivity: 84.00%; specificity: 92.30%). CONCLUSIONS This study verifies that GBIT is reliable and can effectively predict the cognitive function and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Therefore, GBIT can be used as one of the feasible tools for evaluating older people's cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Lin
- Department of Leisure Services Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Yen Mao
- Department of Leisure Services Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Feng Huang
- Department of Leisure Services Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
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30
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Chow G, Gan JKE, Chan JKY, Wu XV, Klainin-Yobas P. Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions among older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1986-1997. [PMID: 33200623 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1839861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aimed to examine available evidence concerning the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in improving memory, executive function, depression and activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults with MCI. METHODS Eight electronic databases were used to conduct a comprehensive literature search for published and unpublished studies. A primary outcome was cognitive function, including memory and executive function. Secondary outcomes were depression and ADL. Two researchers independently appraised quality of included studies and extracted data. Meta-analysis, heterogeneity test, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Ten studies (out of 1,265 records) were included in this review. Psychosocial interventions contributed to a significant improvement in memory, not executive function, depression and ADL. Subgroup analyses suggested that interventions with a longer duration, more therapeutic sessions, and individual format had larger effect sizes. Strategies found to enhance memory entailed behavior modification and activation, memory training, visual imagery, storytelling, memory aids, journaling, and exercise. CONCLUSION Healthcare providers may offer psychosocial interventions to client with MCI in clinical settings. Higher quality trials should be conducted to increase solid evidence in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Chow
- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Xi Vivien Wu
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piyanee Klainin-Yobas
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Jeong JH, Jung C, Kim J, Kim JY, Kim HS, Park YC, Lee JH, Jung IC. Investigation of combined treatment of acupuncture and neurofeedback for improving cognitive function in mild neurocognitive disorder: A randomized, assessor-blind, pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27218. [PMID: 34664858 PMCID: PMC8448021 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild neurocognitive disorder (MND) is an intermediate state that can progress to dementia, and the cognitive reserve of MND is an important task in preventing dementia. Acupuncture and neurofeedback (NF) training have been used to improve cognitive function and treat MND or dementia, but their effectiveness remains controversial. In this trial, we will evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined NF-acupuncture treatment in comparison with single acupuncture treatment. METHODS AND DESIGN This study is a randomized, assessor-blind, pilot trial. It is designed in accordance with the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture. A total of 44 MND participants who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be enrolled, and each will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups of 22 subjects. Each subject will visit 24 times over 12 weeks and receive either acupuncture or NF-acupuncture combined treatment. At visit 25 (week 13), a follow-up evaluation will be performed, and then the investigator will analyze the results. The primary outcome is defined by the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score from screening to visit 25. The secondary outcome includes the following: change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive, the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory, Body Awareness Questionnaire, delayed matching to sample task scores, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy values, from visit 1 to visit 25; heart rate variability values from visit 1 to visit 5, visit 9, visit 13, visit 21, visit 25; breath per minute values from visit 1 to visit 1 to 25. DISCUSSION We will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined NF-acupuncture therapy, and expect that it will serve as the basis for the use of NF together with acupuncture in the clinical setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER KCT0004972 (registered in Clinical Research Information Service of the Republic of Korea, https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do/16239).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Jeong
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Jung
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Kim
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Sook Kim
- Clinical trial center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Republic of Korea
| | - In Chul Jung
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Clinical trial center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Republic of Korea
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32
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Viviani G, Vallesi A. EEG-neurofeedback and executive function enhancement in healthy adults: A systematic review. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13874. [PMID: 34117795 PMCID: PMC8459257 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG)-neurofeedback training (NFT) is a promising technique that supports individuals in learning to modulate their brain activity to obtain cognitive and behavioral improvements. EEG-NFT is gaining increasing attention for its potential "peak performance" applications on healthy individuals. However, evidence for clear cognitive performance enhancements with healthy adults is still lacking. In particular, whether EEG-NFT represents an effective technique for enhancing healthy adults' executive functions is still controversial. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review is to assess whether the existing EEG-NFT studies targeting executive functions have provided reliable evidence for NFT effectiveness. To this end, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the literature since the limited number of retrieved studies did not allow us meta-analytical comparisons. Moreover, a second aim was to identify optimal frequencies as NFT targets for specifically improving executive functions. Overall, our systematic review provides promising evidence for NFT effectiveness in boosting healthy adults' executive functions. However, more rigorous NFT studies are required in order to overcome the methodological weaknesses that we encountered in our qualitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Viviani
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- IRCCS San Camillo HospitalVeniceItaly
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33
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Romero Reyes YY, Andrade Valbuena LP. Is It Possible to Prevent the Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment Through Non-Pharmacological Treatments? REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00128-1. [PMID: 34446255 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cognitive impairment produces slight cognitive and motor disturbances without affecting daily life during aging, however, if this symptomatology is not controlled, the speed of deterioration can increase, and even some cases of dementia can appear in the elderly population. OBJECTIVE To describe non-pharmacological therapies that seek to prevent, control and reduce the symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. METHODS An initial search was carried out in the databases of PubMed, Lilacs, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis and ProQuest. The results found were filtered through the PRISMA system and biases evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. RESULTS Four categories of non-pharmacological therapies were created, using 50 articles found in the search, which contribute to controlling and improving cognitive and motor areas, in order to reduce the symptoms presented by mild cognitive impairment. The treatments have different methods, instruments and objectives, so that no meta-analysis of the studies could be performed. In addition, limitations related to the sample, the effectiveness of the results and the methodological quality were found. CONCLUSIONS It was found that non-pharmacological therapies prevent, improve and control the symptoms caused by mild cognitive impairment, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with better methodologies to corroborate these results.
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34
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Park H, Aul C, DeGutis J, Lo OY, Poole VN, McGlinchey R, Bean JF, Leritz E, Esterman M. Evidence for a Specific Association Between Sustained Attention and Gait Speed in Middle-to-Older-Aged Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:703434. [PMID: 34290601 PMCID: PMC8289388 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.703434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cognitive decline has previously been associated with mobility limitations and frailty, the relationship between sustained attention and gait speed is incompletely characterized. To better quantify the specificity of the sustained attention and gait speed association, we examined the extent to which this relationship is unique rather than accounted for by executive functioning and physical health characteristics. 58 middle-to-older-aged community-dwelling adults without overt evidence of cognitive impairment (45-90 years old; 21 females) participated in the study. Each participant completed a 4-meter gait speed assessment and validated neuropsychological tests to examine various domains of executive functioning including working memory (i.e., Digit Span), inhibitory control (i.e., D-KEFS Color-Word Interference), and task switching (i.e., D-KEFS Number/Letter Switching). Multiple physical and vascular risk factors were also evaluated. Sustained attention was assessed using the gradual onset continuous performance task (gradCPT), a well-validated go/no-go sustained attention task. A series of linear regression models were used to examine how different aspects of cognition, including sustained attention and traditional measures of executive functioning, related to gait speed while controlling for a variety of physical and vascular risk factors. Among all predictors, gradCPT accuracy explained the most variance in gait speed (R 2 = 0.19, p < 0.001) and was the only significant predictor (β = 0.35, p = 0.01) when accounting for executive functioning and other physical and vascular risk factors. The present results indicate that sustained attention may be uniquely sensitive and mechanistically linked to mobility limitations in middle-to-older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Park
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Courtney Aul
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - On-Yee Lo
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Victoria N. Poole
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Regina McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- New England Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center (NEGRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan F. Bean
- New England Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center (NEGRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Leritz
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- New England Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center (NEGRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Esterman
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Israsena P, Jirayucharoensak S, Hemrungrojn S, Pan-Ngum S. Brain Exercising Games With Consumer-Grade Single-Channel Electroencephalogram Neurofeedback: Pre-Post Intervention Study. JMIR Serious Games 2021; 9:e26872. [PMID: 34128816 PMCID: PMC8277357 DOI: 10.2196/26872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aging population is one of the major challenges affecting societies worldwide. As the proportion of older people grows dramatically, so does the number of age-related illnesses such as dementia-related illnesses. Preventive care should be emphasized as an effective tool to combat and manage this situation. Objective The aim of this pilot project was to study the benefits of using neurofeedback-based brain training games for enhancing cognitive performance in the elderly population. In particular, aiming for practicality, the training games were designed to operate with a low-cost consumer-grade single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) headset that should make the service scalable and more accessible for wider adoption such as for home use. Methods Our training system, which consisted of five brain exercise games using neurofeedback, was serviced at 5 hospitals in Thailand. Participants were screened for cognitive levels using the Thai Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Those who passed the criteria were further assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) computerized cognitive assessment battery. The physiological state of the brain was also assessed using 16-channel EEG. After 20 sessions of training, cognitive performance and EEG were assessed again to compare pretraining and posttraining results. Results Thirty-five participants completed the training. CANTAB results showed positive and significant effects in the visual memory (delayed matching to sample [percent correct] P=.04), attention (median latency P=.009), and visual recognition (spatial working memory [between errors] P=.03) domains. EEG also showed improvement in upper alpha activity in a resting state (open-eyed) measured from the occipital area (P=.04), which similarly indicated improvement in the cognitive domain (attention). Conclusions Outcomes of this study show the potential use of practical neurofeedback-based training games for brain exercise to enhance cognitive performance in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasin Israsena
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Suwicha Jirayucharoensak
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Solaphat Hemrungrojn
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Cognitive Fitness Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Setha Pan-Ngum
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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EEG-Based Closed-Loop Neurofeedback for Attention Monitoring and Training in Young Adults. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5535810. [PMID: 34234929 PMCID: PMC8219410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5535810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Attention is an important mechanism for young adults, whose lives largely involve interacting with media and performing technology multitasking. Nevertheless, the existing studies related to attention are characterized by low accuracy and poor attention levels in terms of attention monitoring and inefficiency during attention training. In this paper, we propose an improved random forest- (IRF-) algorithm-based attention monitoring and training method with closed-loop neurofeedback. For attention monitoring, an IRF classifier that uses grid search optimization and multiple cross-validation to improve monitoring accuracy and performance is utilized, and five attention levels are proposed. For attention training, we develop three training modes with neurofeedback corresponding to sustained attention, selective attention, and focus attention and apply a self-control method with four indicators to validate the resulting training effect. An offline experiment based on the Personal EEG Concentration Tasks dataset and an online experiment involving 10 young adults are conducted. The results show that our proposed IRF-algorithm-based attention monitoring approach achieves an average accuracy of 79.34%, thereby outperforming the current state-of-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, when excluding familiarity with the game environment, statistically significant performance improvements (p < 0.05) are achieved by the 10 young adults after attention training, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed serious games. Our work involving the proposed method of attention monitoring and training proves to be reliable and efficient.
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Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH. Neurofeedback and the Aging Brain: A Systematic Review of Training Protocols for Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:682683. [PMID: 34177558 PMCID: PMC8221422 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia describes a set of symptoms that occur in neurodegenerative disorders and that is characterized by gradual loss of cognitive and behavioral functions. Recently, non-invasive neurofeedback training has been explored as a potential complementary treatment for patients suffering from dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Here we systematically reviewed studies that explored neurofeedback training protocols based on electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging for these groups of patients. From a total of 1,912 screened studies, 10 were included in our final sample (N = 208 independent participants in experimental and N = 81 in the control groups completing the primary endpoint). We compared the clinical efficacy across studies, and evaluated their experimental designs and reporting quality. In most studies, patients showed improved scores in different cognitive tests. However, data from randomized controlled trials remains scarce, and clinical evidence based on standardized metrics is still inconclusive. In light of recent meta-research developments in the neurofeedback field and beyond, quality and reporting practices of individual studies are reviewed. We conclude with recommendations on best practices for future studies that investigate the effects of neurofeedback training in dementia and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Trambaiolli
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raymundo Cassani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Energy, Materials, and Telecommunications Centre (INRS-EMT), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David M A Mehler
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tiago H Falk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Energy, Materials, and Telecommunications Centre (INRS-EMT), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Vasantha Kumar P, Subramaniam P, Che Din N. The utility and cultural specificity of cognitive-based interventions in preventing cognitive decline among healthy older adults in Asia: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 60:102646. [PMID: 33873045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of aging and its associated cognitive decline is particularly acute in Asia given the exponential growth of older adults as a proportion of the population as a whole. Many structured cognitive interventions have been proposed to prevent the cognitive decline typically seen in older age, but their utility as a viable means of achieving these goals is questionable. OBJECTIVES To summarize and synthesize evidence on the utility and methodological quality of cognitive-based interventions on cognitive performance and associated secondary outcomes among healthy older adults in Asia, as well as novel, culture-specific components of cognitive interventions across the region. DATA SOURCES The PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched through May 2020. ELIGIBILITY Studies including individuals aged 60 years and above, who had no previous history of physical and/or mental illness. Few restrictions placed on intervention design, duration and mode of delivery, provided that participants were randomized to study conditions, and intervention included components addressing at least one cognitive domain. RESULTS A total of 17 studies from six countries met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. Evidence from those studies indicated that cognitive interventions may be most effective when the design and aims were directed towards improvement in specific cognitive domains, but evidence regarding long-term effectiveness in preventing progression to clinical-level cognitive deficits is still unclear. Several studies highlighted culture-specific activities as components of their interventions, though these will need to be further outlined and standardized clearly in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Vasantha Kumar
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Health Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ponnusamy Subramaniam
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Health Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-CARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Normah Che Din
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Health Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-CARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Musical Auditory Alpha Wave Neurofeedback: Validation and Cognitive Perspectives. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2021; 46:323-334. [PMID: 33929674 PMCID: PMC8553721 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-021-09507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurofeedback through visual, auditory, or tactile sensations improves cognitive functions and alters the activities of daily living. However, some people, such as children and the elderly, have difficulty concentrating on neurofeedback for a long time. Constant stressless neurofeedback for a long time may be achieved with auditory neurofeedback using music. The primary purpose of this study was to clarify whether music-based auditory neurofeedback increases the power of the alpha wave in healthy subjects. During neurofeedback, white noise was superimposed on classical music, with the noise level inversely correlating with normalized alpha wave power. This was a single-blind, randomized control crossover trial in which 10 healthy subjects underwent, in an assigned order, normal and random feedback (NF and RF), either of which was at least 4 weeks long. Cognitive functions were evaluated before, between, and after each neurofeedback period. The secondary purpose was to assess neurofeedback-induced changes in cognitive functions. A crossover analysis showed that normalized alpha-power was significantly higher in NF than in RF; therefore, music-based auditory neurofeedback facilitated alpha wave induction. A composite category-based analysis of cognitive functions revealed greater improvements in short-term memory in subjects whose alpha-power increased in response to NF. The present study employed a long period of auditory alpha neurofeedback and achieved successful alpha wave induction and subsequent improvements in cognitive functions. Although this was a pilot study that validated a music-based alpha neurofeedback system for healthy subjects, the results obtained are encouraging for those with difficulty in concentrating on conventional alpha neurofeedback. Trial registration: 2018077NI, date of registration: 2018/11/27
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Kimura K, Moussavi Z. Do Older and Young Adults Learn to Integrate Geometry While Navigating in an Environment of a Serious Game? Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:2633105520988861. [PMID: 33709080 PMCID: PMC7841238 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520988861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the outcomes of an intervention using a serious game designed to be
played on iPads for improving spatial reorientation by training users to
integrate geometry of the environment, instead of relying solely on featural
cues. Using data logged online through a clinical study of using this game, the
effect of training among 16 older adults (69.3 ± 6.4 years, 4 males), who played
the game repeatedly (self-administered) over a period of 8 weeks, was
investigated. The game contains a hexagonal room with 3 objects, textured walls,
and grids on the floor, which are removed one by one as the participant played
the game. In each level, the room also rotates such that the viewpoint of the
user is different from that of the previous level. Participants cannot play a
higher level unless they make no mistake during the trials of the lower test
level. In addition to data of older adults available from that clinical trial,
we recruited 16 young adults (27.3 ± 5.6 years, 4 males) to play the game for 5
sessions and compared their results with those of the older adults. We evaluated
the error type made in each test level and the scores for each session among
older adults. Further, we compared the frequency of each error type between
young and older adults during the test levels that a landmark adjacent to the
target was removed over the first 5 sessions. The results of older adults’
performance suggest they learned to make fewer mistakes over the sessions. Also,
both young and older adults learned to integrate the geometrical cues rather
than relying on the landmark cue adjacent to the target to find the target.
Overall, the results indicate the designed hexagonal room game can enhance
spatial cognition among all age groups of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Kimura
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zahra Moussavi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Visual-Electrotactile Stimulation Feedback to Improve Immersive Brain-Computer Interface Based on Hand Motor Imagery. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8832686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the aging society, the number of people suffering from vascular disorders is rapidly increasing and has become a social problem. The death rate due to stroke, which is the second leading cause of global mortality, has increased by 40% in the last two decades. Stroke can also cause paralysis. Of late, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been garnering attention in the rehabilitation field as assistive technology. A BCI for the motor rehabilitation of patients with paralysis promotes neural plasticity, when subjects perform motor imagery (MI). Feedback, such as visual and proprioceptive, influences brain rhythm modulation to contribute to MI learning and motor function restoration. Also, virtual reality (VR) can provide powerful graphical options to enhance feedback visualization. This work aimed to improve immersive VR-BCI based on hand MI, using visual-electrotactile stimulation feedback instead of visual feedback. The MI tasks include grasping, flexion/extension, and their random combination. Moreover, the subjects answered a system perception questionnaire after the experiments. The proposed system was evaluated with twenty able-bodied subjects. Visual-electrotactile feedback improved the mean classification accuracy for the grasping (93.00%
3.50%) and flexion/extension (95.00%
5.27%) MI tasks. Additionally, the subjects achieved an acceptable mean classification accuracy (maximum of 86.5%
5.80%) for the random MI task, which required more concentration. The proprioceptive feedback maintained lower mean power spectral density in all channels and higher attention levels than those of visual feedback during the test trials for the grasping and flexion/extension MI tasks. Also, this feedback generated greater relative power in the
-band for the premotor cortex, which indicated better MI preparation. Thus, electrotactile stimulation along with visual feedback enhanced the immersive VR-BCI classification accuracy by 5.5% and 4.5% for the grasping and flexion/extension MI tasks, respectively, retained the subject’s attention, and eased MI better than visual feedback alone.
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Serious video games and virtual reality for prevention and neurorehabilitation of cognitive decline because of aging and neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 33:239-248. [PMID: 32073439 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive decline because of aging and neurodegeneration has become increasingly prevalent. This calls for the implementation of efficacious, motivating, standardized and widely available cognitive interventions for the elderly. In this context, serious video games and virtual reality may represent promising approaches. Here, we review recent research on their potential for cognitive prevention and neurorehabilitation of age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). RECENT FINDINGS The majority of currently available data in this evolving domain lacks the methodological quality to draw reliable conclusions on the potential of novel technology for cognitive training in older people. However, single well designed randomized controlled trials have reported promising effects of cognitive interventions involving serious video games and virtual reality. The cognitive benefits of exergames promoting physical exercise with and without combined cognitive training remain unclear. SUMMARY The immersion into stimulating and motivating environments along with training content based on neuroscientific and neuropsychological models may represent a significant advance as compared with conventional computerized cognitive training. Additional research with sound methodology including sufficient sample sizes, active control groups and meaningful outcome measures of everyday function is needed to elucidate the potential of serious video games and virtual reality in multifactorial neurorehabilitation of cognitive decline in aging and neurodegeneration.
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Meeuwsen KD, Groeneveld KM, Walker LA, Mennenga AM, Tittle RK, White EK. Z-score neurofeedback, heart rate variability biofeedback, and brain coaching for older adults with memory concerns. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:9-37. [PMID: 33386829 PMCID: PMC7990441 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three-month, multi-domain Memory Boot Camp program incorporates z-score neurofeedback (NFB), heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback, and one-on-one coaching to teach memory skills and encourage behavior change in diet, sleep, physical fitness, and stress reduction. OBJECTIVE This prospective trial evaluates the Memory Boot Camp program for adults ages 55 to 85 with symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and subjective memory complaints. METHODS Participants were evaluated via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), NeuroTrax Global Cognitive Score, measures of anxiety, depression, sleep, quality of life, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), and HRV parameters at four timepoints: baseline, pre-program, post-program, and follow-up. The trial included a three-month waiting period between baseline and pre-program, such that each participant acted as their own control, and follow-up took place six months after completion of the program. RESULTS Participants' MoCA scores and self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life improved after treatment, and these changes were maintained at follow-up. Physiological changes in HRV parameters after treatment were not significant, however, breathing rate and QEEG parameters were improved at post-program and maintained at follow-up. Finally, participants' improvement in MoCA score over the treatment period was correlated with their improvement in two brain oscillation parameters targeted by the z-score NFB protocol: relative power of delta and relative power of theta. CONCLUSIONS Trial results suggest that the Memory Boot Camp program is a promising treatment strategy for older adults with symptoms of MCI and subjective memory complaints.
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Belkacem AN, Jamil N, Palmer JA, Ouhbi S, Chen C. Brain Computer Interfaces for Improving the Quality of Life of Older Adults and Elderly Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:692. [PMID: 32694979 PMCID: PMC7339951 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
All people experience aging, and the related physical and health changes, including changes in memory and brain function. These changes may become debilitating leading to an increase in dependence as people get older. Many external aids and tools have been developed to allow older adults and elderly patients to continue to live normal and comfortable lives. This mini-review describes some of the recent studies on cognitive decline and motor control impairment with the goal of advancing non-invasive brain computer interface (BCI) technologies to improve health and wellness of older adults and elderly patients. First, we describe the state of the art in cognitive prosthetics for psychiatric diseases. Then, we describe the state of the art of possible assistive BCI applications for controlling an exoskeleton, a wheelchair and smart home for elderly people with motor control impairments. The basic age-related brain and body changes, the effects of age on cognitive and motor abilities, and several BCI paradigms with typical tasks and outcomes are thoroughly described. We also discuss likely future trends and technologies to assist healthy older adults and elderly patients using innovative BCI applications with minimal technical oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem
- Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nuraini Jamil
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jason A. Palmer
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sofia Ouhbi
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Complex System Control Theory and Application, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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Marlats F, Bao G, Chevallier S, Boubaya M, Djabelkhir-Jemmi L, Wu YH, Lenoir H, Rigaud AS, Azabou E. SMR/Theta Neurofeedback Training Improves Cognitive Performance and EEG Activity in Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:147. [PMID: 32612522 PMCID: PMC7308493 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurofeedback (NF) training, as a method of self-regulation of brain activity, may be beneficial in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this pilot study, we investigated whether a sensorimotor (SMR)/theta NF training could improve cognitive performance and brain electrical activity in elderly patients with MCI. Methods: Twenty elderly patients with MCI were assigned to 20 consecutive sessions of sensorimotor (SMR)/theta NF training, during 10 weeks, on a basis of two sessions each week. Neuropsychological assessments and questionnaires, as well as electroencephalogram (EEG), were performed and compared between baseline (T0), after the last NF training session at 10 weeks (T1), and 1-month follow-up (T2). Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that from baseline to post-intervention, participants showed significant improvement in the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCa, F = 4.78; p = 0.012), the delayed recall of the Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT, F = 3.675; p = 0.032), the Forward digit span (F = 13.82; p < 0.0001), the Anxiety Goldberg Scale (F = 4.54; p = 0.015), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV; F = 24.75; p < 0.0001), and the Mac Nair score (F = 4.47; p = 0.016). EEG theta power (F = 4.44; p = 0.016) and alpha power (F = 3.84; p = 0.027) during eyes-closed resting-state significantly increased after the NF training and showed sustained improvement at a 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: Our results suggest that NF training could be effective to reduce cognitive deficits in elderly patients with MCI and improve their EEG activity. If these findings are confirmed by randomized controlled studies with larger samples of patients, NF could be seen as a useful non-invasive, non-pharmacological tool for preventing further decline, rehabilitation of cognitive function in the elderly. Clinical Trial Registration: This pilot study was a preliminary step before the trial registered in www.ClinicalTrials.gov, under the number of NCT03526692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Marlats
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Broca Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Research TEAM EA4468, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bao
- Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Raymond Poincaré Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM U1173, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Garches, France
| | - Sylvain Chevallier
- Versailles Engineering Systems Laboratory (LISV), University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Vélizy, France
| | - Marouane Boubaya
- Clinical Research Unit, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bobigny, France
| | - Leila Djabelkhir-Jemmi
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Broca Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Research TEAM EA4468, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ya-Huei Wu
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Broca Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Research TEAM EA4468, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hermine Lenoir
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Broca Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Research TEAM EA4468, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rigaud
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Broca Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Research TEAM EA4468, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Eric Azabou
- Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Raymond Poincaré Hôspital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM U1173, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Garches, France
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Jang JH, Kim J, Park G, Kim H, Jung ES, Cha JY, Kim CY, Kim S, Lee JH, Yoo H. Beta wave enhancement neurofeedback improves cognitive functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18357. [PMID: 31852140 PMCID: PMC6922450 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a symptom characterizing cognitive decline and a transitional state between normal aging and dementia; however, there is no definitive diagnosis and treatment for MCI. Neurofeedback (NF), which is a training mechanism that employs operant conditioning to regulate brain activity, has been increasingly investigated concerning its beneficial effects for dementia and MCI. METHODS This study investigated cognitive improvement and hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) following NF training in patients with MCI. Five patients with MCI received NF training for enhanced beta band activity in the dorsolateral PFC-16 sessions for 8 weeks-with each session divided into 9 5-minute trials. The primary outcome measure was a cognitive assessment tool: the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The secondary outcome measures were the Central Nervous System Vital Signs for neurocognitive testing, hemodynamic changes using functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the PFC during a working-memory task, and Beck Depression Inventory scores. RESULTS After completing the training, patients' cognitive function significantly improved in domains such as composite memory, cognitive flexibility, complex attention, reaction time, and executive function. Increased electroencephalogram beta power was observed over NF training sessions (Spearman rank correlation test: r = 0.746, P = .001). The threshold value for gaining positive feedback from pre-NF baseline on beta power significantly increased (Spearman rank correlation test: r = 0.805, P = .001). Hemodynamic response in PFC changed after NF training, and individual differences were identified. Specifically, hypoactivation of the hemodynamic response by emotional distraction recovered following NF training. CONCLUSION We suggest that patients' cognitive processing efficiency was improved by the NF training. These beneficial results suggest that NF training may have potential therapeutic applications to prevent the progression from MCI to dementia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0003433).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Jieun Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine
| | - Gunhyuk Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesook Kim
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Eun-Sun Jung
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Ji-yun Cha
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Chan-young Kim
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Siyeon Kim
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University
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