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Xie X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Shi W, Tang R, Tang Q, Sun S, Wu R, Xu S, Wang M, Liang X, Cui L. Nanomaterials augmented bioeffects of ultrasound in cancer immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100926. [PMID: 38179429 PMCID: PMC10765306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy as a milestone in cancer treatment has made great strides in the past decade, but it is still limited by low immune response rates and immune-related adverse events. Utilizing bioeffects of ultrasound to enhance tumor immunotherapy has attracted more and more attention, including sonothermal, sonomechanical, sonodynamic and sonopiezoelectric immunotherapy. Moreover, the emergence of nanomaterials has further improved the efficacy of ultrasound mediated immunotherapy. However, most of the summaries in this field are about a single aspect of the biological effects of ultrasound, which is not comprehensive and complete currently. This review proposes the recent progress of nanomaterials augmented bioeffects of ultrasound in cancer immunotherapy. The concept of immunotherapy and the application of bioeffects of ultrasound in cancer immunotherapy are initially introduced. Then, according to different bioeffects of ultrasound, the representative paradigms of nanomaterial augmented sono-immunotherapy are described, and their mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the challenges and application prospects of nanomaterial augmented ultrasound mediated cancer immunotherapy are discussed in depth, hoping to pave the way for cancer immunotherapy and promote the clinical translation of ultrasound mediated cancer immunotherapy through the reasonable combination of nanomaterials augmented ultrasonic bioeffects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Wanrui Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Qingshuang Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Suhui Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqi Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
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Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction remodels tumour microenvironment to improve immunotherapeutic effect. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:715-725. [PMID: 36463323 PMCID: PMC9977958 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has gained increasing attention and made promising progress in recent years, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors such as antibodies blocking programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). However, its therapeutic efficacy is only 10-30% in solid tumours and treatment sensitivity needs to be improved. The complex tissue environment in which cancers originate is known as the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the complicated and dynamic TME is correlated with the efficacy of immunotherapy. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) is an emerging technology that integrates diagnosis and therapy, which has garnered much traction due to non-invasive, targeted drug delivery and gene transfection characteristics. UTMD has also been studied to remodel TME and improve the efficacy of CIT. In this review, we analyse the effects of UTMD on various components of TME, including CD8+ T cells, tumour-infiltrating myeloid cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells and tumour vasculature. Moreover, UTMD enhances the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to facilitate drug delivery, thus improving CIT efficacy in vivo animal experiments. Based on this, we highlight the potential of immunotherapy against various cancer species and the clinical application prospects of UTMD.
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3
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Avila JP, Carvalho BM, Coimbra EC. A Comprehensive View of the Cancer-Immunity Cycle (CIC) in HPV-Mediated Cervical Cancer and Prospects for Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1333. [PMID: 36831674 PMCID: PMC9954575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 new cases each year and a mortality rate of around 55%. Over 80% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The most important risk factor for CC is persistent infection by a sexually transmitted virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV). Conventional treatments to eradicate this type of cancer are accompanied by high rates of resistance and a large number of side effects. Hence, it is crucial to devise novel effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to develop immunotherapeutic methods for treating cancer. However, these strategies have not proven to be effective enough to combat CC. This means there is a need to investigate immune molecular targets. An adaptive immune response against cancer has been described in seven key stages or steps defined as the cancer-immunity cycle (CIC). The CIC begins with the release of antigens by tumor cells and ends with their destruction by cytotoxic T-cells. In this paper, we discuss several molecular alterations found in each stage of the CIC of CC. In addition, we analyze the evidence discovered, the molecular mechanisms and their relationship with variables such as histological subtype and HPV infection, as well as their potential impact for adopting novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eliane Campos Coimbra
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (ICB/UPE), Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife 50100-130, PE, Brazil
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Meng Q, Deng Y, Lu Y, Wu C, Tang S. Tumor-derived miRNAs as tumor microenvironment regulators for synergistic therapeutic options. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:423-439. [PMID: 36378341 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that perform post-transcriptional gene regulation. This review focuses on the role of tumor cell-derived miRNAs in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) via receptor cell recoding, including angiogenesis, expression of immunosuppressive molecules, formation of radiation resistance, and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these molecules as adjuvant therapies in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy, as well as their advantages as efficacy predictors for personalized therapy. MiRNA-based therapeutic agents for tumors are currently in clinical trials, and while challenges remain, additional research on tumor-derived miRNAs is warranted, which may provide significant clinical benefits to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxing Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liu Zhou, China.,Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Viral Diseases, Liu Zhou, China
| | - Yaoming Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liu Zhou, China.,Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Viral Diseases, Liu Zhou, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liu Zhou, China.,Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Viral Diseases, Liu Zhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liu Zhou, China.,Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Viral Diseases, Liu Zhou, China
| | - Shifu Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liu Zhou, China. .,Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Viral Diseases, Liu Zhou, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Xie Q, Ma Y, Lin C, Li J, Hu B, Liu C, Zhao Y. Nanobubbles containing PD-L1 Ab and miR-424 mediated PD-L1 blockade, and its expression inhibition to enable and potentiate hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy in mice. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dastidar DG, Ghosh D, Das A. Recent developments in nanocarriers for cancer chemotherapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Niu M, Liu Y, Yi M, Jiao D, Wu K. Biological Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Soluble PD-1/PD-L1 and Exosomal PD-L1 in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827921. [PMID: 35386715 PMCID: PMC8977417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint pathway consisting of the cell membrane-bound molecule programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 has been found to mediate negative regulatory signals that effectively inhibit T-cell proliferation and function and impair antitumor immune responses. Considerable evidence suggests that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is responsible for tumor immune tolerance and immune escape. Blockage of this pathway has been found to reverse T lymphocyte depletion and restore antitumor immunity. Antagonists targeting this pathway have shown significant clinical activity in specific cancer types. Although originally identified as membrane-type molecules, several other forms of PD-1/PD-L1 have been detected in the blood of cancer patients, including soluble PD-1/PD-L1 (sPD-1/sPD-L1) and exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1), increasing the composition and functional complications of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. For example, sPD-1 has been shown to block the PD-1/PD-L immunosuppressive pathway by binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2, whereas the role of sPD-L1 and its mechanism of action in cancer remain unclear. In addition, many studies have investigated the roles of exoPD-L1 in immunosuppression, as a biomarker for tumor progression and as a predictive biomarker for response to immunotherapy. This review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of sPD-1/sPD-L1 and exoPD-L1, along with their biological activities and methods of detection. In addition, this review discusses the clinical importance of sPD-1/sPD-L1 and exoPD-L1 in cancer, including their predictive and prognostic roles and the effects of treatments that target these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Dechao Jiao,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Dechao Jiao,
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8
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Evaluation of Liposome-Loaded Microbubbles as a Theranostic Tool in a Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by severe inflammation of the synovial tissue. Here, we assess the feasibility of liposome-loaded microbubbles as theranostic agents in a murine arthritis model. First, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used to quantify neovascularization in this model since CEUS is well-established for RA diagnosis in humans. Next, the potential of liposome-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound (US) to selectively enhance liposome delivery to the synovium was evaluated with in vivo fluorescence imaging. This procedure is made very challenging by the presence of hard joints and by the limited lifetime of the microbubbles. The inflamed knee joints were exposed to therapeutic US after intravenous injection of liposome-loaded microbubbles. Loaded microbubbles were found to be quickly captured by the liver. This resulted in fast clearance of attached liposomes while free and long-circulating liposomes were able to accumulate over time in the inflamed joints. Our observations show that murine arthritis models are not well-suited for evaluating the potential of microbubble-mediated drug delivery in joints given: (i) restricted microbubble passage in murine synovial vasculature and (ii) limited control over the exact ultrasound conditions in situ given the much shorter length scale of the murine joints as compared to the therapeutic wavelength.
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Zhang N, Wang J, Foiret J, Dai Z, Ferrara KW. Synergies between therapeutic ultrasound, gene therapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113906. [PMID: 34333075 PMCID: PMC8556319 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ease of use and excellent safety profile, ultrasound is a promising technique for both diagnosis and site-specific therapy. Ultrasound-based techniques have been developed to enhance the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. In particular, transfection with exogenous nucleic acids has the potential to stimulate an immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Ultrasound-mediated gene transfection is a growing field, and recent work has incorporated this technique into cancer immunotherapy. Compared with other gene transfection methods, ultrasound-mediated gene transfection has a unique opportunity to augment the intracellular uptake of nucleic acids while safely and stably modulating the expression of immunostimulatory cytokines. The development and commercialization of therapeutic ultrasound systems further enhance the potential translation. In this Review, we introduce the underlying mechanisms and ongoing preclinical studies of ultrasound-based techniques in gene transfection for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we expand on aspects of therapeutic ultrasound that impact gene therapy and immunotherapy, including tumor debulking, enhancing cytokines and chemokines and altering nanoparticle pharmacokinetics as these effects of ultrasound cannot be fully dissected from targeted gene therapy. We finally explore the outlook for this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - James Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Josquin Foiret
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Khan M, Arooj S, Wang H. Soluble B7-CD28 Family Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Proteins and Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651634. [PMID: 34531847 PMCID: PMC8438243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory B7-CD28 family member proteins negatively regulate T cell responses and are extensively involved in tumor immune evasion. Blockade of classical CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) checkpoint pathways have become the cornerstone of anti-cancer immunotherapy. New inhibitory checkpoint proteins such as B7-H3, B7-H4, and BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) are being discovered and investigated for their potential in anti-cancer immunotherapy. In addition, soluble forms of these molecules also exist in sera of healthy individuals and elevated levels are found in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Soluble forms are generated by proteolytic shedding or alternative splicing. Elevated circulating levels of these inhibitory soluble checkpoint molecules in cancer have been correlated with advance stage, metastatic status, and prognosis which underscore their broader involvement in immune regulation. In addition to their potential as biomarker, understanding their mechanism of production, biological activity, and pathological interactions may also pave the way for their clinical use as a therapeutic target. Here we review these aspects of soluble checkpoint molecules and elucidate on their potential for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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11
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Tan Y, Yang S, Ma Y, Li J, Xie Q, Liu C, Zhao Y. Nanobubbles Containing sPD-1 and Ce6 Mediate Combination Immunotherapy and Suppress Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3241-3254. [PMID: 34007176 PMCID: PMC8121678 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s305857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are types of immunotherapy. In order to combine soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (sPD-1)-mediated immune checkpoint therapy and chlorin e6 (Ce6)-assisted SDT, nanobubbles (NBs) were generated to simultaneously load sPD-1 and Ce6. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sPD-1/Ce6-NBs, which were prepared by thin-film hydration and mechanical oscillation, had a stable physical condition, and delivered sPD-1 and Ce6 in a targeted manner. NBs could strengthen tumor suppression by increasing tumor-targeting accumulation of Ce6 and sPD-1, and by inducing ultrasound-targeted NB destruction. A mouse H22 cell hepatoma xenograft model was used to evaluate the synergetic immunotherapeutic effect and mechanism of sPD-1/Ce6-NBs. RESULTS By observing the tumor inhibition rate, tissue and cell apoptosis, apoptosis-related genes and protein expression, the best immunotherapeutic effect was exhibited by the sPD-1/Ce6-NBs group. The immunotherapeutic mechanism initially demonstrated that when tumor cells were transfected by sPD-1 delivered by NBs, which downregulated the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells, and blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, which improved T-cell-mediated tumor inhibition. Furthermore, ICIs combined with SDT induced immunogenic cell death by translocating calreticulin to the cell surface and then synergistically enhancing antitumor immune responses. CONCLUSION In conclusion, sPD-1/Ce6-NBs were successfully designed. Ultrasound-mediated sPD-1/Ce6-NBs are potentially effective delivery systems for combination immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Tan
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Ultrasonography, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Li
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Xie
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Deprez J, Lajoinie G, Engelen Y, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Opening doors with ultrasound and microbubbles: Beating biological barriers to promote drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:9-36. [PMID: 33705877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its clinical use in imaging, ultrasound has been thoroughly investigated as a tool to enhance drug delivery in a wide variety of applications. Therapeutic ultrasound, as such or combined with cavitating nuclei or microbubbles, has been explored to cross or permeabilize different biological barriers. This ability to access otherwise impermeable tissues in the body makes the combination of ultrasound and therapeutics very appealing to enhance drug delivery in situ. This review gives an overview of the most important biological barriers that can be tackled using ultrasound and aims to provide insight on how ultrasound has shown to improve accessibility as well as the biggest hurdles. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of therapeutic ultrasound with respect to the main challenges that must be addressed to enable the further progression of therapeutic ultrasound towards an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment tailored for drug delivery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deprez
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Y Engelen
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Raue R, Frank AC, Syed SN, Brüne B. Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042210. [PMID: 33672261 PMCID: PMC7926641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-microenvironment (TME) is an amalgamation of various factors derived from malignant cells and infiltrating host cells, including cells of the immune system. One of the important factors of the TME is microRNAs (miRs) that regulate target gene expression at a post transcriptional level. MiRs have been found to be dysregulated in tumor as well as in stromal cells and they emerged as important regulators of tumorigenesis. In fact, miRs regulate almost all hallmarks of cancer, thus making them attractive tools and targets for novel anti-tumoral treatment strategies. Tumor to stroma cell cross-propagation of miRs to regulate protumoral functions has been a salient feature of the TME. MiRs can either act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs) and both miR mimics as well as miR inhibitors (antimiRs) have been used in preclinical trials to alter cancer and stromal cell phenotypes. Owing to their cascading ability to regulate upstream target genes and their chemical nature, which allows specific pharmacological targeting, miRs are attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we cover a recent update on our understanding of dysregulated miRs in the TME and provide an overview of how these miRs are involved in current cancer-therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Raue
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Ann-Christin Frank
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Shahzad Nawaz Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Fu Y, Liao G. Soluble PD-1: Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587460. [PMID: 33329567 PMCID: PMC7710690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1) has shown remarkable clinical outcome. Lately, their soluble counterparts, sPD-1 and sPD-L1, have been detected in plasma, and elevated levels have been associated with advanced disease, clinical stages, and worst prognosis for cancer patients. Elevated plasma levels of sPD-L1 have been correlated with worst prognosis in several studies and has displayed a persistent outlook. On the other hand, sPD-1 levels have been inconsistent in their predictive and prognostic ability. Pretherapeutic higher sPD-1 plasma levels have shown to predict advanced disease state and to a lesser extent worst prognosis. Any increase in sPD-1 plasma level post therapeutically have been correlated with improved survival for various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown sPD-1 ability to bind PD-L1 and PD-L2 and block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Local delivery of sPD-1 in cancer tumor microenvironment through local gene therapy have demonstrated an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cell immunity and tumor growth reduction. It had also exhibited enhancement of T cell immunity induced by vaccination and other gene therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it may also lessen the inhibitory effect of circulating sPD-L1 and enhance the effects of mAb-based immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight various aspects of sPD-1 role in cancer prediction, prognosis, and anti-cancer immunity, as well as, its therapeutic value for local gene therapy or systemic immunotherapy in blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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