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Wang Y, Ye Q, Cui Y, Wu Y, Cao S, Hu F. Impact and mechanisms of drag-reducing polymers on shear stress regulation in pulmonary hypertension. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242281. [PMID: 38905038 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a refractory disease characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and resistance. Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules that reduce vascular resistance by altering the blood dynamics and rheology. Our previous work indicated that polyethylene oxide (PEO) can significantly reduce the medial wall thickness and vascular resistance of the pulmonary arteries, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the role and mechanism of PEO on intracellular calcium [Ca2 +] i and cytoskeletal proteins of endothelial cells (ECs) induced by low shear stress (LSS) in PH. Primary Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells (PAECs) were subjected to steady LSS (1 dyn/cm2) or physiological shear stress (SS) (10 dyn/cm2) for 20 h in a BioFlux 200 flow system. Calcium influx assays were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of PEO on [Ca2 +] i. Subsequently, taking the key protein that induces cytoskeletal remodeling, the regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation, as the breakthrough point, this study focused on the two key pathways of PEO that regulate phosphorylation of RLC: Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathways. RESULTS Our current research revealed that PEO at LSS (1 dyn/cm2) significantly suppressed LSS-induced [Ca2 +] i and the expression level of transient receptor potential channel 1(TRPC1). In addition, ECs convert LSS stimuli into the upregulation of cytoskeletal proteins, including filamentous actin (F-actin), MLCK, ROCK, p-RLC, and pp-RLC. Further experiments using pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that PEO at the LSS downregulated cytoskeleton-related proteins mainly through the ROCK and MLCK pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study considered intracellular calcium and cytoskeleton rearrangement as entry points to study the application of PEO in the biomedical field, which has important theoretical significance and practical application value for the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqi Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sipei Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Michaelides S, Hashlamoun KW, Charpentier T, de Boer G, Hunt P, Sarginson H, Ward C, Nassar NN, Wilson MCT, Harbottle D. Polymer-Induced Drag Reduction in Dilute Newtonian and Semi-Dilute Non-Newtonian Fluids: An Assessment of the Double-Gap Concentric Cylinder Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:11197-11208. [PMID: 35941848 PMCID: PMC9354081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Polymer-induced drag reduction (DR) in fluids was studied
using
a rotational rheometer with double-gap concentric cylinder geometry.
Although both polymers (polyacrylamide (PAM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane
sulfonic acid (SPAM)) had molecular weights of several MDa, the contrasting
polymer charge, nonionic and anionic, led to different polymer overlap
concentrations (c*), PAM ≫ SPAM, and fluid
rheology, with PAM fluids mostly Newtonian and SPAM fluids non-Newtonian
(shear-thinning). Based on these differences, it was important to
account for the infinite shear viscosity and normalize the polymer
concentration by the intrinsic concentration (cint) so that the DR performance of the two polymer fluids could
be accurately compared. Both polymers induced DR, and the maximum
DR by SPAM (DR% = 28) was slightly higher than that by PAM (DR% =
22) when Rep ∼ 1700. For PAM, the
loss of DR with time diminished at higher polymer concentrations (≥100
ppm, at Rep = 3149) but was found to be
sensitive to high Rep, with polymer chain
scission the likely cause of the reduced performance. For the semi-dilute
SPAM fluids, the shear stability contrasted that of PAM, showing negligible
dependence on the polymer concentration and Rep. The apparent rapid loss of DR was predominantly attributed
to a time-dependent effect and not polymer degradation. In pipe flow,
the maximum DR for SPAM was higher than that measured by rheometry
and was attributed to differences in the flow conditions. However,
changes in the normalized DR/c with polymer concentration were found
to be consistent between the two flow geometries. Furthermore, the
high fluid stresses in pipe flow (at high Rep) led to drag reduction losses consistent with PAM, as the
time-dependent effect was not seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Michaelides
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Kotaybah W. Hashlamoun
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Thibaut Charpentier
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Gregory de Boer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - Paul Hunt
- CRODA Europe Ltd., Goole DN149AA, U.K
| | | | | | - Nashaat N. Nassar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Mark C. T. Wilson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
| | - David Harbottle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K
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Zhang X, Feng T, Zeng XXI, Liang H, Situ B, Zhang Q, Zhou F, Chen Y, Wang T, Cai D, Lin X, Xiu J, Zheng L. Identification of Transcriptional Variation in Aortic Remodeling Using a Murine Transverse Aortic Constriction (TAC) Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:581362. [PMID: 33304927 PMCID: PMC7693635 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.581362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial remodeling is a major pathological consequence of hypertension, which is recognized as the most common chronic non-communicable disease. However, the detailed mechanism of how arterial remodeling is induced by hypertension has not yet been fully elucidated. Evaluating the transcriptional changes in arterial tissue in response to elevated blood pressure at an early stage may provide new insights and identify novel therapeutic candidates in preventing arterial remodeling. Here, we used the ascending aorta of the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model to induce arterial remodeling in C57BL/6 male mice. Age-matched mice were subjected to sham surgery as controls. The TAC model was only considered successful if the mice conformed to the criteria (RC/LC blood flow velocity with 5–10-fold change) 1 week after the surgery. Two weeks after surgery, the ascending aorta developed severe remodeling in TAC mice as compared to the sham group. High throughput sequencing was then applied to identify differentially expressed (DE) transcripts. In silicon analysis were then performed to systematically network transcriptional changes. A total of 1,019 mRNAs were significantly changed between TAC and the sham group at the transcriptional level. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis revealed that stress/stimulus/immune-related biological processes played a crucial role during arterial remodeling. Our data provide a comprehensive understanding of global gene expression changes in the TAC model, which suggests that targeting inflammation and vascular smooth cell transformation are potential therapeutic strategies to interfere with the aortic remodeling at an early stage in the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin I Zeng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Situ
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yejia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Du Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Xiu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Wu F, Hu F, Wu Y, Zhou J, Xu Y, Shao X, Hu T. Drag-reducing polymers attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction in a rat model of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74:189-200. [PMID: 31476149 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) was previously demonstrated to increase blood flow, tissue perfusion, and reduce vascular resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DRPs on pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction in a rat model of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). A total of forty male Wistar rats were randomly and equally assigned into four experimental groups (Group I: normoxia + saline, Group II: normoxia + PEO, Group III: hypoxia + saline, Group IV: hypoxia + PEO) and maintained in normoxia (21% O2) or hypobaric hypoxia (10% O2). After four weeks, comparisons were made of the following aspects: the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy, wall thickness of pulmonary trunk and arteries, internal diameter of pulmonary arteries, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CM CSA), and ultrastructure of right ventricular. Treatment with PEO in Group IV attenuated the increases in RVSP and mPAP (40.5±7.2 and 34.7±7.0 mmHg, respectively, both P < 0.05), compared with Group III. Distal vascular remodeling was visible as a significant increase in medial wall thickness (64.2±12.3% vs. 43.95±7.0%, P < 0.01) and a remarkable decrease in internal diameter of small pulmonary arteries (35.2±9.7μ m vs. 50.4±14.7μ m, P < 0.01) in Group III, to a greater extent than that detected in Group IV. Nevertheless, no significant histopathological differences in medial wall thickness was observed in pulmonary trunk between Group III and Group IV (P > 0.05), denoting that PEO chiefly attenuated the remodeling of small pulmonary arteries rather than main arteries in hypoxic environment. Infusion of DRPs (intravenous injection twice weekly) also attenuated the index of right ventricular hypertrophy, protected against the increase of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, and provided protection for cardiac ultrastructure. DRP treatment with intravenous injection elicited a protective effect against pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction in the rat model of HPH. DRPs may offer a new potential approach for the treatment of HPH, which may have theoretical significance and application value to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zhao J, Yue Y, Xie Y, Liu L, Cao F, Gao S, Wang Y. Radix Cyathula officinalis Kuan inhibits arterial remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5395-5400. [PMID: 29285068 PMCID: PMC5740529 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still no resolution for arterial remodeling related with hypertension, though hypertension treatment has access to a number of pharmacological agents. The present study aimed at investigating the prevention of Cyathula officinalis Kuan's roots (C. officinalis Kuan) against in arterial remodeling in vitro. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were intragastrically administered 3, 6 or 12 g/kg C. officinalis Kuan or normal saline or enalapril (2.5 mg/kg) once a day for 8 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin were used to measure blood pressure and stain carotid and arota. The serum concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by NO assay kit (nitrate reductase method). The endothelin-1 transcriptional level, endothelial NO synthase of endothelium as well as angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) of aorta and carotid was tested by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the protein level in aorta was also measured by western blotting. The blood pressure in SHR+enalapril, SHR+3 g/kg, SHR+6 g/kg and SHR+12 g/kg C. officinalis Kuan groups was significantly decreased at 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-treatment compared with SHR group. Different doses of C. officinalis Kuan and enalapril treatment showed aortic wall thinness and strengthened NO serum level, but made no impact on the transcriptional level of AT1R in aorta or endothelial NO synthase in carotid. It is suggested by such results that therapy by C. officinalis Kuan is able to fight against arterial remodeling, thus may provide a new means to treat arterial remodeling caused by hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Yaohan Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Shurong Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
| | - Yingjue Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai 200060, P.R. China
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