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Issa DR, Elamrousy W, Gamal AY. Alveolar ridge splitting and simvastatin loaded xenograft for guided bone regeneration and simultaneous implant placement: randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:71. [PMID: 38172458 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study goal was to assess clinically and radiographically using simvastatin (SMV) loaded xenograft for guided bone regeneration (GBR) around simultaneously placed implants with alveolar ridge splitting in patients with horizontally atrophic jaw defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomized distribution of the twenty-two patients into two groups (11 patients each) was performed. Group I participants received alveolar ride splitting (ARS) with GBR using SMV gel mixed bone graft and a barrier membrane with simultaneous implant placement. Group II received the same treatment protocol without SMV gel. At the baseline, 6- and 9-months post-surgery, clinical and radiological alterations were assessed. RESULTS Six months after therapy, PES records of group I were statistically significantly improved than those of group II (P < .001). Group I exhibited statistically significant expansion of the alveolar ridge over group II after 6 and 9 months (P < .001). When compared to group II over the evaluation interval between 6 and 9 months, group I demonstrated statistically substantially minimal loss of the mean marginal bone level (P < .001). At the 6- and 9-month observation periods, bone density gain was considerably higher in group I than that in group II (P < .001). CONCLUSION Alveolar ridge splitting along with GBR-augmented SMV improve the clinical and radiographical outcomes around dental implant over GBR alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Augmenting GBR with SMV in alveolar ridge splitting could boost implant osseointegration and enhance peri-implant tissue changes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05020405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Rasheed Issa
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Walid Elamrousy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y Gamal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ain Shams University-Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
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Lan Y, Huang N, Fu Y, Liu K, Zhang H, Li Y, Yang S. Morphology-Based Deep Learning Approach for Predicting Osteogenic Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:802794. [PMID: 35155409 PMCID: PMC8830423 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.802794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early, high-throughput, and accurate recognition of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells is urgently required in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. In this study, we established an automatic deep learning algorithm, i.e., osteogenic convolutional neural network (OCNN), to quantitatively measure the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). rBMSCs stained with F-actin and DAPI during early differentiation (day 0, 1, 4, and 7) were captured using laser confocal scanning microscopy to train OCNN. As a result, OCNN successfully distinguished differentiated cells at a very early stage (24 h) with a high area under the curve (AUC) (0.94 ± 0.04) and correlated with conventional biochemical markers. Meanwhile, OCNN exhibited better prediction performance compared with the single morphological parameters and support vector machine. Furthermore, OCNN successfully predicted the dose-dependent effects of small-molecule osteogenic drugs and a cytokine. OCNN-based online learning models can further recognize the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs cultured on several material surfaces. Hence, this study initially demonstrated the foreground of OCNN in osteogenic drug and biomaterial screening for next-generation tissue engineering and stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Lan
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Nannan Huang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiru Fu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehao Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhou Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuzhou Li, ; Sheng Yang,
| | - Sheng Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuzhou Li, ; Sheng Yang,
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Enhanced osteoinductive capacity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and biphasic ceramic scaffolds by embedding simvastatin. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:2693-2701. [PMID: 34694495 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of embedding simvastatin (SIM) on the osteoinductive capacity of PLGA + HA/βTCP scaffolds in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). MATERIALS AND METHODS Scaffolds were produced by PLGA solvent dissolution, addition of HA/βTCP, solvent evaporation, and leaching of sucrose particles to impart porosity. Biphasic ceramic particles (70% HA/30% βTCP) were added to the PLGA in a 1:1 (w:w) ratio. Scaffolds with SIM received 1% (w:w) of this medication. Scaffolds were synthesized in a disc-shape and sterilized by ethylene oxide. The experimental groups were (G1) PLGA + HA/βTCP and (G2) PLGA + HA/βTCP + SIM in non-osteogenic culture medium, while (G3) SHED and (G4) MC3T3-E1 in osteogenic culture medium were the positive control groups. The release profile of SIM from scaffolds was evaluated. DNA quantification assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and osteonectin proteins, extracellular calcium detection, von Kossa staining, and X-ray microtomography were performed to assess the capacity of scaffolds to induce the osteogenic differentiation of SHED. RESULTS The release profile of SIM followed a non-liner sustained-release rate, reaching about 40% of drug release at day 28. Additionally, G2 promoted the highest osteogenic differentiation of SHED, even when compared to the positive control groups. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the osteoinductive capacity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and biphasic ceramic scaffolds was expressively enhanced by embedding simvastatin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bone regeneration is still a limiting factor in the success of several approaches to oral and maxillofacial surgeries, though tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells, scaffolds, and osteoinductive mediators might collaborate to this topic.
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Oh JS, Park JS, Lee EJ. Enhanced Effect of Polyethyleneimine-Modified Graphene Oxide and Simvastatin on Osteogenic Differentiation of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050501. [PMID: 34063261 PMCID: PMC8147488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin derivatives traditionally have been used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, but recent studies have shown their ability to regulate bone metabolism and promote bone growth. In this study, simvastatin (Sim), a new therapeutic candidate for bone regeneration, was combined with graphene oxide (GO), which has recently attracted much interest as a drug delivery method, to produce a compound substance effective for bone regeneration. To create a stable and homogenous complex with Sim, GO was modified with polyethylenimine, and the effect of modification was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity testing. More specifically, the osteogenic differentiation potential expected by the combination of the two effective materials for osteogenic differentiation, GO and Sim, was evaluated in mesenchymal stem cells. Compared with control groups with GO and Sim used separately, the GO/Sim complex showed excellent osteogenic differentiation properties, with especially enhanced effects in the complex containing < 1 μM Sim.
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Jin H, Ji Y, Cui Y, Xu L, Liu H, Wang J. Simvastatin-Incorporated Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2177-2191. [PMID: 33877804 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local drug delivery systems composed of biomaterials and osteogenic substances provide promising strategies for the reconstruction of large bone defects. In recent years, simvastatin has been studied extensively for its pleiotropic effects other than lowering of cholesterol, including its ability to induce osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Accordingly, several studies of simvastatin incorporated drug delivery systems have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of such systems in enhancing bone regeneration. Therefore, this review explores the molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin affects bone metabolism and angiogenesis. The simvastatin concentrations that promote osteogenic differentiation are analyzed. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss a variety of simvastatin-loaded drug delivery systems that use different loading methods and materials. Finally, current shortcomings of and future development directions for simvastatin-loaded drug delivery systems are summarized. This review provides various advanced design strategies for simvastatin-incorporated drug delivery systems that can enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China.,Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Youbo Ji
- Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Weihai Guanghua Hospital, Weihai 264200, P.R. China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
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Zi L, Zhou W, Xu J, Li J, Li N, Xu J, You C, Wang C, Tian M. Rosuvastatin Nanomicelles Target Neuroinflammation and Improve Neurological Deficit in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2933-2947. [PMID: 33907400 PMCID: PMC8068519 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s294916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a devastating subtype of stroke, has a poor prognosis. However, there is no effective therapy currently available due to its complex pathological progression, in which neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in secondary brain injury. In this work, the use of statin-loaded nanomicelles to target the neuroinflammation and improve the efficacy was studied in a mouse model of ICH. Methods Rosuvastatin-loaded nanomicelles were prepared by a co-solvent evaporation method using polyethylene glycol-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) copolymer as a carrier. The prepared nanomicelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and then in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. Results TEM shows that the nanomicelles are spherical with a diameter of about 19.41 nm, and DLS shows that the size, zeta potential, and polymer dispersity index of the nanomicelles were 23.37 nm, −19.2 mV, and 0.221, respectively. The drug loading content is 8.28%. The in vivo study showed that the nanomicelles significantly reduced neuron degeneration, inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced the brain edema, and improved neurological deficit. Furthermore, it was observed that the nanomicelles promoted the polarization of microglia/macrophages to M2 phenotype, and also the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, was significantly down-regulated, while the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly up-regulated. The related mechanism was proposed and discussed. Conclusion The nanomicelles treatment suppressed the neuroinflammation that might contribute to the promoted nerve functional recovery of the ICH mouse, making it potential to be applied in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zi
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Zhou
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao You
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tian
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China Brain Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Yang CD, Chuang SC, Cheng TL, Lee MJ, Chen HT, Lin SY, Huang HT, Ho CJ, Lin YS, Kang L, Ho ML, Chang JK, Chen CH. An Intermediate Concentration of Calcium with Antioxidant Supplement in Culture Medium Enhances Proliferation and Decreases the Aging of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042095. [PMID: 33672524 PMCID: PMC7923799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow stem cells (HBMSCs) are isolated from the bone marrow. Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into various types of cells. They are able to regenerate kinds of tissue that are potentially used for tissue engineering. To maintain and expand these cells under culture conditions is difficult—they are easily triggered for differentiation or death. In this study, we describe a new culture formula to culture isolated HBMSCs. This new formula was modified from NCDB 153, a medium with low calcium, supplied with 5% FBS, extra growth factor added to it, and supplemented with N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate to maintain the cells in a steady stage. The cells retain these characteristics as primarily isolated HBMSCs. Moreover, our new formula keeps HBMSCs with high proliferation rate and multiple linage differentiation ability, such as osteoblastogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis. It also retains HBMSCs with stable chromosome, DNA, telomere length, and telomerase activity, even after long-term culture. Senescence can be minimized under this new formulation and carcinogenesis of stem cells can also be prevented. These modifications greatly enhance the survival rate, growth rate, and basal characteristics of isolated HBMSCs, which will be very helpful in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Da Yang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chun Chuang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan;
- Innovative Research Center of Medicine, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yen Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ti Huang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jung Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3209-209 (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan; (S.-C.C.); (T.-L.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (H.-T.H.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (M.-L.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Musculoskeletal Regeneration Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80420, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3209-209 (C.-H.C.)
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The Role of Structure and Biophysical Properties in the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228745. [PMID: 33228116 PMCID: PMC7699354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a class of drugs used to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and are amongst the most prescribed medications worldwide. Most statins work as a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), but statin intolerance from pleiotropic effects have been proposed to arise from non-specific binding due to poor enzyme-ligand sensitivity. Yet, research into the physicochemical properties of statins, and their interactions with off-target sites, has not progressed much over the past few decades. Here, we present a concise perspective on the role of statins in lowering serum cholesterol levels, and how their reported interactions with phospholipid membranes offer a crucial insight into the mechanism of some of the more commonly observed pleiotropic effects of statin administration. Lipophilicity, which governs hepatoselectivity, is directly related to the molecular structure of statins, which dictates interaction with and transport through membranes. The structure of statins is therefore a clinically important consideration in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. This review integrates the recent biophysical studies of statins with the literature on the physiological effects and provides new insights into the mechanistic cause of statin pleiotropy, and prospective means of understanding the cholesterol-independent effects of statins.
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Sabandal MMI, Schäfer E, Aed J, Jung S, Kleinheinz J, Sielker S. Simvastatin induces adverse effects on proliferation and mineralization of human primary osteoblasts. Head Face Med 2020; 16:18. [PMID: 32819403 PMCID: PMC7439668 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-020-00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequently statins were administered to reduce the LDL-concentration in circulating blood. Especially simvastatin (SV) is an often prescribed statin. Pleiotropic effects of these drugs were reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of SV on osteoblastic mineralization. Methods After informed consent primary osteoblasts were collected from tissue surplus after treatment of 14 individuals in the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster. The cells were passaged according to established protocols. Viability, mineralization capability and osteoblastic marker (alkaline phosphatase) were determined at day 9, 13 and 16 after adding various SV concentrations (0.05 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1.0 μM). Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis-test. Results The cell cultures showed a time and dose-dependent significantly decreased viability (p < 0.01) and a significantly increased mineralization (p < 0.01) in a late mineralization stage after adding SV. The typical alteration of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels during osteogenic differentiation was not recognizable. Conclusions The pleiotropic effects found for different SV concentrations were possibly originated from other mineralization pathways beside the ALP induced one. Additionally, possible alterations of protein expression levels during mineralization and investigation of possible deviating application of SV in other treatment fields can be considered after gaining a deeper insight in the affected mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mariano Isabelo Sabandal
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, Waldeyerstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, Waldeyerstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Aed
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, Waldeyerstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Jung
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kleinheinz
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Sielker
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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10
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Lin YH, Kang L, Feng WH, Cheng TL, Tsai WC, Huang HT, Lee HC, Chen CH. Effects of Lipids and Lipoproteins on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Used in Cardiac Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134770. [PMID: 32635662 PMCID: PMC7369828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have two characteristics of interest for this paper: the ability to self-renew, and the potential for multiple-lineage differentiation into various cells. MSCs have been used in cardiac tissue regeneration for over a decade. Adult cardiac tissue regeneration ability is quite low; it cannot repair itself after injury, as the heart cells are replaced by fibroblasts and lose function. It is therefore important to search for a feasible way to repair and restore heart function through stem cell therapy. Stem cells can differentiate and provide a source of progenitor cells for cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and supporting cells. Studies have shown that the concentrations of blood lipids and lipoproteins affect cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity. Furthermore, the MSC lipid profiles, such as the triglyceride and cholesterol content, have been revealed by lipidomics, as well as their correlation with MSC differentiation. Abnormal blood lipids can cause serious damage to internal organs, especially heart tissue. In the past decade, the accumulated literature has indicated that lipids/lipoproteins affect stem cell behavior and biological functions, including their multiple lineage capability, and in turn affect the outcome of regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the effect of lipids/lipoproteins on MSC cardiac regenerative medicine, as well as the effect of lipid-lowering drugs in promoting cardiomyogenesis-associated MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.F.); (W.-C.T.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Han Feng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.F.); (W.-C.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-L.C.); (H.-T.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.F.); (W.-C.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ti Huang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-L.C.); (H.-T.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (W.-H.F.); (W.-C.T.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3209209 (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-L.C.); (H.-T.H.)
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-7-3209209 (C.-H.C.)
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11
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Lau CPY, Fung CSH, Wong KC, Wang YH, Huang L, Tsui SKW, Lee OK, Kumta SM. Simvastatin Possesses Antitumor and Differentiation-Promoting Properties That Affect Stromal Cells in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:297-310. [PMID: 31471919 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive destructive bone lesion. The management of pulmonary metastasis and local recurrence after the surgical treatment of GCTB remains a challenge. Pathologically, stromal cells in GCTB are known as primary neoplastic cells and are recognized as incompletely differentiated preosteoblasts. Therefore, inducing GCTB stromal cells to differentiate into cells with a mature osteoblastic phenotype may stop tumor growth and recurrence. In this study, we aimed to investigate how simvastatin, a clinically approved and commonly used statin that has been known to promote the maturation of cells of the osteogenic lineage, affects GCTB stromal cells. We found that simvastatin effectively inhibited cell viability by suppressing proliferation and by inducing apoptosis in GCTB stromal cells. Moreover, simvastatin treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to osteogenic maturation, such as runt-related transcription factor 2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin, and increased the mineralization of the extracellular matrix in GCTB stromal cells. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to discover that the vitamin D receptor pathway was involved in the simvastatin-induced osteogenic differentiation of GCTB stromal cells by upregulating the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. Taken together, this in vitro study demonstrates the antitumor and differentiation-promoting effects of simvastatin on GCTB stromal cells and suggests the possibility of using simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy for GCTB. These findings support further clinical investigation of the efficacy of using simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy for GCTB to reduce recurrence and distant metastasis after surgical treatment. © 2019 Orthopedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:297-310, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Y Lau
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Sir Yue-kong Pao Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cathy S H Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Chuen Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shekhar M Kumta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Sir Yue-kong Pao Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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12
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Gorabi AM, Kiaie N, Pirro M, Bianconi V, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on the biological features of mesenchymal stem cells and therapeutic implications. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:1259-1272. [PMID: 32008148 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins are well-known lipid-lowering drugs. The pleiotropic effects of statins have brought about some beneficial effects on improving the therapeutic outcomes of cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches. In this review, the impact of statins on mesenchymal stem cell behaviors including differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, as well as molecular pathways which are responsible for such phenomena, are discussed. A better understanding of pathways and mechanisms of statin-mediated effects on mesenchymal stem cells will pave the way for the expansion of statin applications. Furthermore, since designing a suitable carrier for statins is required to maintain a sufficient dose of active statins at the desired site of the body, different systems for local delivery of statins are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Kiaie
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran. .,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Postmenopausal Osteoporosis reference genes for qPCR expression assays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16533. [PMID: 31712560 PMCID: PMC6848520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic factors in more than half of the cases. In spite of the efforts to clarify the relationship among genetic factors and susceptibility to develop OP, many genetic associations need to be further functionally validated. Besides, some limitations as the choice of stably expressed reference genes (RG) should be overcome to ensure the quality and reproducibility of gene expression assays. To our knowledge, a validation study for RG in OP is still missing. We compared the expression levels, using polymerase chain reaction quantitative real time (qPCR) of 10 RG (G6PD, B2M, GUSB, HSP90, EF1A, RPLP0, GAPDH, ACTB, 18 S and HPRT1) to assess their suitability in OP analysis by using GeNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder programs. A minimal number of two RG was recommended by GeNorm to obtain a reliable normalization. RPLP0 and B2M were identified as the most stable genes in OP studies while ACTB, 18 S and HPRT1 were inadequate for normalization in our data set. Moreover, we showed the dramatic effects of suboptimal RG choice on the quantification of a target gene, highlighting the importance in the identification of the most appropriate reference gene to specific diseases. We suggest the use of RPLP0 and B2M as the most stable reference genes while we do not recommend the use of the least stable reference genes HPRT1, 18 S and ACTB in OP expression assays using PBMC as biological source. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of individualized and careful choice in software and reference genes selection.
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14
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Nantavisai S, Rodprasert W, Pathanachai K, Wikran P, Kitcharoenthaworn P, Smithiwong S, Archasappawat S, Sawangmak C. Simvastatin enhances proliferation and pluripotent gene expression by canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs) in vitro. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02663. [PMID: 31687506 PMCID: PMC6820287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing the intervention to enhance proliferation and differentiation potential is crucial for the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapy. In this study, the effects of simvastatin on these regards were explored. Canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs) were treated with 4 doses of simvastatin, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nM. Simvastatin in low-dose range, 0.1 and 1 nM, enhanced dose-dependent cell proliferation at day 5 and 7. Exploration of the mechanisms revealed that simvastatin in low-dose range dose-dependently upregulated sets of cell cycle regulators, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D2; proliferation marker, Ki-67; and anti-apoptotic gene; Bcl-2. Interestingly, pluripotent markers, Rex1 and Oct4, were dramatically increased upon the low-dose treatment. Contrastingly, treatment with high-dose simvastatin suppressed the expression of those genes. Thus, the results suggested beneficial effects of simvastatin on cBM-MSCs proliferation and expansion. Further study regarding differentiation potential and underlying mechanisms will accelerate the clinical application of the molecule on veterinary stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirat Nantavisai
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Watchareewan Rodprasert
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Koranis Pathanachai
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parattakorn Wikran
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Chenphop Sawangmak
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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15
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Lin SY, Kang L, Wang CZ, Huang HH, Cheng TL, Huang HT, Lee MJ, Lin YS, Ho ML, Wang GJ, Chen CH. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:E3221. [PMID: 30563251 PMCID: PMC6321548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the second most-prevalent epidemiologic disease in the aging population worldwide. Cross-sectional and retrospective evidence indicates that tea consumption can mitigate bone loss and reduce risk of osteoporotic fractures. Tea polyphenols enhance osteoblastogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Previously, we showed that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea polyphenols, increased osteogenic differentiation of murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by increasing the mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes, alkaline phosphatase activity and, eventually, mineralization. We also found that EGCG could mitigate bone loss and improve bone microarchitecture in ovariectomy-induced osteopenic rats, as well as enhancing bone defect healing partially via bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). The present study investigated the effects of EGCG in human BMSCs. We found that EGCG, at concentrations of both 1 and 10 µmol/L, can increase mRNA expression of BMP2, Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteonectin and osteocalcin 48 h after treatment. EGCG increased ALP activity both 7 and 14 days after treatment. Furthermore, EGCG can also enhance mineralization two weeks after treatment. EGCG without antioxidants also can enhance mineralization. In conclusion, EGCG can increase mRNA expression of BMP2 and subsequent osteogenic-related genes including Runx2, ALP, osteonectin and osteocalcin. EGCG further increased ALP activity and mineralization. Loss of antioxidant activity can still enhance mineralization of human BMSCs (hBMSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yen Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80415, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Hsuan-Ti Huang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80415, Taiwan.
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan.
- Innovative Research Center of Medicine, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shan Lin
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Gwo-Jaw Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80701, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80415, Taiwan.
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16
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Shi R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Tian W. Current advances for bone regeneration based on tissue engineering strategies. Front Med 2018; 13:160-188. [PMID: 30047029 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a rapidly developing strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects to address the unmet need for bone augmentation and skeletal repair. Effective therapies for bone regeneration primarily require the coordinated combination of innovative scaffolds, seed cells, and biological factors. However, current techniques in bone tissue engineering have not yet reached valid translation into clinical applications because of several limitations, such as weaker osteogenic differentiation, inadequate vascularization of scaffolds, and inefficient growth factor delivery. Therefore, further standardized protocols and innovative measures are required to overcome these shortcomings and facilitate the clinical application of these techniques to enhance bone regeneration. Given the deficiency of comprehensive studies in the development in BTE, our review systematically introduces the new types of biomimetic and bifunctional scaffolds. We describe the cell sources, biology of seed cells, growth factors, vascular development, and the interactions of relevant molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and perspectives that may propel the direction of future clinical delivery in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China.
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17
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Soares DG, Zhang Z, Mohamed F, Eyster TW, de Souza Costa CA, Ma PX. Simvastatin and nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds to promote the odontogenic potential of dental pulp cells in an inflammatory environment. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:190-203. [PMID: 29294374 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, odontogenic and pro-angiogenic effects of integrating simvastatin and nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) (NF-PLLA) scaffolds on dental pulp cells (DPCs). Highly porous NF-PLLA scaffolds that mimic the nanofibrous architecture of extracellular matrix were first fabricated, then seeded with human DPCs and cultured with 0.1 μM simvastatin and/or 10 μg/mL pro-inflammatory stimulator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9 mRNA) and odontoblastic markers (ALP activity, calcium content, DSPP, DMP-1 and BMP-2 mRNA) were quantified after long-term culture in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the scaffold's pro-angiogenic potential after 24 h of in vitro co-culture with endothelial cells. Finally, we assessed the combined effects of simvastatin and NF-PLLA scaffolds in vivo using a subcutaneous implantation mouse model. The in vitro studies demonstrated that, compared with the DPC/NF-PLLA scaffold constructs cultured only with pro-inflammatory stimulator LPS, adding simvastatin significantly repress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Treating LPS+ DPC/NF-PLLA constructs with simvastatin also reverted the negative effects of LPS on expression of odontoblastic markers in vitro and in vivo. Western blot analysis demonstrated that these effects were related to a reduction in NFkBp65 phosphorylation and up-regulation of PPARγ expression, as well as to increased phosphorylation of pERK1/2 and pSmad1, mediated by simvastatin on LPS-stimulated DPCs. The DPC/NF-PLLA constructs treated with LPS/simvastatin also led to an increase in vessel-like structures, correlated with increased VEGF expression in both DPSCs and endothelial cells. Therefore, the combination of low dosage simvastatin and NF-PLLA scaffolds appears to be a promising strategy for dentin regeneration with inflamed dental pulp tissue, by minimizing the inflammatory reaction and increasing the regenerative potential of resident stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The regeneration potential of stem cells is dependent on their microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the effect of the microenvironment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), including 3D structure of a macroporous and nanofibrous scaffold, the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a biological molecule simvastatin, on their regenerative potential of mineralized dentin tissue. The results demonstrated that LPS upregulated inflammatory mediators and suppressed the odontogenic potential of DPSCs. Known as a lipid-lowing agent, simvastatin was excitingly found to repress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, up-regulate odontoblastic markers, and exert a pro-angiogenic effect on endothelial cells, resulting in enhanced vascularization and mineralized dentin tissue regeneration in a biomimetic 3D tissue engineering scaffold. This novel finding is significant for the fields of stem cells, inflammation and dental tissue regeneration.
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Study of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold containing simvastatin for bone healing. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2017; 15:e133-e141. [PMID: 28291900 PMCID: PMC6379770 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering is a promising alternative for the development of bone substitutes; for this purpose, three things are necessary: stem cells, a scaffold to allow tissue growth and factors that induce tissue regeneration. METHODS To congregate such efforts, we used the bioresorbable and biocompatible polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as scaffold. For the osteoinductive factor, we used simvastatin (SIM), a drug with a pleiotropic effect on bone growth. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in PLGA containing SIM, and the bone substitute of PLGA/SIM/MSC was grafted into critical defects of rat calvaria. RESULTS The in vitro results showed that SIM directly interfered with the proliferation of MSC promoting cell death, while in the pure PLGA scaffold the MSC grew continuously. Scaffolds were implanted in the calvaria of rats and separated into groups: control (empty defect), PLGA pure, PLGA/SIM, PLGA/MSC and PLGA/SIM/MSC. The increase in bone growth was higher in the PLGA/SIM group. CONCLUSIONS We observed no improvement in the growth of bone tissue after implantation of the PLGA/SIM/MSC scaffold. As compared with in vitro results, our main hypothesis is that the microarchitecture of PLGA associated with low SIM release would have created an in vivo microenvironment of concentrated SIM that might have induced MSC death. However, our findings indicate that once implanted, both PLGA/SIM and PLGA/MSC contributed to bone formation. We suggest that strategies to maintain the viability of MSCs after cultivation in PLGA/SIM will contribute to improvement of bone regeneration.
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Samiei M, Aghazadeh M, Alizadeh E, Aslaminabadi N, Davaran S, Shirazi S, Ashrafi F, Salehi R. Osteogenic/Odontogenic Bioengineering with co-Administration of Simvastatin and Hydroxyapatite on Poly Caprolactone Based Nanofibrous Scaffold. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:353-365. [PMID: 27766219 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Statin is an effective factor for promoting osteogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of simvastatin (SIM) and/or HA addition on changes in osteogenesis levels by human DPSCs transferred onto three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/Poly lactic acide (PLLA) polymeric scaffolds. Methods: For this purpose, a 3D nanofibrous composite scaffold of PCL/PLLA/HA was prepared by electrospinning method. SIM was added to scaffolds during DPSCs culturing step. Cell proliferation and osteogenic activity levels were assessed by using MTT assay and Alizarin Red assay methods. In addition, the expression of genes responsible for osteogenesis, including BMP2, Osteocalcin, DSPP and RUNX2, were determined before and 2 weeks after incorporation of SIM. Results: The MTT assay showed that PCL/PLLA/HA scaffolds seeded with DPSCs has significant (p<0.05) more proliferative effect than PCL/PLLA or DMEM cultured cells, additionally SIM administration improved this result over the PCL/PLLA/HA scaffolds without SIM treatment. SEM imaging revealed improved adhesion and probably osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs on PCL/PLLA/HA nanofibers treated with SIM, moreover the alizarin red assay ensured significant (p<0.05) higher mineralization of this group. Finally, real time PCR confirmed the positive regulation (P<0.05) of the expression of osteo/odontogenesis markers BMP2, Osteocalcin, DSPP and RUNX2 genes in PLLA-PCL-HA (0.1)-SIM group. Conclusion: As a result, addition of simvastatin with incorporation of hydroxyapatite in PCL-PLLA scaffolds might increase the expression of osteogenesis markers in the DPSCs, with a possible increase in cell differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiei
- Endodontics Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Oral Medicine Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Aslaminabadi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ashrafi
- Endodontics Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Alessio N, Özcan S, Tatsumi K, Murat A, Peluso G, Dezawa M, Galderisi U. The secretome of MUSE cells contains factors that may play a role in regulation of stemness, apoptosis and immunomodulation. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:33-44. [PMID: 27463232 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1211215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population, which contain several cell phenotypes: mesenchymal stem cells, progenitor cells, fibroblasts and other type of cells. Previously, we identified unique stem cells that we named multilineage-differentiating stress enduring (Muse) cells as one to several percent of MSCs of the bone marrow, adipose tissue and dermis. Among different cell populations in MSCs, Muse cells, positive for pluripotent surface marker SSEA-3, may represent cells responsible for pluripotent-like property of MSCs, since they express pluripotency genes, able to differentiated into triploblastic cells from a single cells and are self-renewable. MSCs release biologically active factors that have profound effects on local cellular dynamics. A thorough examination of MSC secretome seems essential for understanding the physiological functions exerted by these cells in our organism and also for rational cellular therapy design. In this setting, studies on secretome of Muse cells may shed light on pathways that are associated with their specific features. Our findings evidenced that secretomes of MSCs and Muse cells contain factors that regulate extracellular matrix remodeling, ox-redox activities and immune system. Muse cells appear to secrete factors that may preserve their stem cell features, allow survival under stress conditions and may contribute to their immunomodulation capacity. In detail, the proteins belonging to protein kinase A signaling, FXR/RXR activation and LXR/RXR activation pathways may play a role in regulation of Muse stem cell features. These last 2 pathways together with proteins associated with antigen presentation pathway and coagulation system may play a role in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessio
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Servet Özcan
- b Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey.,c Graduate School of Health Sciences, Erciyes Universty , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Kazuki Tatsumi
- d Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan.,e Tohoku Laboratory Non-clinical Research Division, Clio, Inc. , Sendai , Japan
| | - Ayşegül Murat
- c Graduate School of Health Sciences, Erciyes Universty , Kayseri , Turkey
| | | | - Mari Dezawa
- e Tohoku Laboratory Non-clinical Research Division, Clio, Inc. , Sendai , Japan
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,b Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey.,g Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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