1
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Fang Z, Liu C, Yu X, Yang K, Yu T, Ji Y, Liu C. Identification of neutrophil extracellular trap-related biomarkers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through machine learning and single-cell analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21085. [PMID: 39256536 PMCID: PMC11387488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), noted for its widespread prevalence among adults, has become the leading chronic liver condition globally. Simultaneously, the annual disease burden, particularly liver cirrhosis caused by NAFLD, has increased significantly. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) play a crucial role in the progression of this disease and are key to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. However, research into the specific roles of NETs-related genes in NAFLD is still a field requiring thorough investigation. Utilizing techniques like AddModuleScore, ssGSEA, and WGCNA, our team conducted gene screening to identify the genes linked to NETs in both single-cell and bulk transcriptomics. Using algorithms including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Least Absolute Shrinkage, and Selection Operator, we identified ZFP36L2 and PHLDA1 as key hub genes. The pivotal role of these genes in NAFLD diagnosis was confirmed using the training dataset GSE164760. This study identified 116 genes linked to NETs across single-cell and bulk transcriptomic analyses. These genes demonstrated enrichment in immune and metabolic pathways. Additionally, two NETs-related hub genes, PHLDA1 and ZFP36L2, were selected through machine learning for integration into a prognostic model. These hub genes play roles in inflammatory and metabolic processes. scRNA-seq results showed variations in cellular communication among cells with different expression patterns of these key genes. In conclusion, this study explored the molecular characteristics of NETs-associated genes in NAFLD. It identified two potential biomarkers and analyzed their roles in the hepatic microenvironment. These discoveries could aid in NAFLD diagnosis and management, with the ultimate goal of enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Changxu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tianqi Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yanchao Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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2
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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. Microglial mediators in autoimmune Uveitis: Bridging neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112309. [PMID: 38810304 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis, a severe inflammatory condition of the eye, poses significant challenges due to its complex pathophysiology and the critical balance between protective and detrimental immune responses. Central to this balance are microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, whose roles in autoimmune uveitis are multifaceted and dynamic. This review article delves into the dual nature of microglial functions, oscillating between neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes in the context of autoimmune uveitis. Initially, we explore the fundamental aspects of microglia, including their activation states and basic functions, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of their involvement in autoimmune uveitis. The review then navigates through the intricate mechanisms by which microglia contribute to disease onset and progression, highlighting both their protective actions in immune regulation and tissue repair, and their shift towards a pro-inflammatory, neurotoxic profile. Special emphasis is placed on the detailed pathways and cellular interactions underpinning these dual roles. Additionally, the review examines the potential of microglial markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators, offering insights into their clinical relevance. The article culminates in discussing future research directions, and the ongoing challenges in translating these findings into effective clinical applications. By providing a comprehensive overview of microglial mechanisms in autoimmune uveitis, this review underscores the critical balance of microglial activities and its implications for disease management and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA.
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3
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Khalil MMIM, Monir Mansour M, Bakrey Hamed Ata M, Elaskary SA, Genena SESR. Toll-like receptor 7 and tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms in Egyptian patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:93-111. [PMID: 38174954 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2023.2294298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) susceptibility depends on a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Genes for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been incorporated into the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders. Our aim is to assess the association between TLR7 (rs179009) and TNF-α (rs1800629) polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disorders. One-hundred ninety-nine individuals, divided into 68 HT patients in group I, 57 GD patients in group II, and 74 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects in group III, underwent laboratory investigations, including the detection of TLR7 and TNF-α polymorphisms using real-time PCR technique. TLR7 (rs179009) genotypes, A/G and G/G, were significantly more prevalent in HT patients (group I) compared to normal controls. Meanwhile, TNF-α (rs1800629) genotypes in GD patients (group II) showed a six fold increase in the risk of the disease in the G/A and A/A genotypes. Our findings propose the fact that the polymorphisms of TLR7 (rs179009) play a role in the susceptibility and the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, whereas TNF-α (rs1800629) polymorphisms play a role in the susceptibility and development of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manal Monir Mansour
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University Menoufia Governorate, Shebein-El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Bakrey Hamed Ata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University Menoufia Governorate, Shebein-El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Abdelsattar Elaskary
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University Menoufia Governorate, Shebein-El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa El Sayed Ramadan Genena
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein-El-Kom, Egypt
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Akiyama Y, Harada K, Miyakawa J, Kreder KJ, O’Donnell MA, Daichi M, Katoh H, Hori M, Owari K, Futami K, Ishikawa S, Ushiku T, Kume H, Homma Y, Luo Y. Th1/17 polarization and potential treatment by an anti-interferon-γ DNA aptamer in Hunner-type interstitial cystitis. iScience 2023; 26:108262. [PMID: 38026177 PMCID: PMC10663743 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunner-type interstitial cystitis (HIC) is a rare, enigmatic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder with no curative treatments. In this study, we aimed to characterize the unique cellular and immunological factors specifically involved in HIC by comparing with cystitis induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, which presents similar clinicopathological features to HIC. Here, we show that T helper 1/17 +polarized immune responses accompanied by prominent overexpression of interferon (IFN)-γ, enhanced cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, and increased plasma cell infiltration are the characteristic inflammatory features in HIC bladder. Further, we developed a mouse anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamer and observed that the intravesical instillation of the aptamer significantly ameliorated bladder inflammation, pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction in a recently developed murine HIC model with little migration into the blood. Our study provides the plausible basis for the clinical translation of the anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamer in the treatment of human HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Akiyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Jimpei Miyakawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karl J. Kreder
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Maeda Daichi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Interstitial Cystitis Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Park E, Jeon H, Lee N, Yu J, Park H, Satoh T, Akira S, Furuyama T, Lee C, Choi J, Rho J. TDAG51 promotes transcription factor FoxO1 activity during LPS-induced inflammatory responses. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111867. [PMID: 37203866 PMCID: PMC10308371 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory responses is important for innate immunity. Here, we show that T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51/PHLDA1) is a novel regulator of the transcription factor FoxO1, regulating inflammatory mediator production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. TDAG51 induction by LPS stimulation was mediated by the TLR2/4 signaling pathway in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). LPS-induced inflammatory mediator production was significantly decreased in TDAG51-deficient BMMs. In TDAG51-deficient mice, LPS- or pathogenic Escherichia coli infection-induced lethal shock was reduced by decreasing serum proinflammatory cytokine levels. The recruitment of 14-3-3ζ to FoxO1 was competitively inhibited by the TDAG51-FoxO1 interaction, leading to blockade of FoxO1 cytoplasmic translocation and thereby strengthening FoxO1 nuclear accumulation. TDAG51/FoxO1 double-deficient BMMs showed significantly reduced inflammatory mediator production compared with TDAG51- or FoxO1-deficient BMMs. TDAG51/FoxO1 double deficiency protected mice against LPS- or pathogenic E. coli infection-induced lethal shock by weakening the systemic inflammatory response. Thus, these results indicate that TDAG51 acts as a regulator of the transcription factor FoxO1, leading to strengthened FoxO1 activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui‐Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Hyoeun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Hye‐Won Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tatsuo Furuyama
- Department of Clinical ExaminationKagawa Prefectural University of Health SciencesKagawaJapan
| | - Chul‐Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jong‐Soon Choi
- Division of Life ScienceKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonKorea
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6
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Rahmani M, Moghadasi AN, Shahi S, Eskandarieh S, Azizi H, Hasanzadeh A, Ahmadzade A, Dehnavi AZ, Farahani RH, Aminianfar M, Naeini AR. COVID-19 and its implications on the clinico-radiological course of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 160:187-192. [PMID: 36089420 PMCID: PMC9364744 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that has been related to several risk factors such as various viral infections. We carried out this study in order to establish a relationship between COVID-19 infection and MS severity. METHODS In a case-control study, we recruited patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Patients were divided into two groups based on positive COVID-19 PCR at the end of the enrollment phase. Each patient was prospectively followed for 12 months. Demographical, clinical, and past medical history were collected during routine clinical practice. Assessments were performed every six months; MRI was performed at enrollment and 12 months later. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-two patients participated in this study. MS patients with COVID-19 infection had significantly higher increases in the number of MRI lesions (p: 0.019, OR(CI): 6.37(1.54-26.34)) and EDSS scores (p: 0.017), but no difference was found in total annual relapses or relapse rates. COVID-19 infections were positively correlated with EDSS progression (p: 0.02) and the number of new MRI lesions (p: 0.004) and predicted the likelihood of the number of new MRI lesions by an odds of 5.92 (p: 0.018). CONCLUSION COVID-19 may lead to higher disability scores in the RRMS population and is associated with developing new Gd-enhancing lesions in MRI imaging. However, no difference was observed between the groups regarding the number of relapses during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahmani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Shahi
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ali Zare Dehnavi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Hamidi Farahani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aminianfar
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Be'sat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ranjbar Naeini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Rahmani M, Moghadasi AN, Shahi S, Eskandarieh S, Azizi H, Hasanzadeh A, Ahmadzade A, Dehnavi AZ, Farahani RH, Aminianfar M, Naeini AR. COVID-19 and its implications on the clinico-radiological course of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study. MEDICINA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 160:187-192. [PMID: 36883067 PMCID: PMC9983351 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcle.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that has been related to several risk factors such as various viral infections. We carried out this study in order to establish a relationship between COVID-19 infection and MS severity. Methods In a case-control study, we recruited patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Patients were divided into two groups based on positive COVID-19 PCR at the end of the enrollment phase. Each patient was prospectively followed for 12 months. Demographical, clinical, and past medical history were collected during routine clinical practice. Assessments were performed every six months; MRI was performed at enrollment and 12 months later. Results Three hundred and sixty-two patients participated in this study. MS patients with COVID-19 infection had significantly higher increases in the number of MRI lesions (p: 0.019, OR(CI): 6.37(1.54-26.34)) and EDSS scores (p: 0.017), but no difference was found in total annual relapses or relapse rates. COVID-19 infections were positively correlated with EDSS progression (p: 0.02) and the number of new MRI lesions (p: 0.004) and predicted the likelihood of the number of new MRI lesions by an odds of 5.92 (p: 0.018). Conclusion COVID-19 may lead to higher disability scores in the RRMS population and is associated with developing new Gd-enhancing lesions in MRI imaging. However, no difference was observed between the groups regarding the number of relapses during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahmani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Shahi
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ali Zare Dehnavi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Hamidi Farahani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aminianfar
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Be'sat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ranjbar Naeini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Zheng H, Wu P, Bonnet PA. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Antagonists Targeting TLR7. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020634. [PMID: 36677692 PMCID: PMC9865772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing the pathogen-associated elements and damage and as such is a major player in the innate immune system. TLR7 triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or type-I interferons (IFN), which is essential for immunoregulation. Increasing reports also highlight that the abnormal activation of endosomal TLR7 is implicated in various immune-related diseases, carcinogenesis as well as the proliferation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence, the design and development of potent and selective TLR7 antagonists based on small molecules or oligonucleotides may offer new tools for the prevention and management of such diseases. In this review, we offer an updated overview of the main structural features and therapeutic potential of small-molecule antagonists of TLR7. Various heterocyclic scaffolds targeting TLR7 binding sites are presented: pyrazoloquinoxaline, quinazoline, purine, imidazopyridine, pyridone, benzanilide, pyrazolopyrimidine/pyridine, benzoxazole, indazole, indole, and quinoline. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies associated with biological activities and protein binding modes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Peiyang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier ENSCM, Montpellier University, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Pezzino S, Sofia M, Greco LP, Litrico G, Filippello G, Sarvà I, La Greca G, Latteri S. Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021166. [PMID: 36674680 PMCID: PMC9862076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate at which obesity is becoming an epidemic in many countries is alarming. Obese individuals have a high risk of developing elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Additionally, glaucoma is a disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation with optic neuropathy and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). On the other hand, there is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a prominent role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity. Recently, studies have begun to highlight the fact that microbiome dysbiosis could play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in the development and progression of several ocular disorders. In obese individuals, gut microbiome dysbiosis can induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammation by causing intestinal barrier malfunction. As a result, bacteria and their metabolites could be delivered via the bloodstream or mesenteric lymphatic vessels to ocular regions at the level of the retina and optic nerve, causing tissue degeneration and neuroinflammation. Nowadays, there is preliminary evidence for the existence of brain and intraocular microbiomes. The altered microbiome of the gut could perturb the resident brain-ocular microbiome ecosystem which, in turn, could exacerbate the local inflammation. All these processes, finally, could lead to the death of RGC and neurodegeneration. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the recent evidence on the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and related inflammation as common mechanisms underlying obesity and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Piero Greco
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Litrico
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippello
- Complex Operative Unit of Ophtalmology, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Iacopo Sarvà
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957263584
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10
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Panfili E, Orecchini E, Mondanelli G. Unrevealing the Role of TLRs in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease by Using Mouse Model of Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:187-198. [PMID: 37603182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are receptors of the innate immune system specialized in recognizing conserved molecular pattern of pathogens and initiating an appropriate immune response. Along with the recognition of foreign materials, TLRs have also been shown to respond to endogenous molecules, thus mediating the development of autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prototypic autoimmune disease in which TLRs play a pathogenic role. We here describe a protocol to study the role of TLRs in the development and progression of T1D by resorting to the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Orecchini
- Department of Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambin Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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11
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Shah SZ, Jabbar B, Mirza MU, Waqas M, Aziz S, Halim SA, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. An Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Potent Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Asia-1 Genotype of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Using the Structural Glycoproteins as a Target. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 36679906 PMCID: PMC9867508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a disease of worldwide importance (endemic yet not limited to Asia, Middle East, and Africa) and has triggered several outbreaks amounting to a case fatality rate of 10-40% as per the World Health Organization. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic data revealed that the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV remained dominant in Pakistan, where 688 confirmed cases were reported between the 2012-2022 period. Currently, no approved vaccine is available to tackle the viral infection. Epitope-based vaccine design has gained significant attention in recent years due to its safety, timeliness, and cost efficiency compared to conventional vaccines. In the present study, we employed a robust immunoinformatics-based approach targeting the structural glycoproteins G1 and G2 of CCHFV (Asia-1 genotype) to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct. Five B-cells and six cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were mapped and finalized from G1 and G2 and were fused with suitable linkers (EAAAK, GGGS, AAY, and GPGPG), a PADRE sequence (13 aa), and an adjuvant (50S ribosomal protein L7/L12) to formulate a chimeric vaccine construct. The selected CTL epitopes showed high affinity and stable binding with the binding groove of common human HLA class I molecules (HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*44:02) and mouse major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. The chimeric vaccine was predicted to be an antigenic, non-allergenic, and soluble molecule with a suitable physicochemical profile. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated a stable and energetically favourable interaction between the constructed antigen and Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4). Our results demonstrated that innate, adaptive, and humoral immune responses could be elicited upon administration of such a potent muti-epitope vaccine construct. These results could be helpful for an experimental vaccinologist to develop an effective vaccine against the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zawar Shah
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Shahkaar Aziz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
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12
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Alexopoulou L. Nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors: Important players in Sjögren’s syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980400. [PMID: 36389822 PMCID: PMC9659959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, as well as other organ systems like the lungs, kidneys and nervous system. SS can occur alone or in combination with another autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis. The etiology of SS is unknown but recent studies have revealed the implication of the activation of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly through the detection of endogenous nucleic acids, in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Studies on SS mouse models suggest that TLRs and especially TLR7 that detects single-stranded RNA of microbial or endogenous origin can drive the development of SS and findings in SS patients corroborate those in mouse models. In this review, we will give an overview of the function and signaling of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, the interplay of TLR7 with TLR8 and TLR9 in the context of autoimmunity, summarize the evidence for the critical role of TLR7 in the pathogenesis of SS and present a possible connection between SARS-CoV-2 and SS.
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13
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Aziz S, Waqas M, Halim SA, Ali A, Iqbal A, Iqbal M, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Exploring whole proteome to contrive multi-epitope-based vaccine for NeoCoV: An immunoinformtics and in-silico approach. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956776. [PMID: 35990651 PMCID: PMC9382669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neo-Coronavirus (NeoCoV) is a novel Betacoronavirus (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) discovered in bat specimens in South Africa during 2011. The viral sequence is highly similar to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, particularly that of structural proteins. Thus, scientists have emphasized the threat posed by NeoCoV associated with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) usage, which could lead to a high death rate and faster transmission rate in humans. The development of a NeoCoV vaccine could provide a promising option for the future control of the virus in case of human infection. In silico predictions can decrease the number of experiments required, making the immunoinformatics approaches cost-effective and convenient. Herein, with the aid of immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology, we aimed to formulate a multi-epitope vaccine that may be used to prevent and treat NeoCoV infection. Based on the NeoCoV proteins, B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were shortlisted. Four vaccines (Neo-1-4) were devised by fusing shortlisted epitopes with appropriate adjuvants and linkers. The secondary and three-dimensional structures of final vaccines were then predicted. The binding interactions of these potential vaccines with toll-like immune receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4) and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC-I and II) reveal that they properly fit into the receptors' binding domains. Besides, Neo-1 and Neo-4 vaccines exhibited better docking energies of -101.08 kcal/mol and -114.47 kcal/mol, respectively, with TLR-3 as compared to other vaccine constructs. The constructed vaccines are highly antigenic, non-allergenic, soluble, non-toxic, and topologically assessable with good physiochemical characteristics. Codon optimization and in-silico cloning confirmed efficient expression of the designed vaccines in Escherichia coli strain K12. In-silico immune simulation indicated that Neo-1 and Neo-4 vaccines could induce a strong immune response against NeoCoV. Lastly, the binding stability and strong binding affinity of Neo-1 and Neo-4 with TLR-3 receptor were validated using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations (Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area method). The final vaccines require experimental validation to establish their safety and effectiveness in preventing NeoCoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahkaar Aziz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Maaz Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
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14
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Theranostic Small-Molecule Prodrug Conjugates for Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137160. [PMID: 35806163 PMCID: PMC9266369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the design and synthesis of a small-molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) platform that demonstrated several advantages over antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) in terms of in vivo pharmacokinetics, solid tumor penetration, definitive chemical structure, and adaptability for modular synthesis. Constructed on a tri-modal SMDC platform derived from 1,3,5-triazine (TZ) that consists of a targeting moiety (Lys-Urea-Glu) for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), here we report a novel class of chemically identical theranostic small-molecule prodrug conjugates (T-SMPDCs), [18/19F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7, for PSMA-targeted delivery and controlled release of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists to elicit de novo immune response for cancer immunotherapy. In vitro competitive binding assay of [19F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 showed that the chemical modification of Lys-Urea-Glu did not compromise its binding affinity to PSMA. Receptor-mediated cell internalization upon the PSMA binding of [18F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 showed a time-dependent increase, indicative of targeted intracellular delivery of the theranostic prodrug conjugate. The designed controlled release of gardiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, was realized by a legumain cleavable linker. We further performed an in vivo PET/CT imaging study that showed significantly higher uptake of [18F]F-TZ(PSMA)-LEGU-TLR7 in PSMA+ PC3-PIP tumors (1.9 ± 0.4% ID/g) than in PSMA− PC3-Flu tumors (0.8 ± 0.3% ID/g) at 1 h post-injection. In addition, the conjugate showed a one-compartment kinetic profile and in vivo stability. Taken together, our proof-of-concept biological evaluation demonstrated the potential of our T-SMPDCs for cancer immunomodulatory therapies.
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15
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Chiang CY, Lane DJ, Zou Y, Hoffman T, Pan J, Hampton J, Maginnis J, Nayak BP, D'Oro U, Valiante N, Miller AT, Cooke M, Wu T, Bavari S, Panchal RG. A Novel Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonist Protects Mice in a Prophylactic Treatment Model Against Challenge With Bacillus anthracis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:803041. [PMID: 35369443 PMCID: PMC8965344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.803041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for anthrax include the use of antibiotics (i.e., doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin), an anthrax vaccine (BioThrax) and Bacillus anthracis-specific, monoclonal antibody (mAb) (i.e., Raxibacumab and obiltoxaximab). In this study, we investigated the activity of immunomodulators, which potentiate inflammatory responses through innate immune receptors. The rationale for the use of innate immune receptor agonists as adjunctive immunomodulators for infectious diseases is based on the concept that augmentation of host defense should promote the antimicrobial mechanism of the host. Our aim was to explore the anti-B. anthracis effector function of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists using a mouse model. Amongst the six TLR ligands tested, Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 ligand) was the best at protecting mice from lethal challenge of B. anthracis. We then evaluated the activity of a novel TLR2 ligand, DA-98-WW07. DA-98-WW07 demonstrated enhanced protection in B. anthracis infected mice. The surviving mice that received DA-98-WW07 when re-challenged with B. anthracis 20 days post the first infection showed increased survival rate. Moreover, ciprofloxacin, when treated in adjunct with a suboptimal concentration of DA-98-WW07 demonstrated augmented activity in protecting mice from B. anthracis infection. Taken together, we report the prophylactic treatment potential of DA-98-WW07 for anthrax and the utility of immunomodulators in combination with an antibiotic to treat infections caused by the B. anthracis bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chiang
- Division of Molecular Biology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Division of Molecular Biology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yefen Zou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tim Hoffman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jianfeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Janice Hampton
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jillian Maginnis
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bishnu P Nayak
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ugo D'Oro
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Andrew T Miller
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael Cooke
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tom Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- Division of Molecular Biology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Division of Molecular Biology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
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16
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Hu Z, Zhang T, Jiang S, Yin H. Protocol for evaluation and validation of TLR8 antagonists in HEK-Blue cells via secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase assay. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101061. [PMID: 35005643 PMCID: PMC8715332 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) is a pattern recognition receptor that senses RNA degradation products and initiates immune responses. TLR8 overactivation is associated with autoimmune diseases. Herein, we describe the evaluation and validation of TLR8 antagonists in HEK-Blue cells via secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) assay, WST assay, ITC and immunoblotting. These assays can facilitate the development of TLR8 antagonists; this protocol can also be adapted to analyze agonists and antagonists for other TLRs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hu et al. (2018). A protocol for secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase assay for TLR8 inhibition Validation of TLR8 antagonist specificity Validation of TLR8 antagonist induced downstream signaling inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Tuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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17
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Dutta D, Nagappa M, Sreekumaran Nair BV, Das SK, Wahatule R, Sinha S, Ravi V, Taly AB, Debnath M. Variations within Toll-like receptor (TLR) and TLR signalling pathway-related genes and their synergistic effects on the risk of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2022; 27:131-143. [PMID: 35138004 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is the commonest postinfectious polyradiculopathy. Though genetic background of the host seems to play an important role in the susceptibility to GBS, genes conferring major risk are not yet known. Dysregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) molecules exacerbates immune-inflammatory responses and the genetic variations within TLR pathway-related genes contribute to differential risk to infection. To delineate the impact of genetic variations within TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 genes and TLR signaling pathway-related genes such as MyD88, TRIF, TRAF3, TRAF6, IRF3, NFκβ1, and IκBα on risk of developing GBS. Fourteen polymorphisms located within TLR2 (rs3804099; rs111200466), TLR3 (rs3775290; rs3775291), TLR4 (rs1927911, rs11536891), MyD88 (rs7744, rs4988453), TRIF (rs8120 TRAF3 (rs12147254), TRAF6 (rs4755453), IRF3 (rs2304204), NFκβ1 (rs28362491) and IκBα (rs696) genes were genotyped in 150 GBS patients and 150 healthy subjects either by PCR-RFLP or TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay. Genotypes of two polymorphic variants, Del/Del of rs111200466 Insertion and Deletion (INDEL) polymorphism of TLR2 gene and TT of rs3775290 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of TLR3 gene had significantly higher frequencies among GBS patients, while the frequencies of TT genotype of rs3804099 of TLR2 gene and TT genotype of rs11536891 SNP of TLR4 gene were significantly higher in controls. Gene-gene interaction study by Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) analysis also suggested a significant combined effect of TLR2, and NFκβ1 genes on the risk of GBS. The SNPs in the IκBα and IRF3 genes correlated with severity of GBS. The genes encoding TLRs and TLR signalling pathway-related molecules could serve as crucial genetic markers of susceptibility and severity of GBS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debprasad Dutta
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Binu V Sreekumaran Nair
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Das
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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18
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Bortone F, Scandiffio L, Cavalcante P, Mantegazza R, Bernasconi P. Epstein-Barr Virus in Myasthenia Gravis: Key Contributing Factor Linking Innate Immunity with B-Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common human herpes virus latently infecting most of the world’s population with periodic reactivations, is the main environmental factor suspected to trigger and/or sustain autoimmunity by its ability to disrupt B-cell tolerance checkpoints. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypic autoimmune disorder, mostly caused by autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of the neuromuscular junction, which cause muscle weakness and fatigability. Most patients display hyperplastic thymus, characterized by ectopic germinal center formation, chronic inflammation, exacerbated Toll-like receptor activation, and abnormal B-cell activation. After an overview on MG clinical features and intra-thymic pathogenesis, in the present chapter, we describe our main findings on EBV presence in MG thymuses, including hyperplastic and thymoma thymuses, in relationship with innate immunity activation and data from other autoimmune conditions. Our overall data strongly indicate a critical contribution of EBV to innate immune dysregulation and sustained B-cell-mediated autoimmune response in the pathological thymus of MG patients.
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19
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Jha NK, Ojha S, Jha SK, Dureja H, Singh SK, Shukla SD, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Bhardwaj S, Kumar N, Jeyaraman M, Jain R, Muthu S, Kar R, Kumar D, Goswami VK, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Singh SK, Dua K. Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2192-2209. [PMID: 33464535 PMCID: PMC7814864 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue of global significance that has taken the lives of many across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for its pathogenesis. The pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been well described in the literature. Initially, it was thought to be limited to the respiratory system; however, we now recognize that COVID-19 also affects several other organs, including the nervous system. Two similar human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) are also known to cause disease in the nervous system. The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are growing rapidly, as evidenced by several reports. There are several mechanisms responsible for such manifestations in the nervous system. For instance, post-infectious immune-mediated processes, direct virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and virus-induced hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states are commonly involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants, dysfunction of taste and smell, and muscle injury are numerous examples of COVID-19 PNS (peripheral nervous system) disease. Likewise, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, encephalopathy acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, endothelialitis, and venous sinus thrombosis are some instances of COVID-19 CNS disease. Due to multifactorial and complicated pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a large-scale threat to the whole nervous system. A complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neurological impairments is still lacking, but our knowledge base is rapidly expanding. Therefore, we anticipate that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights and facilitate the work of neuroscientists in unfolding different neurological dimensions of COVID-19 and other CoV associated abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Shanu Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, HIMT, CCS University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, UP, 201310, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rashmi Jain
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, UP, 201310, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Research Associate, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), Gujarat, 380015, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, G.D. Goenka Education City Sohna Gurugram Road, Haryana- 122103, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGI Campus, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow, 226002, UP, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Post box no. 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
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Kim SK, Choe JY, Park KY. Activation of CpG-ODN-Induced TLR9 Signaling Inhibited by Interleukin-37 in U937 Human Macrophages. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:1023-1031. [PMID: 34672136 PMCID: PMC8542467 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.11.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits a broad spectrum of inflammatory responses in various human cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to identify the role of IL-37 in toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling in human macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human macrophage U937 cells treated with CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), recombinant IL-37, or dexamethasone were used in an in vitro study. IL-37 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and TLR9 siRNA were used to silence endogenous IL-37 and TLR9, respectively. Expression levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IκBα, IL-37, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 protein were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. CpG-ODN-mediated IL-37 expression stimulated by dexamethasone was detected using immunofluorescent analysis. RESULTS U937 cells treated with CpG-ODN induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and increased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but reduced that of IL-37. Recombinant IL-37 attenuated phosphorylation of NF-κB and IκBα and the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 stimulated by CpG-ODN. Human macrophages transfected with IL-37 siRNA augmented the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA and protein in cells treated with CpG-ODN. Dexamethasone markedly inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in U937 cells, whereas IL-37 expression was increased with the addition of dexamethasone. Inflammatory responses elicited by CpG-ODN were dependent on an MyD88-TRAF6 pathway. IL-37 inhibited CpG-ODN-induced ubiquitination of TRAF6 in U937 macrophages. CONCLUSION IL-37 inhibits CpG-ODN-mediated inflammatory responses through regulation of a TRAF6-NF-κB pathway in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyu Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Jung-Yoon Choe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Yeun Park
- Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
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21
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Badal D, Sachdeva N, Maheshwari D, Basak P. Role of nucleic acid sensing in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1655-1673. [PMID: 34754369 PMCID: PMC8554372 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, nucleic acids of pathogens are also engaged in recognition via several exogenous and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors, retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors, and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors. The binding of the pathogen-derived nucleic acids to their corresponding sensors initiates certain downstream signaling cascades culminating in the release of type-I interferons (IFNs), especially IFN-α and other cytokines to induce proinflammatory responses towards invading pathogens leading to their clearance from the host. Although these sensors are hardwired to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns, like viral and bacterial nucleic acids, under unusual physiological conditions, such as excessive cellular stress and increased apoptosis, endogenous self-nucleic acids like DNA, RNA, and mitochondrial DNA are also released. The presence of these self-nucleic acids in extranuclear compartments or extracellular spaces or their association with certain proteins sometimes leads to the failure of discriminating mechanisms of nucleic acid sensors leading to proinflammatory responses as seen in autoimmune disorders, like systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and to some extent in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This review discusses the involvement of various nucleic acid sensors in autoimmunity and discusses how aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by their sensors activates the innate immune responses during the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Badal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deep Maheshwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Preetam Basak
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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22
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de Mol J, Kuiper J, Tsiantoulas D, Foks AC. The Dynamics of B Cell Aging in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733566. [PMID: 34675924 PMCID: PMC8524000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered to be an important risk factor for several inflammatory diseases. B cells play a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases by antibody secretion, antigen presentation and T cell regulation. Different B cell subsets have been implicated in infections and multiple autoimmune diseases. Since aging decreases B cell numbers, affects B cell subsets and impairs antibody responses, the aged B cell is expected to have major impacts on the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of B cells in health and disease settings, such as atherosclerotic disease. Furthermore, we provide an overview of age-related changes in B cell development and function with respect to their impact in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill de Mol
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda C. Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Yang Y, Luo S, Huang J, Xiao Y, Fu Y, Liu W, Yin H. Photoactivation of Innate Immunity Receptor TLR8 in Live Mammalian Cells by Genetic Encoding of Photocaged Tyrosine. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100344. [PMID: 34460982 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of innate immune responses relies on an intricate balance between activation and regulation. TLR8, a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, plays a fundamental role in host defense by sensing viral single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). However, the molecular recognition and regulatory mechanism of TLR8 is not fully understood, especially in a whole-cell environment. Here, we engineer the first light-controllable TLR8 model by genetically encoding a photocaged tyrosine, NBY, into specific sites of TLR8. In the caged forms, the activity of TLR8 is masked but can be restored upon decaging by exposure to UV light. To explain the mechanism clearly, we divide the sites with light responsiveness into three groups. They can separately block the ligands that bind to the pockets of TLR8, change the interaction modes between two TLR8 protomers, and interfere with the interactions between TLR8 cytosolic domains with its downstream adaptor. Specifically, we use this chemical caging strategy to probe and evaluate the function of several tyrosine sites located at the interface of TLR8 homodimers with a previously unknown regulatory mode, which may provide a new strategy for TLR8 modulator development. Effects on downstream signaling pathways are monitored at the transcriptional and translational levels in various cell lines. By photoactivating specific cells within a larger population, this powerful tool can provide novel mechanistic insights, with potential in biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuchen Luo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Laboratory of Medicine Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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24
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Shabani Z. Demyelination as a result of an immune response in patients with COVID-19. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:859-866. [PMID: 33934300 PMCID: PMC8088756 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2), that already appeared as a global pandemic. Presentation of the disease often includes upper respiratory symptoms like dry cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and rhinorrhea that can develop to respiratory failure, needing intubation. Furthermore, the occurrence of acute and subacute neurological manifestations such as stroke, encephalitis, headache, and seizures are frequently stated in patients with COVID-19. One of the reported neurological complications of severe COVID-19 is the demolition of the myelin sheath. Indeed, the complex immunological dysfunction provides a substrate for the development of demyelination. Nevertheless, few published reports in the literature describe demyelination in subjects with COVID-19. In this short narrative review, we discuss probable pathological mechanisms that may trigger demyelination in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and summarize the clinical evidence, confirming SARS-CoV-2 condition as a risk factor for the destruction of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shabani
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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25
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Simões JLB, de Araújo JB, Bagatini MD. Anti-inflammatory Therapy by Cholinergic and Purinergic Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5090-5111. [PMID: 34247339 PMCID: PMC8272687 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The virus "acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initially responsible for an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China, which, due to the high level of contagion and dissemination, has become a pandemic. The clinical picture varies from mild to critical cases; however, all of these signs already show neurological problems, from sensory loss to neurological diseases. Thus, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) infected with the new coronavirus are more likely to develop severe conditions; in addition to worsening the disease, this is due to the high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is closely associated with increased mortality both in COVID-19 and MS. This increase is uncontrolled and exaggerated, characterizing the cytokine storm, so a possible therapy for this neuronal inflammation is the modulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, since acetylcholine (ACh) acts to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and acts directly on the brain for being released by cholinergic neurons, as well as acting on other cells such as immune and blood cells. In addition, due to tissue damage, there is an exacerbated release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), potentiating the inflammatory process and activating purinergic receptors which act directly on neuroinflammation and positively modulate the inflammatory cycle. Associated with this, in neurological pathologies, there is greater expression of P2X7 in the cells of the microglia, which positively activates the immune inflammatory response. Thus, the administration of blockers of this receptor can act in conjunction with the action of ACh in the anticholinergic inflammatory pathway. Finally, there will be a reduction in the cytokine storm and triggered hyperinflammation, as well as the level of mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the development of possible neurological damage.
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26
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van Eijk LE, Binkhorst M, Bourgonje AR, Offringa AK, Mulder DJ, Bos EM, Kolundzic N, Abdulle AE, van der Voort PHJ, Olde Rikkert MGM, van der Hoeven JG, den Dunnen WFA, Hillebrands J, van Goor H. COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options. J Pathol 2021; 254:307-331. [PMID: 33586189 PMCID: PMC8013908 DOI: 10.1002/path.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID-19 cases are characterised by a mild, self-limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi-organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID-19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to organ-specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune-mediated pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID-19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence-based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID-19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID-19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19, and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E van Eijk
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Binkhorst
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of NeonatologyRadboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Annette K Offringa
- Microbiology and System BiologyNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific ResearchZeistThe Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eelke M Bos
- Department of NeurosurgeryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Amaal E Abdulle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ van der Voort
- Department of Critical Care, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel GM Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wilfred FA den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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27
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Hassan AE, Shoeib S, Abdelmohsen E, Nazir A, Dawood A, Gamal H, Abdelhafez M. Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Gene C/T (rs352140) Polymorphisms in Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 26:1076029620940050. [PMID: 32729323 PMCID: PMC7394025 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620940050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by low platelet count and increased bleeding risk. The initial event(s) leading to antiplatelet autoimmunity remains unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most well-characterized pattern recognition receptors and are a transmembrane protein coded by the Toll genes family. In addition to their protective role in immunity, it is also becoming clear that TLRs exhibit homeostatic roles. Toll-like receptors play potential roles in the development of disease and its maintenance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the distribution of TLR9 gene C/T (rs352140) polymorphisms and its possible association with clinicopathological finding in Egyptian adult primary ITP. This study was carried out at Internal Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospital, Egypt, from August 2018 to January 2020. Eighty adults (≥ 18 years) were enrolled in the study; 40 patients with primary ITP and 40 healthy individuals as controls. Identification of the TLR9 C/T (rs352140) polymorphic variant was performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. In our study, we excluded any other causes of secondary ITP. Distribution of the TLR9 C/T genotypes did not exhibit significant deviation between patients and controls. There was no significant difference between studied groups as regards allele (C and T) frequency. There was no significant difference regarding TLR9 gene C/T (rs352140) polymorphisms between Egyptian adult with primary ITP and controls. TLR9 gene C/T (rs352140) polymorphisms have no relation to any of the clinicohematological variables in primary ITP in Egyptians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Efat Hassan
- Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sabry Shoeib
- Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | - Aida Nazir
- Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Dawood
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Heba Gamal
- Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelhafez
- Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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28
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Wang X, Liu Y, Han X, Zou G, Zhu W, Shen H, Liu H. Small molecule approaches to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Part II): Nucleic acid sensing antagonists and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 44:128101. [PMID: 33984476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing pathways play an important role in the innate immune system, protecting hosts against infections. However, a large body of evidence supports a close association between aberrant activation of those pathways and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Part II of the digest series on small molecule approaches to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases concentrates on recent advances with respect to small molecule antagonists or inhibitors of the nucleic acid sensing pathways, including endosomal TLRs, NLRP3 inflammasome and cGAS-STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingchun Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ge Zou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai 201203, China.
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29
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Liu J, Lu W. Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672346. [PMID: 33981318 PMCID: PMC8107678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of the immune response, both innate and acquired. Evidence suggests that gene polymorphisms within TLRs cause malfunctions of certain key TLR-related signaling pathways, which subsequently increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. We illustrate and discuss the current findings on the role of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in numerous autoimmune diseases in this review, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The study of genetic variation in TLRs in different populations has shown a complex interaction between immunity and environmental factors. This interaction suggests that TLR polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases differently in various populations. The identification of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which will subsequently guide effective medical management and provide insight into prognosis and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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Oladiran O, Shi XQ, Yang M, Fournier S, Zhang J. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling protects mice from sensory and motor dysfunction in an animal model of autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:77. [PMID: 33752705 PMCID: PMC7983271 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the etiology remains elusive, macrophages and T cells in peripheral nerves are considered as effector cells mediating autoimmune peripheral neuropathy (APN), such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. By recognizing both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals, TLRs play a central role in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we aimed to understand the involvement of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of APN and explore the potential of TLR4 as a drug target for therapeutic use. METHODS APN was induced by a partial ligation on one of the sciatic nerves in B7.2 (L31) transgenic mice which possess a predisposed inflammatory background. APN pathology and neurological function were evaluated on the other non-injured sciatic nerve. RESULTS TLR4 and its endogenous ligand HMGB1 were highly expressed in L31 mice, in circulating immune cells and in peripheral nerves. Enhanced TLR4 signaling was blocked with TAK 242, a selective TLR4 inhibitor, before and after disease onset. Intraperitoneal administration of TAK 242 not only inhibited monocyte, macrophage and CD8+ T cell activation, but also reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TAK 242 protected mice from severe myelin and axonal loss, resulting in a remarkable improvement in mouse motor and sensory functions. TAK 242 was effective in alleviating the disease in both preventive and reversal paradigms. CONCLUSION The study identified the critical contribution of TLR4-mediated macrophage activation in disease course and provided strong evidence to support TLR4 as a useful drug target for treating inflammatory autoimmune neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Oladiran
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Xiang Qun Shi
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Mu Yang
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Ji Zhang
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740 Docteur Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC, H3A0G1, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Orchestrated modulation of rheumatoid arthritis via crosstalking intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:965-974. [PMID: 33740220 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling is considered a part of a network for communication that regulates basic cellular activities. The ability of cells to communicate correctly to the surrounding environment has an important role in development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated activation and crosstalk between many intracellular signaling pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), such as the Janus Kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR/NF-κB), phosphatidylinositide-3Kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI-3K/AKT/mTOR), the stress activated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (SAPK/MAPK), and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathways. Other interrelated pathways that can be targeted to halt the inflammatory status in the disease are purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R)/nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 or inflammasome (NLRP-3)/NF-κB and Notch pathways. In this review, we will show the orchestrated modulation in the pathogenesis of RA via the crossregulation between dysregulated signaling pathways which can mediate a sustained loop of activation for these signaling pathways as well as aggrevate the inflammatory condition. Also, this review will highlight many targets that can be useful in the development of more effective therapeutic options.
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Role of the Innate Immunity Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063090. [PMID: 33803026 PMCID: PMC8002742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the salivary and lacrimal glands and extra-glandular lesions. Adaptive immune response including T- and B-cell activation contributes to the development of SS. However, its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. In addition, several patients with SS present with the type I interferon (IFN) signature, which is the upregulation of the IFN-stimulated genes induced by type I IFN. Thus, innate immune responses including type I IFN activity are associated with SS pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed the presence of activation pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors, RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and inflammasomes in infiltrating and epithelial cells of the salivary glands among patients with SS. In addition, the activation of PRRs via the downstream pathway such as the type I IFN signature and nuclear factor kappa B can directly cause organ inflammation, and it is correlated with the activation of adaptive immune responses. Therefore, this study assessed the role of the innate immune signal pathway in the development of inflammation and immune abnormalities in SS.
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Solorzano S, Kim J, Chen J, Feng X, Young NS. Minimal role of interleukin 6 and toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in murine models of immune-mediated bone marrow failure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248343. [PMID: 33711076 PMCID: PMC7954294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune aplastic anemia (AA) results from T cell attack on hematopoietic cells, resulting in bone marrow hypocellularity and pancytopenia. Animal models have been successfully developed to study pathophysiological mechanisms in AA. While we have systemically defined the critical components of the adaptive immune response in the pathogenesis of immune marrow failure using this model, the role of innate immunity has not been fully investigated. Here, we demonstrate that lymph node (LN) cells from B6-based donor mice carrying IL-6, TLR2, or TLR4 gene deletions were fully functional in inducing severe pancytopenia and bone marrow failure (BMF) when infused into MHC-mismatched CByB6F1 recipients. Conversely, B6-based recipient mice with IL-6, TLR2, and TLR4 deletion backgrounds were all susceptible to immune-mediated BMF relative to wild-type B6 recipients following infusion of MHC-mismatched LN cells from FVB donors, but the disease appeared more severe in IL-6 deficient mice. We conclude that IL-6, TLR2, and TLR4, molecular elements important in maintenance of normal innate immunity, have limited roles in a murine model of immune-mediated BMF. Rather, adaptive immunity appears to be the major contributor to the animal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Solorzano
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jichun Chen
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neal S. Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Hosseini N, Nadjafi S, Ashtary B. Overview of COVID-19 and neurological complications. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:671-691. [PMID: 33583157 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sudden and storming onset of coronavirus 2 infection (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) was associated by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Recently, corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) has appeared as a pandemic throughout the world. The mutational nature of the virus, along with the different means of entering and spreading throughout the body has involved different organs. Thus, patients are faced with a wide range of symptoms and signs. Neurological symptoms, such as anosmia, agnosia, stroke, paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, encephalopathy, meningitis, delirium and seizures, are reported as common complications affecting the course of the disease and its treatment. In this review, special attention was paid to reports that addressed the acute or chronic neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients who may present acute respiratory syndrome or not. Moreover, we discussed the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications in SARS-Cov2-infected patients, and also the pathophysiology of neurological abnormalities in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Hosseini
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
| | - Shabnam Nadjafi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ashtary
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14665-354, Iran
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Ibrahim Fouad G. The neuropathological impact of COVID-19: a review. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2021; 45:19. [PMID: 33456304 PMCID: PMC7802990 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-020-00478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a challenging global issue after its emergence in December 2019. Due to the high adaptation of the virus, COVID-19 demonstrated a high transmission and infectivity potentials. Several studies demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induce deleterious neurological manifestations through interacting with the central nervous system (CNS). MAIN BODY The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 might contribute to its fatal behavior. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this novel neuropathogen might contribute to the development of effective therapeutic strategies. The manifestations of neural damage in COVID-19 patients ranged from headache to severe encephalopathy and progression of preexisting neural disorders, it is speculated that neuroinvasion is strongly linked to the fatal respiratory dysfunction. The underlying neuropathological impact of emerging pneumonia (COVID-19) is still unclear. CONCLUSION This review demonstrated the urgent need to understand the neuropathology of COVID-19, to manage the current borderless viral outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and its comorbidities. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 could be regarded as an opportunistic neuropathogen that affects several vital functions in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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Yavari F, Raji S, Moradi F, Saeidi M. Demyelinating Changes Alike to Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report of Rare Manifestations of COVID-19. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020; 2020:6682251. [PMID: 33425411 PMCID: PMC7774298 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6682251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, as a global concern and pivotal issue in the healthcare system, could have various presentations, leading to difficulty in diagnosis and management. Neuroinvasive potency, as claimed by preliminary studies, is a considerable pathogenesis. Serious neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) were out of the blue to be the first demonstration of COVID-19. This report highlights the representation of MS in a young woman, which resulted in a COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Raji
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Saeidi
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Toshchakov VY, Javmen A. Targeting the TLR signalosome with TIR domain-derived cell-permeable decoy peptides: the current state and perspectives. Innate Immun 2020; 26:35-47. [PMID: 31955621 PMCID: PMC6974878 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919844310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer pharmaceuticals that target the signal-dependent
interactions of signaling proteins should revolutionize drug development. One
approach to the rational design of protein interaction inhibitors uses decoy
peptides, i.e. segments of protein primary sequence, which are derived from
interfaces that mediate functional protein interactions. Decoy peptides often
retain the ability of the full-length prototype to bind the docking site of the
folded protein and thereby block the signal transduction. This review summarizes
advances made in the last decade in the development of cell-permeable decoy
peptide (CPDP) inhibitors to target the Toll/IL-1R resistance (TIR)
domain-mediated protein interactions in TLR signaling, in connection with the
recent progress in understanding of the TLR signalosome assembly mechanisms. We
present a large collection of currently available, TIR-targeting CPDPs and
propose their classification based on the types of TIR–TIR interactions they
target. The binding behavior of different CPDP-TIR pairs, studied in cell-based
assays and in binary in vitro systems using recombinant TIR
domains, is also reviewed. The available affinity data provide benchmarks for
rapid preliminary evaluation of future inhibitors. We review literature that
evaluates the in vivo potency of select CPDPs and attempt to
outline the areas of forthcoming progress, towards the development of CPDP-based
TLR inhibitors of pharmaceutical grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ratliff ML, Shankar M, Guthridge JM, James JA, Webb CF. TLR engagement induces ARID3a in human blood hematopoietic progenitors and modulates IFNα production. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104201. [PMID: 32979763 PMCID: PMC7737244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding protein AT-rich interacting domain 3a (ARID3a)2 is expressed in healthy human hematopoietic cord blood progenitors where its modulation influences myeloid versus B lineage development. ARID3a is also variably expressed in subsets of adult peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors where the consequences of ARID3a expression are unknown. In B lymphocytes, Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling induces ARID3a expression in association with Type I interferon inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that TLR ligand stimulation of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors would induce ARID3a expression resulting in interferon production, and potentially influencing lineage decisions. Our data revealed that the TLR9 agonist CpG induces ARID3a expression with interferon alpha synthesis in human hematopoietic progenitors. However, ARID3a expression was not associated with increased B lineage development. These results demonstrate the need for further experiments to better define how pathogen-associated responses influence hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Ratliff
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Malini Shankar
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Resource Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Resource Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Carol F Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Innate immune response in systemic autoimmune diseases: a potential target of therapy. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1421-1438. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sadeghmousavi S, Rezaei N. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:1802-1807. [PMID: 32895640 PMCID: PMC7467844 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is not always confined to the respiratory tract, while patients with can develop neurological manifestations. The patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) pose challenges in this pandemic situation, because of the immunosuppressive medications they get and the fact that viral infections may contribute to MS exacerbation and relapses as an environmental factor in genetically predisposed individuals. Herein, possible consequences of COVID-19 which may carry for the MS patients and the underlying mechanisms of its impact are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Sadeghmousavi
- Neuroimaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194 Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Protein-RNA interactions have crucial roles in various cellular activities, which, when dysregulated, can lead to a range of human diseases. The identification of small molecules that target the interaction between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA is progressing rapidly and represents a novel strategy for the discovery of chemical probes that facilitate understanding of the cellular functions of RBPs and of therapeutic agents with new mechanisms of action. In this Review, I present a current overview of targeting emerging RBPs using small-molecule inhibitors and recent progress in this burgeoning field. Small-molecule inhibitors that were reported for three representative emerging classes of RBPs, the microRNA-binding protein LIN28, the single-stranded or double-stranded RNA-binding Toll-like receptors and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, are highlighted from a medicinal-chemistry and chemical-biology perspective. However, although this field is burgeoning, challenges remain in the discovery and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of RBPs.
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Montalvan V, Lee J, Bueso T, De Toledo J, Rivas K. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 194:105921. [PMID: 32422545 PMCID: PMC7227498 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing research reports neurological manifestations of COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 shares homology with other human coronaviruses that have also had nervous system involvement. OBJECTIVE To review the neurological aspects of SARS-cov2 and other coronavirus, including transmission pathways, mechanisms of invasion into the nervous system, and mechanisms of neurological disease. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of articles in PubMed, SCOPUS and EMBASE data bases. Reviewed evidence is presented in sections of this manuscript which includes pathogenesis, neuro-invasion, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré, ADEM, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy, and cerebrovascular disease. RESULTS A total 67 studies were included in the final analysis of experimental studies, case reports, series of cases, cohort studies, and systematic reviews related to neurological manifestations of SARS- CoV-2 and other human coronavirus infections. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor is expressed in the nervous system. Common reported symptoms included hyposmia, headaches, weakness, altered consciousness. Encephalitis, demyelination, neuropathy, and stroke have been associated with COVID-19. Infection through the cribriform plate and olfactory bulb and dissemination through trans-synaptic transfer are some of the mechanisms proposed. Invasion of the medullary cardiorespiratory center by SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the refractory respiratory failure observed in critically-ill COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION An increasing number of reports of COVID-19 patients with neurological disorders add to emergent experimental models with neuro-invasion as a reasonable concern that SARS-CoV-2 is a new neuropathogen. How it may cause acute and chronic neurologic disorders needs to be clarified in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Montalvan
- Department of Neurology - Texas Tech University Health Science Center - Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - J Lee
- Department of Neurology - Texas Tech University Health Science Center - Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - T Bueso
- Department of Neurology - Texas Tech University Health Science Center - Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - J De Toledo
- Department of Neurology - Texas Tech University Health Science Center - Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - K Rivas
- National Autnomous University of Honduras, School of Medical Sciences, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Root-Bernstein R. Synergistic Activation of Toll-Like and NOD Receptors by Complementary Antigens as Facilitators of Autoimmune Disease: Review, Model and Novel Predictions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134645. [PMID: 32629865 PMCID: PMC7369971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent activation of toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NOD) in the innate immune system is one necessary driver of autoimmune disease (AD), but its mechanism remains obscure. This study compares and contrasts TLR and NOD activation profiles for four AD (autoimmune myocarditis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis) and their animal models. The failure of current AD theories to explain the disparate TLR/NOD profiles in AD is reviewed and a novel model is presented that explains innate immune support of persistent chronic inflammation in terms of unique combinations of complementary AD-specific antigens stimulating synergistic TLRs and/or NODs. The potential explanatory power of the model is explored through testable, novel predictions concerning TLR- and NOD-related AD animal models and therapies.
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Figueroa-Lozano S, Valk-Weeber RL, Akkerman R, Abdulahad W, van Leeuwen SS, Dijkhuizen L, de Vos P. Inhibitory Effects of Dietary N-Glycans From Bovine Lactoferrin on Toll-Like Receptor 8; Comparing Efficacy With Chloroquine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:790. [PMID: 32477333 PMCID: PMC7235371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and associated gastrointestinal symptoms that reduce quality of life of patients. Dietary interventions are becoming more accepted as mean to manage onset, progression, and treatment of a broad spectrum of inflammatory conditions. In this study, we assessed the impact of N-glycans derived from bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on the inhibition of TLR-8 activation. We investigated the effects of N-glycans in their native form, as well as in its partially demannosylated and partially desialylated form, on HEK293 cells expressing TLR-8, and in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). We found that in HEK293 cells, N-glycans strongly inhibited the ssRNA40 induced TLR-8 activation but to a lesser extent the R848 induced TLR-8 activation. The impact was compared with a pharmaceutical agent, i.e., chloroquine (CQN), that is clinically applied to antagonize endosomal TLR- activation. Inhibitory effects of the N-glycans were not influenced by the partially demannosylated or partially desialylated N-glycans. As the difference in charge of the N-glycans did not influence the inhibition capacity of TLR-8, it is possible that the inhibition mediated by the N-glycans is a result of a direct interaction with the receptor rather than a result of pH changes in the endosome. The inhibition of TLR-8 in MoDCs resulted in a significant decrease of IL-6 when cells were treated with the unmodified (0.5-fold, p < 0.0001), partially demannosylated (0.3-fold, p < 0.0001) and partially desialylated (0.4-fold, p < 0.0001) N-glycans. Furthermore, the partially demannosylated and partially desialylated N-glycans showed stronger inhibition of IL-6 production compared with the native N-glycans. This provides evidence that glycan composition plays a role in the immunomodulatory activity of the isolated N-glycans from bLF on MoDCs. Compared to CQN, the N-glycans are specific inhibitors of TLR-8 activation and of IL-6 production in MoDCs. Our findings demonstrate that isolated N-glycans from bLF have attenuating effects on TLR-8 induced immune activation in HEK293 cells and human MoDCs. The inhibitory capacity of N-glycans isolated from bLF onTLR-8 activation may become a food-based strategy to manage autoimmune, infections or other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Figueroa-Lozano
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rivca L Valk-Weeber
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wayel Abdulahad
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Matsumoto A, Asuka M, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y. Antitumor immunity by small extracellular vesicles collected from activated dendritic cells through effective induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. Biomaterials 2020; 252:120112. [PMID: 32422494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (DC-sEVs) are proposed as a novel candidate for tumor antigen-based cancer immunotherapy. In order to improve the DC-sEV-induced antitumor immunity, production of DC-sEVs capable of inducing potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses is necessary. Here, we collected sEVs from DCs and added ovalbumin (OVA), which was used as model antigen, as well as LPS and IFN-γ, to prepare DC-sEVs with high immune activity. After confirming that the collected sEVs, named activated-DCOVA-sEVs, contained OVA and possessed immunologically relevant components (MHC class I molecule displaying antigen epitopes and co-stimulatory molecules, as well as sEV marker proteins), we found that activated-DCOVA-sEV stimulated macrophages and DCs through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and boosted innate immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, activated-DCOVA-sEVs induced potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, immunization with activated-DCOVA-sEVs exhibited stronger in vivo antitumor effects in tumor-bearing mice induced by inoculation with OVA-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maho Asuka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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Dvornikova KA, Bystrova EY, Platonova ON, Churilov LP. Polymorphism of toll-like receptor genes and autoimmune endocrine diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Shah M, Kim GY, Achek A, Cho EY, Baek WY, Choi YS, Lee WH, Kim DJ, Lee SH, Kim W, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Suh CH, Choi S. The αC helix of TIRAP holds therapeutic potential in TLR-mediated autoimmune diseases. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119974. [PMID: 32220799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite being crucial for combating microbes, paradoxical Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling have been associated with the aggravation of multiple immune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The stoichiometry and precise arrangement of the interaction of adapters (via their Toll/interleukin-1 receptor [TIR] domains) are indispensable for the activation of TLRs and of downstream signaling cascades. Among adapters, plasma membrane-anchored MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL) has the potential for BB-loop-mediated self-oligomerization and interacts with other TIR domain-containing adaptors through αC and αD helices. Here, we used information on the MAL-αC interface to exploit its pharmacophores and to design a decoy peptide (MIP2) with broad-range TLR-inhibitory abilities. MIP2 abrogated MyD88- and TRIF-dependent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 signaling in murine and human cell lines and manifested a therapeutic potential in models of psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and sepsis. Levels of hallmark serological and histological biomarkers were significantly restored and the disease symptoms were substantially ameliorated by MIP2 treatment of the animals. Collectively, our biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo findings suggest that MIP2 has broad specificity for TLRs and may be effective in modulating autoimmune complications caused by microbial or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yang Seon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Abstract
Until recently, autoimmune disease research has primarily been focused on elucidating the role of the adaptive immune system. In the past decade or so, the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity has increasingly been realized. Recent findings have elucidated paradigm-shifting concepts, for example, the implications of "trained immunity" and a dysbiotic microbiome in the susceptibility of predisposed individuals to clinical autoimmunity. In addition, the application of modern technologies such as the quantum dot (Qdot) system and 'Omics' (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) data-processing tools has proven fruitful in revisiting mechanisms underlying autoimmune pathogenesis and in identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review highlights recent findings discussed at the American Autoimmune Related Disease Association (AARDA) 2019 colloquium. The findings covering autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases illustrate how new developments in common innate immune pathways can contribute to the better understanding and management of these immune-mediated disorders.
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Plasma MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Psoriasis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1561278. [PMID: 32411787 PMCID: PMC7201701 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1561278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory chronic skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the dermis, parakeratosis, and excessive epidermal growth. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of immune responses. Although differential expression of miRNAs has been reported in certain inflammatory autoimmune diseases, their role in psoriasis has not been fully illuminated. Our aims were to confirm plasma miRNA expression signatures in psoriasis and to examine their potential influence on psoriasis pathogenesis. Methods A miRNome PCR array was used to analyse the plasma of psoriasis patients and healthy donors. We performed miRNA pathway enrichment and target gene network analyses on psoriasis plasma samples. Results We found several specific plasma miRNA signatures relevant to psoriasis. The miRNAs targeted pathways associated with psoriasis, such as the VEGF, MAPK, and WNT signaling pathways. Network analysis revealed pivotal deregulated plasma miRNAs and their relevant target genes and pathways regulating psoriasis pathogenesis. Conclusions This study analysed the expression of plasma miRNAs and their target pathways, elucidating the pathogenesis of psoriasis; these results may be used to design novel therapeutic strategies and to identify diagnostic biomarkers for psoriasis.
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Pluta L, Yousefi B, Damania B, Khan AA. Endosomal TLR-8 Senses microRNA-1294 Resulting in the Production of NFḱB Dependent Cytokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2860. [PMID: 31867014 PMCID: PMC6909240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is the detection of viruses and other microbial pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that TLR-8 also senses host microRNAs (miRNAs) and implicate TLR-8 in autoimmune disorders. This study examined the interaction between miR-1294 and TLR-8. We first performed a BLAST search to identify miRNAs with the same sequences as two core motifs of miR-1294. Next, we examined NFḱB activation induced by the binding of miR-1294 mimic to endosomal TLR-8. HEK-Blue™ hTLR-8 cells (Invivogen), a HEK293 cell line co-transfected with human TLR-8 gene, were incubated with miR-1294 mimic. A TLR-8 agonist ssRNA40, was used as a positive control. Using the same experimental set up, we also examined the effects of miR-1294 and its two core motifs (Integrated DNA Technologies) on IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα. Data were analyzed using t-test or one-way ANOVA and Dunnets post-hoc test. Using miRCarta we identified 29 other mature human miRNAs or their precursors which contain the same core motifs as miR-1294. Our data show that miR-1294 activates NFḱB in cells expressing TLR-8 (p < 0.05). miR-1294, and its core motifs induce expression of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα via TLR8 activation (p < 0.05). This constitutes a novel mechanism by which endosomal TLR-8 senses host miRNAs resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus potentially contributing to autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pluta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Babak Yousefi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Asma A Khan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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