1
|
Damtie D. Review of Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Diarrhea by the People in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:8173543. [PMID: 38044982 PMCID: PMC10693470 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Diarrheal illness is the second-most common cause of death in under-five children. Worldwide, it results in about 1.7 billion illnesses and 525,000 deaths among under-five children annually. It is the leading cause of malnutrition among under-five children. Different people use medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. The present study aimed to review the medicinal plants used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region and to diagnose whether the antidiarrheal activities of the medicinal plants have been confirmed by studies using animal models. Methods The author searched 21 articles from worldwide databases up to December 2022 using Boolean operators ("AND" and "OR") and the terms "ethnobotanical studies," "ethnobiology," "traditional medicine," "ethnobotanical knowledge," and "Amhara region." Results From the 21 studies reviewed, 50 plant species grouped into 28 families were reported to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region. The top most used families were Lamiaceae (12%), Fabaceae (8%), Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Poaceae (6% each). The modes of administration of the plant parts were orally 98.88% and topically 1.12%. The different extracts of 18 (or 36%) of the medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region have been proven experimentally in animal models. Conclusions The people in the Amhara region use different medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. Most of them take the medicinal plants orally. The traditional claim that 60% of medicinal plants are antidiarrheal has been confirmed in in vitro studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Destaw Damtie
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tessema FB, Gonfa YH, Asfaw TB, Tadesse TG, Tadesse MG, Bachheti A, Pandey DP, Wabaidur SM, Dahlous KA, Širić I, Kumar P, Kumar V, Abou Fayssal S, Bachheti RK. Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Aerial Part of Ajuga integrifolia (Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don): Anti-Shigellosis Activity and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031111. [PMID: 36770779 PMCID: PMC9920895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is one of the major causes of death in children worldwide. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are expected to demonstrate anti-shigellosis activity and anti-diarrheal properties. The aerial part of A. integrifolia is commonly used against diarrhea. This study aimed to identify flavonoids and phenolic acids responsible for this therapeutic purpose. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content were determined. The antibacterial activity of the aerial part against Shigella spp. was also tested using the agar well diffusion method. HPLC analysis was performed using UHPLC-DAD for different extracts of the aerial part. Autodock Vina in the PyRx platform was used to screen responsible components. Ciprofloxacin was used as a reference drug. An enzyme taking part in pyrimidine biosynthesis was used as a target protein. Molecular docking results were visualized using Discovery Studio and LigPlot1.4.5 software. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content are more significant for the aerial part of A. integrifolia. From HPLC analysis, the presence of the flavonoids, quercetin, myricetin, and rutin and the phenolic acids gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were identified from the aerial part of A. integrifolia. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the aerial part shows considerable activity against Shigella spp. Binding energies, RMSD and Ki values, interaction type, and distance are considered to identify the components most likely responsible for the therapeutic effects and observed activity. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content of the aerial part are in line with anti-shigellosis activity. The top five components that are most likely potentially responsible for therapeutic purposes and anti-shigellosis activity are chlorogenic acid, rutin, dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin, and kaempferol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fekade Beshah Tessema
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Woldia University, Woldia 400, Ethiopia
| | - Yilma Hunde Gonfa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Ambo University, Ambo 19, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Belayneh Asfaw
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Gondar University, Gondar 196, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Getachew Tadesse
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Health Biotechnology Directorate, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Getachew Tadesse
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India
| | - Devi Prasad Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Govt Degree College Dehradun Shahar, Suddhowala, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Saikh M. Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood A. Dahlous
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Širić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India
| | - Sami Abou Fayssal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut 1302, Lebanon
| | - Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Bioprocess, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hepatoprotective effect of Cordia rothii extract against CCl4-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2–NFκB pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
4
|
Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of 80% Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Cordia africana (Lamiaceae) in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:3627878. [PMID: 34873407 PMCID: PMC8643234 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3627878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Currently available drugs are linked with adverse effects, contraindications, and risk of resistance. Traditionally, the leaf concoction of Cordia africana is claimed to be used for diarrhea. However, the safety and efficacy of the leaf extract have not been scientifically approved yet. Therefore, the study was conducted to validate its antidiarrheal activity and safety profile in mice. Method The hydromethanolic extract was obtained by the cold maceration technique in 80% methanol. Phytochemical screening tests were done for secondary metabolites by using standard tests. The antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was evaluated by using castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastrointestinal transit, and enteropooling models in mice. Result In an acute toxicity study, there were no visible signs of toxicity and mortality following a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins. The hydromethanolic extract significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea and reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (P < 0.01), 200 (P < 0.001), and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) in the castor oil-induced diarrheal model. However, in the gastrointestinal transit model, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the charcoal meal travel was observed in the middle (200 mg/kg) and higher (400 mg/kg) test doses. Similarly, the extract produced a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the weight and volume of intestinal contents at the aforementioned doses. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the test extract showed promising antidiarrheal activity. Hence, this study supports its antidiarrheal use in Ethiopian folklore medicine.
Collapse
|
5
|
Methanolic Crude Extract of Hagenia abyssinica Possesses Significant Antidiarrheal Effect: Evidence for In Vivo Antidiarrheal Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9944629. [PMID: 34055027 PMCID: PMC8143890 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9944629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hagenia abyssinica is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhea in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of methanol crude extract of H. abyssinica leaves in mice. Methods Acute toxicity testing was conducted using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. The antidiarrheal activity of the crude extract of H. abyssinica was investigated using three animal models such as small intestine transit, enteropooling, and castor oil-induced diarrhea models. The extract was administered at three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to the test groups, while the positive control group received 3 mg/kg of loperamide and the negative control group received 10 ml/kg of vehicle (distilled water). Results The crude extract of H. abyssinica did not exhibit death at the limit dose (2 g/kg) throughout the observation period. In the castor oil-induced model, the crude extract at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) antimotility effect as compared to the negative control. The crude extract revealed a significant reduction in the volume and weight of intestinal contents at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract. Moreover, the highest antidiarrheal index (ADI) was obtained with the dose of 400 mg/kg of crude extract, which was comparable to the standard drug. Conclusion The crude extract of Hagenia abyssinica possesses antidiarrheal activity and supports the traditional use of H. abyssinica for the management of diarrhea.
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of In Vivo Antidiarrheal Activity of Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae) in Swiss Albino Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8828331. [PMID: 33628317 PMCID: PMC7896859 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8828331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has several medicinal plants that have been used for their antidiarrheal activity. Hagenia abyssinica is the most commonly used medicinal plant for the management of diarrhea in Ethiopia. Thus, this study's aim is to investigate the antidiarrheal effect of solvent fractions of H. abyssinica. Methods Antidiarrheal activity of extract fractions obtained from different solvents was evaluated by using small intestine transit, enteropooling, and castor oil-induced diarrhea animal models. In all animal models, the solvent fractions treated groups were treated with three different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) of the solvent fractions, while the negative control group was treated with a vehicle (distilled water), and positive control group was treated with loperamide. Results The acute toxicity test revealed that the LD50 of H. abyssinica is > 2000 mg/kg. In castor oil-induced, the solvent fractions of H. abyssinica (at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05–0.001) prolonged the stool frequency, reduced the weight of feces, and delayed diarrheal onset time as compared with the negative control group. The fractions produced a significant (P < 0.05) antimotility effect at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg as compared to the negative control. All solvent fractions at the middle and higher doses showed a statistically significant dose-dependent reduction in the volume of intestinal contents and weight of the feces. However, the solvent fractions of H. abyssinica at a dose of 100 mg/kg failed to produce a statistically significant activity in all parameters (number of wet feces, the onset of diarrhea, and number of total feces) when compared with the negative control group. Conclusion The extract fractions obtained from different solvents have shown significant antidiarrheal activity. Thus, this finding supports the claimed traditional use of H. abyssinica leaves for the treatment of diarrhea.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yismaw YE, Abdelwuhab M, Ambikar DB, Yismaw AE, Derebe D, Melkam W. Phytochemical and Antiulcer Activity Screening of Seed Extract of Cordia africana Lam (Boraginaceae) in Pyloric Ligated Rats. Clin Pharmacol 2020; 12:67-73. [PMID: 32636685 PMCID: PMC7326687 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s245672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease represents a worldwide health problem because of its high morbidity, mortality and economic loss. It is a very prevalent condition affecting around 10%–15% of the general population worldwide. Most of the available antiulcer drugs are costly and have an incidence of relapse, drug interactions and several side effects upon chronic usage. Hence, the use of herbal medicine may be safe, economical and effective in such cases when drugs are used for long periods. Ethnobotanical reports showed traditional claims on the use of Cordia africana seeds for the treatment of gastric ulcers. However, the safety and efficacy of these remedies are not well known. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the antiulcer activity and safety of a crude extract of C. africana seeds in animal models. Methods Shade-dried seeds of C. africana were extracted by 80% methanol and dried by the rotator evaporator and lyophilized. The crude extract was used to evaluate antiulcer activity in vivo with pylorus ligation method, on Wistar albino rats weighing 230–250g. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using a standard procedure. Acute toxicity study was carried out in Swiss albino mice before antiulcer activity tests. Results No sign of toxicity was observed upon the administration of 2000 mg/kg of the crude extract to mice. Single-dose administration of 400 and 600 mg/kg extract showed a significant reduction in the volume of secretion and acidity of the stomach (p <0.01). The doses 400 and 600 mg/kg have reduced the ulcer score by 83.58% and 88%. Conclusion The result of this study showed that the hydromethanolic crude extract of C. africana has strong antisecretory and ulcer protective activities against ulcers produced by pylorus ligation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazachew Engida Yismaw
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammedbrhan Abdelwuhab
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Digambar B Ambikar
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Engida Yismaw
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Health Science, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagninet Derebe
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondim Melkam
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chamomile decoction modulates water, neutral NaCl and electrogenic ionic exchange in mice intestinal epithelium. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Antidiarrheal Activity of Hydromethanolic Root Extract and Solvent Fractions of Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach. (Euphorbiaceae) in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5416749. [PMID: 32419812 PMCID: PMC7201494 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5416749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Diarrheal diseases are associated with an estimated 1.3 million deaths annually, with most occurring in resource-limited countries; up to 25% of deaths in young children living in Africa and southeast Asia are attributable to acute gastroenteritis. Due to limitations associated with various treatments available, the need for developing newer drugs is imperative. Objective This study was aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of root extract and fractions of C. abyssinica Jaub. & Spach. (Euphorbiaceae) in mice. Methods After plant extraction and subsequent fractionation of the crude extract, the antidiarrheal activity was screened in castor oil induced diarrhea, castor oil induced enteropooling, and gastrointestinal motility test models accordingly. Result The root extract of C. abyssinica produced neither visible signs of toxicity nor death at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg, suggesting the LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. In the castor oil induced diarrheal model, the highest dose of the extract (400 mg/kg) showed a maximal inhibition in the onset (158.00 ± 14.64, p < 0.01, in minutes) of wet feces as compared to the negative control. In the enteropooling model, 400 mg/kg treated mice showed a significant reduction in volume (0.47 ± 0.02 ml, p < 0.01) and weight (0.50 ± 0.02 g, p < 0.05) of intestinal content as compared to the vehicle treated group. In the gastrointestinal motility test, the hydromethanolic root extract of C. abyssinica significantly inhibited the intestinal transit of charcoal meal at 400 mg/kg. In addition, chloroform and n-butanol fractions significantly reduced the distance moved by charcoal at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, whereas aqueous fraction showed a significant effect at all test doses. The highest antidiarrheal index was observed at the maximal dose of extract and each fraction. Conclusion The results obtained showed that the findings provide scientific support for the folkloric repute of C. abyssinica roots as treatment of diarrhea.
Collapse
|
10
|
Antimalarial Activity of Cordia africana (Lam.) (Boraginaceae) Leaf Extracts and Solvent Fractions in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8324596. [PMID: 31531119 PMCID: PMC6721471 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8324596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major worldwide public health problem leading to death of millions of people. Spread and emergence of antimalarial drug resistance are the major challenge in malaria control. Medicinal plants are the key source of new effective antimalarial agents. Cordia africana (Lam.) is widely used for traditional management of malaria by local people in different parts of Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo antimalarial effects of leaf extracts and solvent fractions of Cordia africana on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods The leaf extracts were prepared and tested for oral acute toxicity according to the OECD guideline. In vivo antimalarial effects of various doses of C. africana extracts and solvent fractions were determined using the four-day suppression test (both crude and fractions), as well as curative and chemoprophylactic tests (crude extracts). Results The acute toxicity test of the plant extract revealed that the medium lethal dose is higher than 2000 mg/kg. The crude extract of the plant exhibited significant parasitemia suppression in the four-day suppression (51.19%), curative (57.14%), and prophylactic (46.48%) tests at 600 mg/kg. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest chemosuppression (55.62%) at 400 mg/kg, followed by the chloroform fraction (45.04%) at the same dose. Conclusion Our findings indicated that both the crude leaf extracts and fractions of C. africana possess antimalarial effects, supporting the traditional claim of the plant.
Collapse
|
11
|
Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Diarrhoeal Related Diseases in Ethiopia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4630371. [PMID: 29743923 PMCID: PMC5878875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4630371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of relevant antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants based on the fundamental knowledge accumulated by indigenous people of Ethiopia. The review includes an inventory carried out on the phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of plant species used in the treatments of diarrhoeal diseases. This study is based on a review of the literature published in scientific journals, books, theses, proceedings, and reports. A total of 132 medicinal plants used by local people of Ethiopia are reported in the reviewed literature. Herbs (43.6%) were the primary source of medicinal plants, followed by trees (27%). Some findings include the predominance of leaf material used (78%), as well as the frequent use of crushing of the plant parts (38%) as a mode of preparation. This study demonstrates the importance of traditional medicines in the treatment of basic human ailments such as diarrhoeal diseases in Ethiopia. Baseline information gaps were observed in different regions of Ethiopia. Thus, documentation of the knowledge held by other regions of Ethiopia that have so far received less attention and urban ethnobotany is recommended for future ethnobotanical studies. In addition, phytochemical studies are recommended mainly on frequently utilized medicinal plants for treatment of diarrhoeal diseases which can serve as a basis for future investigation of modern drug development. Although societies in Ethiopia have long used medicinal plants for diarrhoeal diseases treatment, it is also a good practice to perform toxicological tests.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rawat P, Singh PK, Kumar V. Evidence based traditional anti-diarrheal medicinal plants and their phytocompounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1453-1464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
13
|
Antidiarrheal activity of hexane extract of Citrus limon peel in an experimental animal model. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 15:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|