Extraordinary Dynamic Near Vision in Champion Shotgun Shooters: PDI Check Evaluation of Stereo and Color without Floor Effect

Validation of the Affordable, Portable International Visionkeys System for Visual Acuity and Stereopsis

Background

A new, portable computerized distance vision testing (screen plus remote) system called VisionKeys has been developed by the missions equipment developer EyeMobil so we validated it compared to conventional research testing devices.

Methods

Using a standardized protocol of surround HOTV optotype presentation, the VisionKeys was compared to M&S for patched monocular distance visual acuity. A different VisionKeys function with anaglyph spectacle distance stereopsis was compared to near stereo on Titmus circles with Polaroid goggles and PDI Check on an autostereoscopic screen. Raw scores were converted to logarithm and compared with non-parametric and Bland Altman tests.

Results

We recruited 145 ethnically diverse patients with range of acuity -0.4 to 2.6 (NLP) logMAR from a pediatric eye and adult strabismus practice showing median logMAR acuity of 0.0 with VisionKeys significantly finer resolution than 0.1 for M&S (Mann-Whitney z=2.6, p=0.01, n=290). VisionKeys acuity correlated very well with M&S and children under age 7 scored coarser than teens and young adults. Median distance log arc seconds stereo on VisionKeys (2.00) differed from near Titmus circles (1.78) and PDI Check (1.89, Kruskal-Wallis X2(2)=9.8, p=0.007) however they all correlated well by Bland Altman.

Conclusion

The new, portable VisionKeys system gives valid distance visual acuity with slightly finer estimate compared to M&S and the distance stereo compared well with near Titmus and PDI Check. As such, it should be valuable for testing children and adults in remote locations.

Impact of sports vision training on visuomotor skills and shooting performance in elite skeet shooters

Introduction

Vision serves as a critical channel for athletes to acquire information during competitions and constitutes a vital component of their competitive ability. Through scientifically designed sports visual training, specific visual skills can be enhanced, thereby assisting athletes in achieving optimal performance in competitive settings. This study aim to explore the visuomotor abilities and shooting performance of skeet shooters through Sports Vision Training (SVT).

Methods

Twenty elite skeet shooters were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental group (EXP, n = 10) and a control group (CON, n = 10). The EXP underwent 6-week of SVT on Senaptec Seneory Station, twice a week, while the CON completed an equivalent workload of target-tracking training.

Result

Visuomotor skills testing showed significant improvements in Near- Far Quickness, Perception Span, and Eye-hand Coordination in the EXP (p < 0.05), with no changes in the CON. Comparative post-test results between the two groups showed significant differences in N/F Q, Target Capture, Perception Span, Eye-hand Coordination, and Go/ No Go (p < 0.05). In shooting performance indicators, EXP shooters showed a highly significant improvement in hit accuracy (p < 0.01), with a similar difference compared to the CON. Additionally, they exhibited a highly significant improvement in shotgun-mounting reaction time (p < 0.01). Kinematic indicators of shotgun movement during the firing process for shot 2 showed significant differences in peak velocity (p < 0.01), X-axis (p = 0.033) and Y-axis (p = 0.001) displacement.

Conclusion

SVT can enhance visuomotor abilities in skeet shooters and has a positive impact on their shooting technique. This is primarily manifested in shorter shotgun-mounting reaction time and improved efficiency in action at shot 2, effectively improving their shooting accuracy.

A novel clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment based on autostereoscopic display system

Background

Although it is recognized that dynamic stereopsis is vital in daily life, there is still room for improvement in assessment methods. A novel clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment method was created based on an autostereoscopic display system that did not require additional auxiliary glasses. This study evaluated the optical parameters and clinical performance of the autostereoscopic display system for clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment.

Methods

The autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device was based on a directional backlight technology. Experiment 1 was performed under the same environmental conditions to compare luminance, crosstalk, and spectrum between the autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device and the conventional dynamic random-dot stereopsis measuring instrument. Experiment 2 was an observational, analytic, cross-sectional study involving 135 healthy participants, each of whom was asked to complete measurements on both the autostereoscopic and conventional devices in random order. Stereo acuity, operating time, acceptance, and visual fatigue scores were recorded for clinical evaluation.

Results

The autostereoscopic device had brighter luminance (139 and 140 cd/m² for 2 eyes, respectively), lower crosstalk (4.50% for both eyes), and higher color restoration degree than those of the conventional instrument. Clinically, the novel dynamic stereopsis assessment was as accurate as the traditional method [170" (0.00") and 170" (0.00") respectively; P=0.317], and with more efficiency (166±58.9 and 298±116 s, respectively; P<0.001), higher acceptance (3.36±0.93 and 2.02±0.59 points, respectively; P<0.001), lesser fatigue (0.27±0.46 and 0.73±0.66 points, respectively; P<0.001). The autostereoscopic dynamic stereopsis assessment device with brighter luminance, lower crosstalk, and higher color restoration degree was more effective than the traditional instrument at displaying dynamic clues for clinical dynamic stereopsis assessment. Furthermore, its high-quality image and user-friendly interface provided accurate assessment results in all 3 dynamic stereopsis assessment task conditions, with a higher level of acceptance and lesser visual fatigue, than the traditional assessment method.

Conclusions

The autostereoscopic device has excellent functions in both optical parameters and clinical performance, and therefore has the potential to be applied and popularized in future assessments.

Pediatric Non-Refractive Vision Screening with EyeSwift, PDI Check and Blinq: Non-Refractive Vision Screening with Two Binocular Video Games and Birefringent Scanning

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this paper is to validate three recent non-refractive devices that target sensory and/or strabismus risk factors for amblyopia. EyeSwift® with eye tracking and PDI Check on autostereoscopic Nintendo 3DS are video games that estimate acuity, binocularity and color. The Rebion blinq assesses foveation by birefringence.

METHODS

Students were consented to be screened by each device as if by a school nurse before confirmatory examination with optimized, refined refraction. Results were compared with correlation and Bland Altman plots while screening ability was compared with 2021 AAPOS Guidelines and the strabismus-amblyopia rubric proposed by David Hunter.

RESULTS

A total of 77 ethnically diverse students, aged 11±4 (4-19) years had a 77% prevalence of 2021 risk factors. Near visual acuity, inter-eye difference and stereopsis correlated significantly (p<0.01) for the EyeSwift® (r2 0.14, 0.06 and 0.45) and PDI Check (r2 0.23, 0.22 and 0.32). The sensitivity/specificity to target 2021-AAPOS: Hunter-rubric for EyeSwift® was 82%/56%: 74%/62%, for PDI Check was 75/64%: 69%/69% and for blinq 75/48%: 82%/39%. Sensitivity/specificity for the seven color-deficient students was 86%/84% for EyeSwift® and 100%/81% for PDI Check. Screening time was 96±19 s for PDI Check and 375±102 s for EyeSwift but less than 25 s for blinq.

CONCLUSION

Reliable near visual acuity, stereo and color testing were obtained from the two binocular and touch screen devices often with minimal coaching of the student. The blinq rapidly gives an estimate of whether both eyes are steadily fixing, and the ProVersion predicted 100% which eye is deviated or amblyopic. Non-refractive validation metrics were beneficial.

Trichromatic Enhanced Dynamic Color Screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS Game

INTRODUCTION

Classification of color deficiency has required substantial time and expense with the static Farnsworth-Munsell and Innova Rabin tests. Therefore, dynamic color tests were developed for the Nintendo 3DS.

METHODS

Fifteen color deficient patients and 17 age-matched normals performed Rabin color test in addition to PDI Check dynamic color games resembling Farnsworth-Munsell presentation (version 0.2.8) and 3-color iso-luminance gray (version 0.2.13).

RESULTS

Tests of red, green and blue cone-deficient with the v0.2.8 had sensitivity/specificity/PPV of 92%/86%/92% protanopes, 78%/90%/88% deutanopes and 87%/50%/93% tritanopes. Version 0.2.13 had sens/spec/PPV of 78%/83%/78% red-cone, 100%/85%/80% green cone and 67%/78%/33% blue cone. Corresponding IntraClass Correlation (ICC) utilizing v0.2.8 were red-cone 0.22 (-0.02-0.60), green-cone 0.34 (-0.10-0.67) and blue-cone 0.38 (0.12-0.75). ICC for v0.2.13 was higher with protanope 0.62 (-0.07-0.87), deuteranope 0.64 (-0.09-0.88) and tritanope 0.31 (-0.07-0.70). The PDI Check color game took 65 seconds compared to 197 seconds for Innova Rabin.

CONCLUSION

The PDI Check color game quickly identifies patients with inherited color deficiencies.