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Mosallaei P, Purola P, Tolkkinen L, Gissler M, Uusitalo H. The incidence of visual impairment due to retinitis pigmentosa has declined in Finland over the last 40 years. Acta Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 39329444 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the changes in incidence, age at onset and severity of visual impairment (VI) due to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in the Years 1980-2019, and the incidence and age at diagnosis of hereditary retinal dystrophy (HRD) diagnoses coded by ICD10 H35.5 in the Years 1998-2019 in Finland. METHODS A total of 1606 persons with VI due to RP registered by the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment and total of 4291 HRD diagnoses registered by the Care Register of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare were included. VI was classified according to the Finnish national definitions derived from the WHO definitions. The significance of the changes in incidence and age at onset were tested with statistical tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Cochran-Armitage). Two-tailed p-value below 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The incidence of VI due to RP has decreased from 0.96/100 000 in the 1980s to 0.55/100 000 in the 2010s (p 0.004). The age at onset of VI has increased from 41.6 to 50.3 years. The severity of VI has not changed. The incidence of HRD diagnoses has decreased from 3.66/100 000 in the 2000s to 2.86/100 000 in the 2010s (p 0.024). The age at diagnosis has risen in male patients from 42.1 to 44.5 years (p 0.024). CONCLUSION The VI caused by RP in Finland has decreased. It develops at an older age than in the past. We hypothesize that this trend may be attributed to informed decisions by visually impaired persons to refrain from having offspring to prevent the transmission of hereditary mutations. The severity of VI due to RP has remained relatively unchanged. The incidence of HRD diagnoses has decreased, and the diagnosis occurs at an older age among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mosallaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Purola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Tolkkinen
- Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, Finnish Federation of the Visually Impaired, Helsinki, Finland
- Tays Eye Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Liu F, Li R, Zhu Z, Yang Y, Lu F. Current developments of gene therapy in human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e645. [PMID: 39156766 PMCID: PMC11329757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has witnessed substantial advancements in recent years, becoming a constructive tactic for treating various human diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of these developments, with a focus on their diverse applications in different disease contexts. It explores the evolution of gene delivery systems, encompassing viral (like adeno-associated virus; AAV) and nonviral approaches, and evaluates their inherent strengths and limitations. Moreover, the review delves into the progress made in targeting specific tissues and cell types, spanning the eye, liver, muscles, and central nervous system, among others, using these gene technologies. This targeted approach is crucial in addressing a broad spectrum of genetic disorders, such as inherited lysosomal storage diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent clinical trials and successful outcomes in gene therapy, particularly those involving AAV and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated proteins, are highlighted, illuminating the transformative potentials of this approach in disease treatment. The review summarizes the current status of gene therapy, its prospects, and its capacity to significantly ameliorate patient outcomes and quality of life. By offering comprehensive analysis, this review provides invaluable insights for researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders, enriching the ongoing discourse on the trajectory of disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfei Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ruiting Li
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zilin Zhu
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of OphthalmologyWest China HospitalChengduSichuanChina
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3
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Confalonieri F, La Rosa A, Ottonelli G, Barone G, Ferraro V, Di Maria A, Romano M, Randazzo A, Vallejo-Garcia JL, Vinciguerra P, Petrovski G. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Therapeutic Approaches: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4680. [PMID: 39200821 PMCID: PMC11355744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of hereditary retinal dystrophies characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells, which results in debilitating visual impairment. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of emerging treatment modalities for RP, including gene therapy, mesenchymal-cell-based approaches, and supplementary interventions. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to February 2024. Studies reporting outcomes of treatment interventions for RP, including randomized controlled trials, non-randomized studies, and case series, were included. Data extraction and synthesis were performed according to predefined criteria, focusing on assessing the quality of evidence and summarizing key findings. Results: The search yielded 13 studies meeting inclusion criteria, encompassing diverse treatment modalities and study designs. Gene therapy emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, with several studies reporting favorable outcomes regarding visual function preservation and disease stabilization. Mesenchymal-cell-based therapies also demonstrated potential benefits, although evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Supplementary interventions, including nutritional supplements and neuroprotective agents, exhibited variable efficacy, with conflicting findings across studies. Conclusions: Despite the lack of definitive curative treatments, emerging therapeutic modalities promise to slow disease progression and preserve visual function in individuals with RP. However, substantial gaps in evidence and heterogeneity in study methodologies underscore the need for further research to elucidate optimal treatment strategies, refine patient selection criteria, and enhance long-term outcomes. This systematic review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence and highlights directions for future research to advance the care and management of individuals with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Confalonieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ottonelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Barone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Mary Romano
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Randazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Vinciguerra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Split School of Medicine and University Hospital Centre, 21000 Split, Croatia
- UKLONetwork, University St. Kliment Ohridski-Bitola, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia
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4
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Liu H, Lu S, Chen M, Gao N, Yang Y, Hu H, Ren Q, Liu X, Chen H, Zhu Q, Li S, Su J. Towards Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Degeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1459-1479. [PMID: 38809490 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and includes conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Stargardt's disease (STGD). These diseases result in the permanent loss of vision due to the progressive and irreversible degeneration of retinal cells, including photoreceptors (PR) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The adult human retina has limited abilities to regenerate and repair itself, making it challenging to achieve complete self-replenishment and functional repair of retinal cells. Currently, there is no effective clinical treatment for RD. Stem cell therapy, which involves transplanting exogenous stem cells such as retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or activating endogenous stem cells like Müller Glia (MG) cells, holds great promise for regenerating and repairing retinal cells in the treatment of RD. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of stem cell-based therapies for RD. However, the clinical translation of these therapies for the reconstruction of substantial vision still faces significant challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy strategies for RD, summarizes recent advances in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and highlights the major challenges in using stem/progenitor cell-based therapies for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shuaiyan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ming Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Na Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huijuan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qing Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qunyan Zhu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China
| | - Shasha Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
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Pawar YB, Thool AR. Navigating the Genetic Landscape: A Comprehensive Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Retinitis Pigmentosa Management. Cureus 2024; 16:e67046. [PMID: 39286723 PMCID: PMC11405069 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a collection of retinal disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells, leading to significant visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. RP affects individuals worldwide and can be inherited through various genetic patterns, making it a genetically diverse condition. Despite considerable advancements in diagnostic methods and supportive therapies, there is currently no cure for RP. The focus of existing management strategies is on slowing the progression of the disease and improving the quality of life for those affected. This comprehensive review explores the latest therapeutic approaches in the management of RP, highlighting advancements in genetic therapies, such as gene augmentation and editing, as well as cell-based treatments including stem cell transplantation and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies. Emerging methods like optogenetics and pharmacological interventions designed to preserve retinal function are also discussed. Additionally, the review examines technological innovations, including retinal prosthetics and the use of artificial intelligence, which hold the potential to revolutionize RP treatment. The challenges and limitations associated with these novel therapies, such as safety concerns, accessibility issues, and regulatory hurdles, are critically evaluated. By providing an overview of current research and future directions, this review aims to inform clinicians and researchers about the state of the art in RP treatment and the prospects for achieving significant therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuga B Pawar
- Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Archana R Thool
- Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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6
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Savastano MC, Placidi G, Fossataro C, Giannuzzi F, D'Onofrio NC, Hu L, Cestrone V, D'Agostino E, Biagini I, Paris L, Coppa G, Rizzo C, Kilian R, Chiurazzi P, Bertelli M, Maltese PE, Falsini B, Rizzo S. Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Outer Retinal Atrophy (RORA) in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Functional, Structural, and Genetic Evaluation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:44. [PMID: 39212608 PMCID: PMC11364178 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.8.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine whether the extension of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy (RORA) and various other morphofunctional parameters correlate with the genetic assessment and severity of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods Thirty-eight patients (76 eyes) with RP were prospectively enrolled and underwent full ophthalmic examination, including visual field testing, full-field electroretinography (ERG), and optical coherence tomography angiography. The severity of the disease was calculated using the RP stage scoring system, and the area of RORA was assessed using the automatically calculated area of sub-RPE illumination. Blood or saliva samples were collected from subjects, and DNA extraction was performed to evaluate genetic mutations and nucleotide and amino acid variations. Results There was a statistically significant correlation between the extent of RORA and patient age, best-corrected visual acuity, ellipsoid zone extension, and disease severity in both eyes (each, P < 0.05). In contrast, RORA did not correlate with either the visual field or the ERG amplitude. Cumulative score and grade severity were both significantly correlated with superficial and deep capillary plexus density (both, P < 0.001) in both eyes. Evaluating RORA, we found genes with an overall less severe phenotype, such as EYS, PCDH15, and PRPF31, and those with a worse phenotype, such as RPGR. Conclusions The correlation of RORA with structural, functional, and genetic assessment in RP disease leads us to consider RORA as a potential biomarker for prediction of disease stage. Multicenter studies are needed to confirm our findings. Translational Relevance The morphofunctional and genetic correlations suggest a role for RORA in RP diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Savastano
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Placidi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fossataro
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Giannuzzi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Claudio D'Onofrio
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Hu
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cestrone
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena D'Agostino
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biagini
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence and AOU Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ludovica Paris
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Coppa
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Rizzo
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Genomic Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Benedetto Falsini
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Puertas-Neyra K, Coco-Martin RM, Hernandez-Rodriguez LA, Gobelli D, Garcia-Ferrer Y, Palma-Vecino R, Tellería JJ, Simarro M, de la Fuente MA, Fernandez-Bueno I. Clinical exome analysis and targeted gene repair of the c.1354dupT variant in iPSC lines from patients with PROM1-related retinopathies exhibiting diverse phenotypes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:192. [PMID: 38956727 PMCID: PMC11218195 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are one of the main causes of incurable blindness worldwide. IRD are caused by mutations in genes that encode essential proteins for the retina, leading to photoreceptor degeneration and loss of visual function. IRD generates an enormous global financial burden due to the lack of understanding of a significant part of its pathophysiology, molecular diagnosis, and the near absence of non-palliative treatment options. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for IRD seem to be an excellent option for addressing these questions, serving as exceptional tools for in-depth studies of IRD pathophysiology and testing new therapeutic approaches. METHODS From a cohort of 8 patients with PROM1-related IRD, we identified 3 patients carrying the same variant (c.1354dupT) but expressing three different IRD phenotypes: Cone and rod dystrophy (CORD), Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Stargardt disease type 4 (STGD4). These three target patients, along with one healthy relative from each, underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and their genetic panel study was expanded through clinical exome sequencing (CES). Subsequently, non-integrative patient-derived iPSC were generated and fully characterized. Correction of the c.1354dupT mutation was performed using CRISPR/Cas9, and the genetic restoration of the PROM1 gene was confirmed through flow cytometry and western blotting in the patient-derived iPSC lines. RESULTS CES revealed that 2 target patients with the c.1354dupT mutation presented monoallelic variants in genes associated with the complement system or photoreceptor differentiation and peroxisome biogenesis disorders, respectively. The pluripotency and functionality of the patient-derived iPSC lines were confirmed, and the correction of the target mutation fully restored the capability of encoding Prominin-1 (CD133) in the genetically repaired patient-derived iPSC lines. CONCLUSIONS The c.1354dupT mutation in the PROM1 gene is associated to three distinct AR phenotypes of IRD. This pleotropic effect might be related to the influence of monoallelic variants in other genes associated with retinal dystrophies. However, further evidence needs to be provided. Future experiments should include gene-edited patient-derived iPSC due to its potential as disease modelling tools to elucidate this matter in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Puertas-Neyra
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Coco-Martin
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS-REI), Inflamación E Inmunopatologia de Organos y Sistemas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa, y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | - Dino Gobelli
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yenisey Garcia-Ferrer
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raicel Palma-Vecino
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan José Tellería
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria Simarro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A de la Fuente
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ivan Fernandez-Bueno
- Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS-REI), Inflamación E Inmunopatologia de Organos y Sistemas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa, y Terapia Celular de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
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Rosin B, Banin E, Sahel JA. Current Status of Clinical Trials Design and Outcomes in Retinal Gene Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041301. [PMID: 37696658 PMCID: PMC11216172 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of methods encompassed by the term gene therapy, new trials exploring the safety and efficacy of these methods are initiated more frequently. As a result, important questions arise pertaining the design of these trials and patient participation. One of the most important aspects of any clinical trial is the ability to measure the trial's outcome in a manner that will reflect the effect of the treatment and allow its quantification, whether the trial is aimed at preservation or restoration of retinal cells (photoreceptors and others), vision, or both. Here we will review the existing methods for quantification of trial outcomes, stressing the importance of assessing the participant's visual function and not just visual acuity. We will also describe the key considerations in trial design. Finally, as patient safety remains the primary concern in any trial participation, we will outline the key principles in that regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rosin
- The UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Eyal Banin
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Jose-Alain Sahel
- The UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, Paris 75012, France
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9
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Abbott CJ, Allen PJ, Williams CE, Williams RA, Epp SB, Burns O, Thomas R, Harrison M, Thien PC, Saunders A, McGowan C, Sloan C, Luu CD, Nayagam DAX. Chronic electrical stimulation with a peripheral suprachoroidal retinal implant: a preclinical safety study of neuroprotective stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422764. [PMID: 38966426 PMCID: PMC11222648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extraocular electrical stimulation is known to provide neuroprotection for retinal cells in retinal and optic nerve diseases. Currently, the treatment approach requires patients to set up extraocular electrodes and stimulate potentially weekly due to the lack of an implantable stimulation device. Hence, a minimally-invasive implant was developed to provide chronic electrical stimulation to the retina, potentially improving patient compliance for long-term use. The aim of the present study was to determine the surgical and stimulation safety of this novel device designed for neuroprotective stimulation. Methods Eight normally sighted adult feline subjects were monocularly implanted in the suprachoroidal space in the peripheral retina for 9-39 weeks. Charge balanced, biphasic, current pulses (100 μA, 500 µs pulse width and 50 pulses/s) were delivered continuously to platinum electrodes for 3-34 weeks. Electrode impedances were measured hourly. Retinal structure and function were assessed at 1-, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-month using electroretinography, optical coherence tomography and fundus photography. Retina and fibrotic thickness were measured from histological sections. Randomized, blinded histopathological assessments of stimulated and non-stimulated retina were performed. Results All subjects tolerated the surgical and stimulation procedure with no evidence of discomfort or unexpected adverse outcomes. The device position was stable after a post-surgery settling period. Median electrode impedance remained within a consistent range (5-10 kΩ) over time. There was no change in retinal thickness or function relative to baseline and fellow eyes. Fibrotic capsule thickness was equivalent between stimulated and non-stimulated tissue and helps to hold the device in place. There was no scarring, insertion trauma, necrosis, retinal damage or fibroblastic response in any retinal samples from implanted eyes, whilst 19% had a minimal histiocytic response, 19% had minimal to mild acute inflammation and 28% had minimal to mild chronic inflammation. Conclusion Chronic suprathreshold electrical stimulation of the retina using a minimally invasive device evoked a mild tissue response and no adverse clinical findings. Peripheral suprachoroidal electrical stimulation with an implanted device could potentially be an alternative approach to transcorneal electrical stimulation for delivering neuroprotective stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J. Abbott
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Penelope J. Allen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Vitreoretinal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris E. Williams
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Dorevitch Pathology, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Owen Burns
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Thomas
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Patrick C. Thien
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Chi D. Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A. X. Nayagam
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Pérez O, Stanzani A, Huang L, Schipper N, Loftsson T, Bollmark M, Marigo V. New Improved cGMP Analogues to Target Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8396-8405. [PMID: 38688030 PMCID: PMC11129186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a form of retinal degeneration affecting a young population with an unmet medical need. Photoreceptor degeneration has been associated with increased guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), which reaches toxic levels for photoreceptors. Therefore, inhibitory cGMP analogues attract interest for RP treatments. Here we present the synthesis of dithio-CN03, a phosphorodithioate analogue of cGMP, prepared using the H-phosphonothioate route. Two crystal modifications were identified as a trihydrate and a tetrahydrofuran monosolvates. Dithio-CN03 featured a lower aqueous solubility than its RP-phosphorothioate counterpart CN03, a drug candidate, and this characteristic might be favorable for sustained-release formulations aimed at retinal delivery. Dithio-CN03 was tested in vitro for its neuroprotective effects in photoreceptor models of RP. The comparison of dithio-CN03 to CN03 and its diastereomer SP-CN03, and to their phosphate derivative oxo-CN03 identifies dithio-CN03 as the compound with the highest efficacy in neuroprotection and thus as a promising new candidate for the treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Pérez
- Chemical
Processes and Pharmaceutical Development Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 20 J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Iceland, Hofsvallagata
53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Agnese Stanzani
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Li Huang
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Nicolaas Schipper
- Chemical
Processes and Pharmaceutical Development Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 20 J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Iceland, Hofsvallagata
53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Martin Bollmark
- Chemical
Processes and Pharmaceutical Development Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 20 J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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11
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Cao B, Dahlen JV, Sen M, Beyer T, Leonhard T, Kilger E, Arango-Gonzalez B, Ueffing M. Mutant dominant-negative rhodopsin∆I256 causes protein aggregates degraded via ERAD and prevents normal rhodopsin from proper membrane trafficking. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1369000. [PMID: 38828393 PMCID: PMC11140085 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1369000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the rhodopsin gene (Rho) contribute to 25% of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), characterized by photoreceptor loss and progressive blindness. One such mutation, Rho ∆I256 , carries a 3-bp deletion, resulting in the loss of one of two isoleucines at codons 255 and 256. Our investigation, using recombinant expression in HEK293 and COS-7 cells, revealed that Rho ∆I256, akin to the known adRP mutation Rho P23H, induces the formation of rhodopsin protein (RHO) aggregates at the perinuclear region. Co-expression of Rho ∆I256 or Rho P23H with wild-type Rho WT, mimicking the heterozygous genotype of adRP patients, demonstrated the dominant-negative effect, as all isoforms were retained in perinuclear aggregates, impeding membrane trafficking. In retinal explants from WT mice, mislocalization of labeled adRP isoforms at the outer nuclear layer was observed. Further analysis revealed that RHO∆I256 aggregates are retained at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), undergo ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and colocalize with the AAA-ATPase escort chaperone valosin-containing protein (VCP). These aggregates are polyubiquitinated and partially colocalized with the 20S proteasome subunit beta-5 (PSMB5). Pharmacological inhibition of proteasome- or VCP activity increased RHO∆I256 aggregate size. In summary, RHO∆I256 exhibits dominant pathogenicity by sequestering normal RHOWT in ER aggregates, preventing its membrane trafficking and following the ERAD degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cao
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Valentina Dahlen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Merve Sen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Beyer
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Leonhard
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Kilger
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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12
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Musleh AM, AlRyalat SA, Abid MN, Salem Y, Hamila HM, Sallam AB. Diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence in detecting retinitis pigmentosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:411-417. [PMID: 38042377 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is often undetected in its early stages. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in medical diagnostics. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of AI in detecting RP using various ophthalmic images. We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on December 31, 2022. We included studies in the English language that used any ophthalmic imaging modality, such as OCT or fundus photography, used any AI technologies, had at least an expert in ophthalmology as a reference standard, and proposed an AI algorithm able to distinguish between images with and without retinitis pigmentosa features. We considered the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) as the main measures of accuracy. We had a total of 14 studies in the qualitative analysis and 10 studies in the quantitative analysis. In total, the studies included in the meta-analysis dealt with 920,162 images. Overall, AI showed an excellent performance in detecting RP with pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.985 [95%CI: 0.948-0.996], 0.993 [95%CI: 0.982-0.997] respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), using a random-effect model, was calculated to be 0.999 [95%CI: 0.998-1.000; P < 0.001]. The Zhou and Dendukuri I² test revealed a low level of heterogeneity between the studies, with [I2 = 19.94%] for sensitivity and [I2 = 21.07%] for specificity. The bivariate I² [20.33%] also suggested a low degree of heterogeneity. We found evidence supporting the accuracy of AI in the detection of RP; however, the level of heterogeneity between the studies was low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saif Aldeen AlRyalat
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Mohammad Naim Abid
- Marka Specialty Hospital, Amman, Jordan; Valley Retina Institute, P.A., McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Yahia Salem
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmed B Sallam
- Harvey and Bernice Jones Eye Institute at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
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13
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McNamee SM, Chan NP, Akula M, Avola MO, Whalen M, Nystuen K, Singh P, Upadhyay AK, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Preclinical dose response study shows NR2E3 can attenuate retinal degeneration in the retinitis pigmentosa mouse model Rho P23H+/. Gene Ther 2024; 31:255-262. [PMID: 38273095 PMCID: PMC11090815 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous disease and the main cause of vision loss within the group of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). IRDs are a group of rare disorders caused by mutations in one or more of over 280 genes which ultimately result in blindness. Modifier genes play a key role in modulating disease phenotypes, and mutations in them can affect disease outcomes, rate of progression, and severity. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the nuclear hormone receptor 2 family e, member 3 (Nr2e3) gene reduced disease progression and loss of photoreceptor cell layers in RhoP23H-/- mice. This follow up, pharmacology study evaluates a longitudinal NR2E3 dose response in the clinically relevant heterozygous RhoP23H mouse. Reduced retinal degeneration and improved retinal morphology was observed 6 months following treatment evaluating three different NR2E3 doses. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed regions of photoreceptor rescue in the treated retinas of RhoP23H+/- mice. Functional assessment by electroretinogram (ERG) showed attenuated photoreceptor degeneration with all doses. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of different doses of NR2E3 at reducing retinal degeneration and informs dose selection for clinical trials of RhoP23H-associated RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M McNamee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie P Chan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Akula
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marielle O Avola
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maiya Whalen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaden Nystuen
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Neena B Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Holanda IP, Rim PHH, Guaragna MS, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL, Steiner CE. Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa: A 15-Patient Study. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:516. [PMID: 38674450 PMCID: PMC11050127 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetically determined retinal dystrophies characterized by primary photoreceptor apoptosis and can occur in isolated or syndromic conditions. This study reviewed the clinical data of 15 patients with syndromic retinitis pigmentosa from a Rare Disease Reference Center in Brazil and the results of their next-generation sequencing tests. Five males and ten females participated, with the mean ages for ocular disease onset, fundoscopic diagnosis, and molecular evaluation being 9, 19, and 29 years, respectively. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (n = 5) and Usher syndrome (n = 3) were the most frequent diagnoses, followed by other rare conditions. Among the patients, fourteen completed molecular studies, with three negative results and eleven revealing findings in known genes, including novel variants in MKKS (c.432_435del, p.Phe144Leufs*14), USH2A (c.(7301+1_7302-1)_(9369+1_9370-1)del), and CEP250 (c.5383dup, p.Glu1795Glyfs*13, and c.5050del, p.Asp1684Thrfs*9). Except for Kearn-Sayre, all presented an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern with 64% homozygosity results. The long gap between symptom onset and diagnosis highlights the diagnostic challenges faced by the patients. This study reaffirms the clinical heterogeneity of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa and underscores the pivotal role of molecular analysis in advancing our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianne Pessoa Holanda
- Genética Médica e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (I.P.H.); (M.S.G.); (V.L.G.-d.-S.-L.)
| | - Priscila Hae Hyun Rim
- Ambulatório de Genética Ocular, Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rare Genomes Project Consortium
- Serviço de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Laboratorial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Sanches Guaragna
- Genética Médica e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (I.P.H.); (M.S.G.); (V.L.G.-d.-S.-L.)
| | - Vera Lúcia Gil-da-Silva-Lopes
- Genética Médica e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (I.P.H.); (M.S.G.); (V.L.G.-d.-S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Steiner
- Genética Médica e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (I.P.H.); (M.S.G.); (V.L.G.-d.-S.-L.)
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15
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Wang Y, Liu X, Wang B, Sun H, Ren Y, Zhang H. Compounding engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A potential rescue strategy for retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116424. [PMID: 38471273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, has been increasing globally and is linked to the aging population and improved life expectancy. These diseases are characterized by chronic, progressive neuronal damage or depletion of the photoreceptor cells in the retina, and limited effective treatment options are currently available. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) containing cytokines, growth factors, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, which act as mediators of intercellular communication transferring bioactive molecules to recipient cells, offer an appealing, non-cellular nanotherapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases. However, treatment specificity is compromised due to their high heterogeneity in size, content, functional effects, and parental cellular source. To improve this, engineered MSC-EXOs with increased drug-loading capacity, targeting ability, and resistance to bodily degradation and elimination have been developed. This review summarizes the recent advances in miRNAs of MSC-EXOs as a treatment for retinal degeneration, discussing the strategies and methods for engineering therapeutic MSC-EXOs. Notably, to address the single functional role of engineered MSC-EXOs, we propose a novel concept called "Compound Engineered MSC-EXOs (Co-E-MSC-EXOs)" along with its derived potential therapeutic approaches. The advantages and challenges of employing Co-E-MSC-EXOs for retinal degeneration in clinical applications, as well as the strategies and issues related to them, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China.
| | - Xianning Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China
| | - Bei Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Hanhan Sun
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yiqian Ren
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.1 hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China.
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16
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Whalen M, Akula M, McNamee SM, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Seeing the Future: A Review of Ocular Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:179. [PMID: 38391665 PMCID: PMC10886198 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases present a unique challenge and opportunity for therapeutic development. The eye has distinct advantages as a therapy target given its accessibility, compartmentalization, immune privilege, and size. Various methodologies for therapeutic delivery in ocular diseases are under investigation that impact long-term efficacy, toxicity, invasiveness, and delivery range. While gene, cell, and antibody therapy and nanoparticle delivery directly treat regions that have been damaged by disease, they can be limited in the duration of the therapeutic delivery and have a focal effect. In contrast, contact lenses and ocular implants can more effectively achieve sustained and widespread delivery of therapies; however, they can increase dilution of therapeutics, which may result in reduced effectiveness. Current therapies either offer a sustained release or a broad therapeutic effect, and future directions should aim toward achieving both. This review discusses current ocular therapy delivery systems and their applications, mechanisms for delivering therapeutic products to ocular tissues, advantages and challenges associated with each delivery system, current approved therapies, and clinical trials. Future directions for the improvement in existing ocular therapies include combination therapies, such as combined cell and gene therapies, as well as AI-driven devices, such as cortical implants that directly transmit visual information to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiya Whalen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Neena B Haider
- Shifa Precision, Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
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17
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Neugebauer A, Sipatchin A, Stingl K, Ivanov I, Wahl S. Influence of open-source virtual-reality based gaze training on navigation performance in Retinitis pigmentosa patients in a crossover randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291902. [PMID: 38300913 PMCID: PMC10833541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
METHODS A group of RP patients (n = 8, aged 20-60) participated in a study consisting of two 4-week-phases, both carried out by the same patient group in randomized order: In the 'training phase', participants carried out a Virtual-Reality gaze training for 30 minutes per day; In the 'control phase', no training occurred. Before and after each phase, participants were tasked to move through a randomized real-world obstacle course. Navigation performance in the obstacle course as well as eye-tracking data during the trials were evaluated. The study is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) with the ID DRKS00032628. RESULTS On average, the time required to move through the obstacle course decreased by 17.0% after the training phase, the number of collisions decreased by 50.0%. Both effects are significantly higher than those found in the control phase (p < 0.001 for required time, p = 0.0165 for number of collisions), with the required time decreasing by 5.9% and number of collisions decreasing by 10.4% after the control phase. The average visual area observed by participants increases by 4.41% after training, however the effect is not found to be significantly higher than in the control phase (p = 0.394). CONCLUSION The performance increase over the training phase significantly surpasses the natural learning effect found in the control phase, suggesting that Virtual-Reality based gaze training can have a positive effect on real-world navigation tasks for patients with RP. The training is available as work-in-progress open-source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neugebauer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, ZEISS Vision Science Lab, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sipatchin
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, ZEISS Vision Science Lab, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iliya Ivanov
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, ZEISS Vision Science Lab, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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18
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Xia CH, Liu H, Li M, Zhang H, Xing X, Gong X. Identification and Characterization of Retinitis Pigmentosa in a Novel Mouse Model Caused by PDE6B-T592I. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3173. [PMID: 38137394 PMCID: PMC10740990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGMP-phosphodiesterase 6 beta subunit (PDE6B) is an essential component in the phototransduction pathway for light responses in photoreceptor cells. PDE6B gene mutations cause the death of rod photoreceptors, named as hereditary retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in humans and retinal degeneration (RD) in rodents. Here, we report a new RD model, identified from a phenotypic screen of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutant mice, which displays retinal degeneration caused by a point mutation in the Pde6b gene that results in PDE6B-T592I mutant protein. The homozygous mutant mice show an extensive loss of rod photoreceptors at the age of 3 weeks; unexpectedly, the loss of rod photoreceptors can be partly rescued by dark rearing. Thus, this RD mutant model displays a light-dependent loss of rod photoreceptors. Both western blot and immunostaining results show very low level of mutant PDE6B-T592I protein in the retina. Structure modeling suggests that the T592I mutation probably affects the function and stability of PDE6B protein by changing intramolecular interactions. We further demonstrate that the expression of wild-type PDE6B delivered by subretinally injected adeno-associated virus (rAAV) prevents photoreceptor cell death in this RD model in vivo. The PDE6B-T592I mutant is, therefore, a valuable RD model for evaluating rAAV-mediated treatment and for investigating the molecular mechanism of light-dependent rod photoreceptor cell death that is related to impaired PDE6B function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Gong
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (C.-H.X.); (H.L.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (X.X.)
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19
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Paez-Escamilla M, Alabek ML, Beale O, Prensky CJ, Lejoyeux R, Friberg TR, Sahel JA, Rosin B. An Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Measure as an Independent Estimate of Retinal Function in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3521. [PMID: 38066762 PMCID: PMC10706660 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13233521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the clinical advances in the field of gene therapy, the development of objective measures of visual function of patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) is of utmost importance. Here, we propose one such measure. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from a cohort of 194 eyes of 97 genetically diagnosed patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the most common IRD, followed at the UPMC Vision Institute. The analyzed data included the reflectivity ratio (RR) of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) to that of the entire retina, visual acuity (VA) and the thickness of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and the RNFL. RESULTS There was a strong positive correlation between the RR and VA. Both VA and the RR were negatively correlated with disease duration; VA, but not the RR, was negatively correlated with age. The RR correlated with the ONL but not with the RNFL thickness or the intraocular pressure. Age, RR, disease duration and ONL thickness were found to be independent predictors of VA by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The OCT RR could serve as an independent predictor of visual acuity, and by extension of retinal function, in genetically diagnosed RP patients. Such objective measures can be of great value in patient selection for therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Paez-Escamilla
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Michelle L. Alabek
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
| | - Oliver Beale
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
| | - Colin J. Prensky
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
| | - Raphael Lejoyeux
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
- Rothschild Foundation Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
- Institut Oeil Paupiere, Viry-Chatillon, 91170 Paris, France
| | - Thomas R. Friberg
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
| | - Jose-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
| | - Boris Rosin
- Department of Ophthalmology/UPMC Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (M.P.-E.); (M.L.A.); (O.B.); (C.J.P.); (R.L.); (T.R.F.); (J.-A.S.)
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20
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Nam DW, Song YK, Kim JH, Lee EK, Park KH, Cha J, Choi BY, Lee JH, Oh SH, Jo DH, Lee SY. Allelic hierarchy for USH2A influences auditory and visual phenotypes in South Korean patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20239. [PMID: 37981655 PMCID: PMC10658080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When medical genetic syndromes are influenced by allelic hierarchies, mutant alleles have distinct effects on clinical phenotypes. Genotype-phenotype correlations for Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2) suggest that the USH2A gene exhibits an allelic hierarchy. Here, we analyzed the phenotypes and genotypes of 16 South Korean patients with USH2A biallelic variants to investigate an allelic hierarchy from audiological and ophthalmological perspectives. Using whole exome and genome sequencing, 18 mutant alleles, including 4 novel alleles, were identified and implicated in USH2A-related disorders. Truncated alleles were linked to earlier onset of subjective hearing loss and more severe thresholds; biallelic truncated alleles had more severe effects. Truncated alleles were also associated with retinal structure degeneration and severe functional deterioration. However, younger patients (aged < 16 years) did not exhibit overt retinitis pigmentosa even when they had biallelic truncated alleles, suggesting that USH2A-related USH2 can mimic nonsyndromic hearing loss. For truncated alleles, there was a clear correlation between mean hearing threshold and 30-Hz flicker electroretinography implicit time. This study provides the first evidence of an USH2A-related allelic hierarchy among South Korean patients; our data yield valuable insights concerning the natural courses of clinical phenotypes and how genotype-based therapies may be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Song
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JuHyuen Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Watanabe K, Hiratsuka Y, Yamamoto S, Murakami A. Economic Impacts and Quality of Life for Caregivers of Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Cross-Sectional Japanese Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11070988. [PMID: 37046915 PMCID: PMC10093847 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11070988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the second leading cause of visual impairment in Japan and causes progressive vision loss in affected patients. Caregiving for patients with RP is associated with socioeconomic impacts; however, data on the magnitude and scope of these impacts are lacking. This cross-sectional study surveyed informal caregivers of patients with RP in Japan. The questionnaire assessed the socioeconomic status of participants; work impacts through the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire adapted for caregivers; and quality of life impacts through the Japanese version of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) and the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L). Of the 37 participating caregivers, 28 (75.7%) were employed. Among those, the average annual income was 2,722,080 yen (n = 20) and the mean loss of work productivity was 6.6%. The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.882, and the mean CRA total score was 2.1. A mild to very severe impact on family life, leisure and hobbies, social life, and mental health was experienced by 83.8%, 78.4%, 75.7%, and 70.3%, respectively. These results suggest that caregivers of patients with RP may be disadvantaged in terms of employment and income and may experience wide-ranging impacts on their quality of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Watanabe
- Medical Affairs Division, Novartis Pharma K.K., Tokyo 105-6333, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-3026-4262
| | - Yoshimune Hiratsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | | | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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22
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Dong Y, Yan J, Yang M, Xu W, Hu Z, Paquet-Durand F, Jiao K. Inherited Retinal Degeneration: Towards the Development of a Combination Therapy Targeting Histone Deacetylase, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, and Calpain. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040581. [PMID: 37189329 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) represents a diverse group of gene mutation-induced blinding diseases. In IRD, the loss of photoreceptors is often connected to excessive activation of histone-deacetylase (HDAC), poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), and calpain-type proteases (calpain). Moreover, the inhibition of either HDACs, PARPs, or calpains has previously shown promise in preventing photoreceptor cell death, although the relationship between these enzyme groups remains unclear. To explore this further, organotypic retinal explant cultures derived from wild-type mice and rd1 mice as a model for IRD were treated with different combinations of inhibitors specific for HDAC, PARP, and calpain. The outcomes were assessed using in situ activity assays for HDAC, PARP, and calpain, immunostaining for activated calpain-2, and the TUNEL assay for cell death detection. We confirmed that inhibition of either HDAC, PARP, or calpain reduced rd1 mouse photoreceptor degeneration, with the HDAC inhibitor Vorinostat (SAHA) being most effective. Calpain activity was reduced by inhibition of both HDAC and PARP whereas PARP activity was only reduced by HDAC inhibition. Unexpectedly, combined treatment with either PARP and calpain inhibitors or HDAC and calpain inhibitors did not produce synergistic rescue of photoreceptors. Together, these results indicate that in rd1 photoreceptors, HDAC, PARP, and calpain are part of the same degenerative pathway and are activated in a sequence that begins with HDAC and ends with calpain.
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23
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Wu KY, Kulbay M, Toameh D, Xu AQ, Kalevar A, Tran SD. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:685. [PMID: 36840007 PMCID: PMC9963330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It is the most common type of inherited retinal dystrophy and has a high burden on both patients and society. This condition causes gradual loss of vision, with its typical manifestations including nyctalopia, concentric visual field loss, and ultimately bilateral central vision loss. It is one of the leading causes of visual disability and blindness in people under 60 years old and affects over 1.5 million people worldwide. There is currently no curative treatment for people with RP, and only a small group of patients with confirmed RPE65 mutations are eligible to receive the only gene therapy on the market: voretigene neparvovec. The current therapeutic armamentarium is limited to retinoids, vitamin A supplements, protection from sunlight, visual aids, and medical and surgical interventions to treat ophthalmic comorbidities, which only aim to slow down the progression of the disease. Considering such a limited therapeutic landscape, there is an urgent need for developing new and individualized therapeutic modalities targeting retinal degeneration. Although the heterogeneity of gene mutations involved in RP makes its target treatment development difficult, recent fundamental studies showed promising progress in elucidation of the photoreceptor degeneration mechanism. The discovery of novel molecule therapeutics that can selectively target specific receptors or specific pathways will serve as a solid foundation for advanced drug development. This article is a review of recent progress in novel treatment of RP focusing on preclinical stage fundamental research on molecular targets, which will serve as a starting point for advanced drug development. We will review the alterations in the molecular pathways involved in the development of RP, mainly those regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic pathways, maintenance of the redox balance, and genomic stability. We will then discuss the therapeutic approaches under development, such as gene and cell therapy, as well as the recent literature identifying novel potential drug targets for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Merve Kulbay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dana Toameh
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - An Qi Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ananda Kalevar
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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