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Chaprazov T, Petrov R, Yarkov D, Andonova Y, Lazarova I. Basic blood biochemical parameters of wild common ravens ( Corvuscorax). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e103271. [PMID: 38327363 PMCID: PMC10848622 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Baseline haematological and biochemical blood parameters in healthy wild birds are key to managing wild populations and to saving critically ill individuals. This knowledge is crucial for the care, rehabilitation and the release of birds after treatment in wildlife rescue centres. Plasma levels provide valuable information for the evaluation of the physical condition of animals. The objective of this study was to obtain reference values of some basic biochemical blood parameters of wild common ravens (Corvuscorax). Between 2020 and 2023, we took blood samples from the wild population of common ravens in Bulgaria (n = 36). We determined the values of 18 parameters - alanine transaminase (ALT, U/I), albumin (g/l), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/I), amylase (U/I), aspartate transaminase (AST, U/I), calcium (mmol/l), chloride (mmol/l), cholesterol (mmol/l), creatine kinase (CK, U/I), creatinine (μmol/l), blood glucose (mmol/l), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, U/I), magnesium (mmol/l), phosphorus (mmol/l), total bilirubin (μmol/l), total protein (g/l), triglycerides (TG, mmol/l) and uric acid (μmol/l). We made a comparative analysis including the regions in which the groups were sampled and the time of year. Most of the presented results were comparable to published values of other species from the Corvidae family and some were higher (ALP, amylase, AST, CK, total protein and uric acid levels). Most of these could be explained by the capture- and handling stress. This is the first report in official literary sources presenting some basic biochemical blood parameters of healthy wild common ravens in Bulgaria. The results may be of use to scientists, veterinarians and other researchers in rescue and rehabilitation centres and they can provide the basis for further studies with regards to animal welfare and health assessment of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetan Chaprazov
- Trakia University, Stara Zagora, BulgariaTrakia UniversityStara ZagoraBulgaria
| | - Rusko Petrov
- Trakia University, Stara Zagora, BulgariaTrakia UniversityStara ZagoraBulgaria
- Green Balkans - Stara Zagora NGO, Stara Zagora, BulgariaGreen Balkans - Stara Zagora NGOStara ZagoraBulgaria
| | - Dobri Yarkov
- Trakia University, Stara Zagora, BulgariaTrakia UniversityStara ZagoraBulgaria
| | - Yana Andonova
- Green Balkans - Stara Zagora NGO, Stara Zagora, BulgariaGreen Balkans - Stara Zagora NGOStara ZagoraBulgaria
| | - Ivanka Lazarova
- Trakia University, Stara Zagora, BulgariaTrakia UniversityStara ZagoraBulgaria
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Anderson NL, De La Cruz SEW, Gaydos JK, Ziccardi MH, Harvey DJ. Effects of Season, Location, Species, and Sex on Hematologic and Plasma Biochemical Values and Body Mass in Free-ranging Grebes ( Aechmophorus species). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:135-154. [PMID: 34256544 DOI: 10.1647/2019-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of season, location, species, and sex on body weight and a comprehensive array of blood chemistry and hematology analytes were compared for free-ranging western (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and Clark's (Aechmophorus clarkii) grebes. Birds (n = 56) were collected from Puget Sound, WA, and Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay, CA, from February 2007 to March 2011. The data supported generalization of observed ranges for most analytes across Aechmophorus grebe metapopulations wintering on the Pacific coast. Notable seasonal and location effects were observed for packed cell volume (winter 6% greater than fall; winter California [CA] 5% greater than Washington [WA]), total white blood cell count (CA 3.57 × 103 cells/µL greater than WA), heterophils (WA 10% greater than CA), lymphocytes (winter 19% greater than fall), heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (fall 5.7 greater than winter), basophils (CA greater than WA), plasma protein (WA about 10 g/L [1.0 g/dL] greater than CA), plasma protein to fibrinogen ratio (winter about 15 greater than fall), potassium (CA 2 mmol/L greater than WA), and liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase: WA greater than CA). Within California, season had a greater effect on body mass than sex (mean winter weights about 200 g greater than fall), whereas within a season, males weighed only about 80 g more than females, on average. These data give biologists and veterinarians quantitative reference values to better assess health at the individual and metapopulation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Anderson
- University of California, Oiled Wildlife Care Network, Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
| | - Susan E W De La Cruz
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA
| | - Joseph K Gaydos
- Wildlife Health Center, Orcas Island Office, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- University of California, Oiled Wildlife Care Network, Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Yaw TJ, Gentry J, Ratliff C, Acierno M, Schmalz S, Russell KE, Heatley JJ. Venous Blood Analytes and Osmolality of Rehabilitated Juvenile Black-bellied Whistling Ducks ( Dendrocygna autumnalis). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:123-132. [PMID: 31251499 DOI: 10.1647/2016-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Venous blood samples were collected from 129 apparently healthy, rehabilitated juvenile black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis) immediately before release from rehabilitation. Blood gas, electrolyte, and select biochemical and hematologic values were analyzed by using a point-of-care analyzer, and complete blood cell counts and osmolality were determined. Most biochemical analyte values were distributed parametrically, while most hematologic values were nonparametrically distributed. Calculated osmolality values were in poor agreement with measured osmolality values, and values of packed cell volume had poor agreement with hematocrit values determined with the i-STAT 1. The physiologic values reported provide vital information to assess individual duck health and guide fluid therapy in captivity and may prove useful to assess free-living population health of this duck species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Yaw
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77834-4474, USA
| | - Jordan Gentry
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77834-4474, USA
| | - Cameron Ratliff
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77834-4474, USA
| | - Mark Acierno
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Karen E Russell
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77834-4474, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77834-4474, USA
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Pistone J, Heatley J, Campbell T, Voelker G. Assessing Passeriformes health in South Texas via select venous analytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Venous Blood Gas, Electrolyte, and Hematologic Analytes of the Mottled Duck, Anas fulvigula. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:159-164. [PMID: 27749193 DOI: 10.7589/2015-10-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We collected venous blood samples from 83 apparently healthy Mottled Ducks ( Anas fulvigula ) July 2012-August 2013 on the Texas, US, Gulf Coast and measured blood gas, electrolyte, biochemical, and hematologic parameters. Age, sex, body condition score, capture year, capture type, and time of day had significant statistical, but not clinically relevant, effects on several analytes. Ducks caught by rocket net had findings consistent with greater stress compared with hand-caught ducks. These analyte data for healthy free-living Mottled Ducks may be useful in the assessment of Mottled Duck population health and in the management and treatment of individual ducks affected by environmental stressors.
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BLOOD GAS, LACTATE, AND HEMATOLOGY EFFECTS OF VENIPUNCTURE TIMING AND LOCATION AFTER MIST-NET CAPTURE OF MOURNING DOVES (ZENAIDA MACROURA), BOAT-TAILED GRACKLES (QUISCALUS MAJOR), AND HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS). J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:S54-64. [PMID: 26845300 DOI: 10.7589/52.2s.s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Venous blood gas partial pressures, pH, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations, packed cell volume, white blood cell differential counts, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were measured from Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Birds were bled promptly after mist-net capture and banding or following a targeted delay of 45-60 min, in order to assess the impacts of a brief holding period commonly practiced in large-scale bird banding operations. Additionally, effects of venipuncture location (basilic [=ulnar] vein versus jugular vein) were evaluated in male Boat-tailed Grackles sampled promptly after capture and banding. All comparisons were with unpaired samples; no birds were subjected to more than one venipuncture. All three species exhibited moderate improvements in blood gas and acid-base status after the delay, with reductions in lactate concentrations with or without concurrent increases in pH and bicarbonate. Boat-tailed Grackles exhibited an increased proportion of heterophils in the differential white blood cell count following a delay in sampling, suggestive of a stress leukogram. There were no significant differences between basilic and jugular venipuncture results from male Boat-tailed Grackles. Most metabolic, respiratory, and acid-base alterations were minor, but a small number of birds exhibited values (e.g., temperature-corrected pH <7.3, lactate >10 mmol/L) that could be of concern if combined with other adverse conditions. For such birds, a short delay between capture and processing could benefit their blood gas and acid-base status, although loss of time foraging or feeding young and greater activation of the hypophyseal-pituitary-adrenal axis are additional considerations.
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Raghav R, Middleton R, BSc RA, Arjunan R, Caliendo V. Analysis of Arterial and Venous Blood Gases in Healthy Gyr Falcons (Falco rusticolus) Under Anesthesia. J Avian Med Surg 2015; 29:290-7. [DOI: 10.1647/2014-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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BLOOD GAS, LACTATE, AND HEMATOLOGY EFFECTS OF VENIPUNCTURE TIMING AND LOCATION AFTER MIST-NET CAPTURE OF MOURNING DOVES (ZENAIDA MACROURA), BOAT-TAILED GRACKLES (QUISCALUS MAJOR), AND HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS). J Wildl Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.7589/jwdi-52-01s1-06.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Comparison of two analyzers to determine selected venous blood analytes of Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:256-62. [PMID: 25000685 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0046r3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Point of care devices can assess electrolyte, blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic values in a critical care setting. Although these devices are commonly used in humans and companion mammals, few studies have assessed their use in avian species. This study compares electrolyte, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), acid-base, and venous blood gas parameters between the i-STAT and IRMA TruPoint blood gas analysis systems for 35 Quaker parrots. Agreement between the two analyzers and the effect of gender, time lag between sample analysis, and cartridge expiration were evaluated. Male birds had increased Hgb and Hct compared with females, independent of analyzer method. In expired i-STAT cartridges, only glucose significantly increased. Packed cell volume determined by centrifugation was higher than Hct, as calculated by either analyzer. The analyzers had good agreement for total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, pH, and Hgb, fair agreement for potassium (K), ionized calcium (iCa), venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and base excess, and poor agreement for sodium (Na), venous partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), and oxygen saturation (SO2). Values for Na, iCa, PO2, and SO2 were significantly higher on the IRMA than the i-STAT, while K was significantly lower on the IRMA when compared with the i-STAT. The time lag between sample analyses on the i-STAT and IRMA did not be correlate to any analyte changes. Despite these differences, both the i-STAT and the IRMA appear to be acceptable clinical tools in avian critical care, although reference ranges for each analyzer should be created.
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