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Hagiuda J, Takamatsu K, Nakagawa K. Increased serum creatinine associated with testicular microlithiasis in adult Japanese men: A retrospective cohort study. Andrology 2024; 12:1148-1153. [PMID: 38009817 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is thought to be associated with testicular tumors and impaired spermatogenesis; however, its etiology remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To identify factors, other than testicular function, that are associated with testicular microlithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled males who underwent ultrasound examination of the scrotum at Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital. The patients were categorized into two groups: those with or those without testicular microlithiasis. Background and blood test data were compared between the groups. RESULTS Testicular microlithiasis was observed in 72 of the 828 (8.7%) patients enrolled. Ages ranged from 15 to 87 years (mean age, 40.0 years). A history of germ cell tumor was significantly more prevalent in patients with testicular microlithiasis than in those without (1.3 vs. 16.7%; p < 0.001). Blood test data showed that, patients with testicular microlithiasis had significantly higher serum creatinine levels (0.91 vs. 1.04 mg/dL; p = 0.046) and lower calcium levels (9.4 vs. 9.3 mg/dL; p = 0.031) than those without. Serum creatinine levels (> 1.00 mg/dL) and germ cell tumors were significantly associated with testicular microlithiasis in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of testicular microlithiasis increased in patients older than 50 years. Age (> 50 years) was associated with testicular microlithiasis in univariate analysis. The mean body weight tended to be heavier (70.7 vs. 72.2 kg; p = 0.051) and epididymitis was observed more frequently (3.2 vs. 8.3%; p = 0.056) in patients with testicular microlithiasis than in those without. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A history of testicular tumors and elevated serum creatinine levels were associated with testicular microlithiasis. Testicular microlithiasis was observed across all age groups, with a tendency to increase in patients older than 50 years. Patients with testicular microlithiasis were slightly heavier and had a higher prevalence of epididymitis than those without. Our findings suggest that, in addition to testicular dysgenesis, other factors are involved in the development of testicular microlithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hagiuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Ken Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
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2
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Hiramatsu I, Tsujimura A, Miyoshi M, Ogasa T, Miyoshi Y, Ishikawa K, Uesaka Y, Nozaki T, Shirai M, Kobayashi K, Horie S. Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in healthy newlywed men trying for first-time pregnancy. Int J Urol 2020; 27:990-995. [PMID: 32776360 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis and the relationship between testicular microlithiasis, semen parameters and endocrinological profiles in healthy newlywed men trying for first-time pregnancy. METHODS Men visiting Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, or D Clinic Tokyo, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, for a first-time examination of fertility underwent scrotal examination, semen analysis and blood tests. Testicular volume measured by orchidometer, semen parameters measured by the Makler counting chamber and endocrinological profiles were compared between men with testicular microlithiasis and without testicular microlithiasis. The correlation between sperm concentration and the number of calcifications, and sperm motility and the number of calcifications, were investigated. RESULTS Of 739 men, 60 (8.1%) were diagnosed as having testicular microlithiasis. Among them, testicular volume, semen volume and motility were lower than those in the men without testicular microlithiasis. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were higher in those with than those without testicular microlithiasis. The sperm concentration correlated negatively with the number of calcifications. There was no significant correlation between sperm motility and the number of calcifications. CONCLUSION Herein, we report the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in healthy newlywed men. Furthermore, our findings suggest that semen parameters in men with severe testicular microlithiasis tend to be worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Hiramatsu
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiki Ogasa
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuto Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishikawa
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuka Uesaka
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiji Nozaki
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Shirai
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Lin XC, Gao X, Lu GS, Song B, Zhang QH. Role of calcifying nanoparticles in the development of testicular microlithiasis in vivo. BMC Urol 2017; 17:99. [PMID: 29084530 PMCID: PMC5663083 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-017-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcifying nanoparticles (NPs) have been proven to be associated with a variety of pathological calcification and previously detected in semen samples from patients with testicular microlithiasis (TM). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis if human-derived NPs could invade the seminiferous tubules and induce TM phenotype. METHODS The animals were divided into three groups. Normal saline (0.2 mL) was injected into the proximal right ductus deferens in group A as a control group. The experimental groups, B and C received Escherichia coli (106 cfu/mL, 0.2 mL) and human-derived NPs suspension (0.2 mL), respectively. Rats were euthanized in 2 batches at 2 and 4 weeks. Testicular pathology, ultrastructure and inflammatory mediators were assessed. RESULTS Chronic inflammatory changes were observed at 2 weeks in both groups B and C. Moreover, the innermost layer of sperm cells were structurally impaired and a zone of concentrically layered collagen fibers around the human NPs body was formed in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule in group C only, in which TM phenotype of remarkable calcification surrounded by cellular debris within the seminiferous tubules was built at 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from our study suggested a potential pathogenic effect of NPs in the development of calcification within the seminiferous tubules, which should be addressed in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Cong Lin
- Department of Urology, the 175th Hospital of PLA (Dongnan Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University), Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen-Sheng Lu
- Urological Research Institute of PLA, Southwest hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Urological Research Institute of PLA, Southwest hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zeng J, Marcus A, Buhtoiarova T, Mittal K. Distribution and potential significance of intravillous and intrafibrinous particulate microcalcification. Placenta 2017; 50:94-98. [PMID: 28161068 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiologic studies indicate that placental calcifications seen at 28-32 weeks' gestation are associated with adverse fetal outcome. One type of placental calcification is typically located at the basement membrane of chorionic villi. It has a fine particulate appearance and can only be seen microscopically. We have designated these calcifications as Intravillous and Intrafibrinous Particulate MicroCalcification (IPMC). In this study we examined the distribution and potential significance of IPMC. Placentas from 14 groups of fetal and maternal outcomes are examined histologically for IPMC. These groups were preterm birth, post term birth, intrauterine fetal demise, fetuses with non-reassuring heart rates, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal anomalies, mothers with gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia and placentas of normal spontaneous vaginal births and placentas with chorioamnionitis, chronic villitis and infarcts. We observed fine dust-like particulates deposited in continuous and discrete patches. The particulates were predominantly located in the basement membranes of fibrotic chorionic villi and in perivillous fibrin. Compared to placentas without adverse outcomes, a higher incidence of IPMC was seen in intrauterine fetal demise cases and in cases with infarcts which suggests that hypoxia played a role in the etiology of IPMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zeng
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alan Marcus
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatiana Buhtoiarova
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA
| | - Khushbakhat Mittal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA
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5
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Xu C, Zhang FF, Yang HL, Ma G, Zhang B, Li KJ, Zhang TJ, Liu JL, Xuan XJ. The influence of testicular microlithiasis on the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation in a Chinese Han population. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27882628 DOI: 10.1111/and.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) on the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), we retrospectively reviewed the ultrasonography results of the TM patients who underwent IVF treatment in our hospital. They were classified as classic-TM (CTM) or limited-TM (LTM) comparing with patients without TM (Non-TM). Semen parameters, rates of fertilisation, normal fertilisation, good embryos and clinical pregnancy were analysed. The Non-TM group showed higher percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than the CTM or LTM group (4.08 ± 2.07 versus 3.40 ± 2.00 versus 3.04 ± 1.66, p = .003) while the other general semen parameters were comparable. The LTM group showed higher rate of fertilisation than the CTM group (85.10% versus 81.12%, p = .044). Moreover, the rates of normal fertilisation of Non-TM (62.47%) and LTM (66.32%) group were significantly higher than the CTM (58.02%) group (p = .027 and p = .001 respectively). There were 333 embryo transfer cycles in total (including 222 fresh and 111 frozen). The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 54.95%, 58.33% and 64.12% in the group of CTM, LTM and Non-TM respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was obtained (p = .326). Our results suggest that TM may have influence on the IVF outcomes. The extent of microlithiasis correlates inversely with the rates of fertilisation and normal fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - F-F Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - H-L Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - G Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - B Zhang
- Taian Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Taian, China
| | - K-J Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - T-J Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - J-L Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - X-J Xuan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
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6
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Yaghobee S, Bayani M, Samiei N, Jahedmanesh N. What are the nanobacteria? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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7
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Wu CY, Young L, Young D, Martel J, Young JD. Bions: a family of biomimetic mineralo-organic complexes derived from biological fluids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75501. [PMID: 24086546 PMCID: PMC3783384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralo-organic nanoparticles form spontaneously in human body fluids when the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions exceed saturation. We have shown previously that these mineralo-organic nanoparticles possess biomimetic properties and can reproduce the whole phenomenology of the so-called nanobacteria-mineralized entities initially described as the smallest microorganisms on earth. Here, we examine the possibility that various charged elements and ions may form mineral nanoparticles with similar properties in biological fluids. Remarkably, all the elements tested, including sodium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, and barium form mineralo-organic particles with bacteria-like morphologies and other complex shapes following precipitation with phosphate in body fluids. Upon formation, these mineralo-organic particles, which we term bions, invariably accumulate carbonate apatite during incubation in biological fluids; yet, the particles also incorporate additional elements and thus reflect the ionic milieu in which they form. Bions initially harbor an amorphous mineral phase that gradually converts to crystals in culture. Our results show that serum produces a dual inhibition-seeding effect on bion formation. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, we identify a wide range of proteins that bind to these mineral particles during incubation in medium containing serum. The two main binding proteins identified, albumin and fetuin-A, act as both inhibitors and seeders of bions in culture. Notably, bions possess several biomimetic properties, including the possibility to increase in size and number and to be sub-cultured in fresh culture medium. Based on these results, we propose that bions represent biological, mineralo-organic particles that may form in the body under both physiological and pathological homeostasis conditions. These mineralo-organic particles may be part of a physiological cycle that regulates the function, transport and disposal of elements and minerals in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lena Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D. Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Kumon H, Matsuura E, Nagaoka N, Yamamoto T, Uehara S, Araki M, Matsunami Y, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto A. Ectopic calcification: importance of common nanoparticle scaffolds containing oxidized acidic lipids. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:441-50. [PMID: 24028895 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The term nanobacteria, sometimes referred to as nanobacteria-like particles (NLPs), is presently recognized as a misnomer for inert calcified nanoparticles. However, misinterpretation of its propagation as a living organism still continues. Ultrastructural and elemental analyses, combining immuno-electron microscopy with an original NLP isolate (P-17) derived from urinary stones, and an IgM monoclonal antibody (CL-15) raised against P-17 have now revealed that, oxidized lipids with acidified functional groups were key elements in NLP propagation. Lamellar structures composed of acidic/oxidized lipids provided structural scaffolds for carbonate apatite crystals. During in vitro culture, lipid peroxidation induced by γ-irradiation of FBS was a major cause of accelerated NLP propagation. In pathological tissue samples from hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis-prone mice, CL-15 co-localized with fatty plaques, macrophage infiltrates and osteocalcin staining of aortic valve lesions. These observations indicate that naturally occurring NLP composed of mineralo-oxidized lipids complexes are generated as by-products rather than etiological agents of chronic inflammation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The term "nanobacteria-like particles (NLPs)" is presently recognized as a misnomer for inert calcified nanoparticles as opposed to living organisms. This study convincingly demonstrates that naturally occurring NLPs composed of mineralo-oxidized lipid complexes are generated as by-products rather than etiological agents of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinya Uehara
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukana Matsunami
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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9
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Jiang H, Zhu WJ. Testicular microlithiasis is not a risk factor for the production of antisperm antibody in infertile males. Andrologia 2012; 45:305-9. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Jiang
- Institute of Reproductive Immunology; College of Life Science and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
| | - W.-J. Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive Immunology; College of Life Science and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou; China
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10
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Chiang LW, Yap TL, Asiri MM, Phaik Ong CC, Low Y, Jacobsen AS. Implications of incidental finding of testicular microlithiasis in paediatric patients. J Pediatr Urol 2012; 8:162-5. [PMID: 21546312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve understanding of the implications of testicular microlithiasis (TM) in paediatric patients diagnosed incidentally on scrotal ultrasonography (US). PATIENTS AND METHODS 31 boys aged 4-14 years diagnosed with TM based on US between February 2000 and September 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, indications for US, associated inguino-scrotal pathologies and follow-up data were collated. RESULTS A total of 59 testes were evaluated. Fifty-four had TM at US. The most common indication for US was scrotal swelling (n = 17). Twenty patients (65%) had at least one associated inguino-scrotal pathology related to patent processus vaginalis, with cryptorchidism being the most frequently observed (39%). On follow up (mean 39.6 months), 6 patients documented decrease or resolution of TM, while 2 showed increase in TM density. No testicular malignancy was observed during follow up. CONCLUSIONS TM is commonly diagnosed incidentally on US in paediatric patients. A literature review revealed few case reports on its association with testicular malignancy and a prevalence of 4.2% among asymptomatic boys. The spontaneous resolution of TM supports degeneration of seminiferous tubules as the possible cause and further questions its malignant implication. An appropriate surveillance scheme would require involvement of a well-informed patient and parent with good compliance on testicular self-examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei Chiang
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Jalan Bukit Timah, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
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11
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Guo Y, Zhang D, Lu H, Luo S, Shen X. Association between calcifying nanoparticles and placental calcification. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1679-86. [PMID: 22615531 PMCID: PMC3357051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the possible contribution of calcifying nanoparticles to the pathogenesis of placental calcification. METHODS Calcified placental tissues and distal tissue samples were collected from 36 confirmed placental calcification cases. In addition, 20 normal placental tissue samples were obtained as a control group. All the tissue samples were cultured using special nanobacterial culture methods. The cultured calcifying nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their growth was monitored by optical density (OD) at a wavelength of 650 nm. 16S rRNA gene expression of the cultured calcifying nanoparticles was also isolated and sequenced. RESULTS Novel calcifying nanoparticles wrapped with electron-dense shells between 50 nm to 500 nm in diameter were observed in the extracellular matrix of calcified placental tissues. They were detected in placental villi and hydroxyapatite crystals, and contained "nucleic acid-like materials". After isolation and four weeks of culture, 28 of 36 calcified placental tissue samples showed white granular precipitates attached to the bottom of the culture tubes. OD(650) measurements indicated that the precipitates from the calcified placental tissues were able to grow in culture, whereas no such precipitates from the control tissues were observed. The 16S rRNA genes were isolated from the cultured calcifying nanoparticles and calcified placental tissues, and their gene sequencing results implied that calcifying nanoparticles were novel nanobacteria (GenBank JF823648). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that these novel calcifying nanoparticles may play a role in placental calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kutikhin AG, Brusina EB, Yuzhalin AE. The role of calcifying nanoparticles in biology and medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:339-50. [PMID: 22287843 PMCID: PMC3266001 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs) (nanobacteria, nanobacteria-like particles, nanobes) were discovered over 25 years ago; nevertheless, their nature is still obscure. To date, nobody has been successful in credibly determining whether they are the smallest self-replicating life form on Earth, or whether they represent mineralo-protein complexes without any relation to living organisms. Proponents of both theories have a number of arguments in favor of the validity of their hypotheses. However, after epistemological analysis carried out in this review, all arguments used by proponents of the theory about the physicochemical model of CNP formation may be refuted on the basis of the performed investigations, and therefore published data suggest a biological nature of CNPs. The only obstacle to establish CNPs as living organisms is the absence of a fairly accurately sequenced genome at the present time. Moreover, it is clear that CNPs play an important role in etiopathogenesis of many diseases, and this association is independent from their nature. Consequently, emergence of CNPs in an organism is a pathological, not a physiological, process. The classification and new directions of further investigations devoted to the role of CNPs in biology and medicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation.
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13
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Kumon H, Matsumoto A, Uehara S, Abarzua F, Araki M, Tsutsui K, Tomochika KI. Detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles from urinary stones: long-withheld data. Int J Urol 2011; 18:458-65. [PMID: 21488976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report our experimental results on detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles (NLP) from urinary stone samples. METHODS From March 2001 to August 2003, 47 urinary stone samples from Japanese patients and 18 from Paraguayan patients were collected and used for compositional analysis, direct survey of NLP by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their cultural isolation. For the isolation, culturing was carried out using strict aseptic techniques. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with 10% gamma-irradiated fetal bovine serum was used based on the original method described by Kajander and Ciftçioglu. RESULTS Positive NLP detection rates for Japanese and Paraguayan patient samples were 61.7% (29/47) and 66.7% (12/18), respectively. Positive NLP isolation rates for Japanese patient samples were 20.6% (7/34) and 20.0% (2/10) for Paraguayan patient samples. In the initial isolation, markedly different periods of incubation time were needed for each of the nine cases (6-220 days; median 36 days). Positive detection and isolation were obtained in stone samples with or without calcium phosphate. Growth modes and morphogenesis of NLP were divided into two phases; rod-shaped NLP was detected mainly as a floating form growing in culture medium and spherical NLP with a characteristic apatite shell was detected as an attached form growing on the surface of culture dishes. CONCLUSIONS Lifeless calcifying nanoparticles can be isolated from various human urinary stones, cultured in cell culture mediums and show two characteristic growth phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Critical evaluation of gamma-irradiated serum used as feeder in the culture and demonstration of putative nanobacteria and calcifying nanoparticles. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10343. [PMID: 20436679 PMCID: PMC2859944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture and demonstration of putative nanobacteria (NB) and calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) from human and animal tissues has relied primarily on the use of a culture supplement consisting of FBS that had been γ-irradiated at a dose of 30 kGy (γ-FBS). The use of γ-FBS is based on the assumption that this sterilized fluid has been rid entirely of any residual NB/CNP, while it continues to promote the slow growth in culture of NB/CNP from human/animal tissues. We show here that γ-irradiation (5–50 kGy) produces extensive dose-dependent serum protein breakdown as demonstrated through UV and visible light spectrophotometry, fluorometry, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Yet, both γ-FBS and γ-irradiated human serum (γ-HS) produce NB/CNP in cell culture conditions that are morphologically and chemically indistinguishable from their normal serum counterparts. Contrary to earlier claims, γ-FBS does not enhance the formation of NB/CNP from several human body fluids (saliva, urine, ascites, and synovial fluid) tested. In the presence of additional precipitating ions, both γ-irradiated serum (FBS and HS) and γ-irradiated proteins (albumin and fetuin-A) retain the inherent dual NB inhibitory and seeding capabilities seen also with their untreated counterparts. By gel electrophoresis, the particles formed from both γ-FBS and γ-HS are seen to have assimilated into their scaffold the same smeared protein profiles found in the γ-irradiated sera. However, their protein compositions as identified by proteomics are virtually identical to those seen with particles formed from untreated serum. Moreover, particles derived from human fluids and cultured in the presence of γ-FBS contain proteins derived from both γ-FBS and the human fluid under investigation—a confusing and unprecedented scenario indicating that these particles harbor proteins from both the host tissue and the FBS used as feeder. Thus, the NB/CNP described in the literature clearly bear hybrid protein compositions belonging to different species. We conclude that there is no basis to justify the use of γ-FBS as a feeder for the growth and demonstration of NB/CNP or any NB-like particles in culture. Moreover, our results call into question the validity of the entire body of literature accumulated to date on NB and CNP.
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