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Fradette MS, Charette SJ. Working toward improved monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in water samples: testing alternatives to elution and immunomagnetic separation from USEPA Method 1623.1. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:254. [PMID: 35841071 PMCID: PMC9284717 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to find a method to enhance the recovery of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. parasites from water samples for research purposes compared to the results that can be achieved with USEPA Method 1623.1. Four different approaches were used to test water samples that were artificially spiked with parasites. The approaches were: (i) Method 1623.1 itself, (ii) elution of Method 1623.1 combined with microfiltration, (iii) an elution technique based on grinding the filter membrane in a blender before the eluent was concentrated by immunomagnetic separation, and (iv) the blender elution followed by microfiltration. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine which approach led to the highest parasite recovery rates. RESULTS Method 1623.1 gave the best results for Giardia, while all four approaches were statistically equivalent for Cryptosporidium. We evaluated the costs and laboratory time requirements for each protocol to give readers a complete comparison of the methods tested. Elution of Method 1623.1 combined with microfiltration resulted in lower costs and less laboratory work time without compromising the recovery of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Laval University, 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Laval University, 1045, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), 2325, allée Des Bibliothèques, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Steve J Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Laval University, 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Laval University, 1045, avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Solano Barquero M, Morales Mora E, Chacón Jiménez L, Cordero Jara E, Reyes Lizano L, Barrantes Jiménez K, Achí R. Low-cost internal controls for detection of Giardia cysts in water samples. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:177-179. [PMID: 31004805 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Giardia cysts stained with hot carbolfuchsin were used as internal controls in a concentration method for surface water samples. The morphological integrity of stained cysts and the stain's stability and intensity were tested with each of the chemical reagents used in the aluminum sulfate flocculation method. No alterations in morphology or color were noted. The stained cyst preparation has a low cost, high stability, and suitability for both light and immunofluorescent microscopy, making it affordable to researchers in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Solano Barquero
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Eric Morales Mora
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Luz Chacón Jiménez
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erick Cordero Jara
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Liliana Reyes Lizano
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kenia Barrantes Jiménez
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rosario Achí
- Sección Infección Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
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Lu P, Amburgey JE. A pilot-scale study of Cryptosporidium-sized microsphere removals from swimming pools via sand filtration. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:109-120. [PMID: 26837835 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species are the most common cause of gastrointestinal illness in treated recreational water venues. In order to protect public health during swimming, Cryptosporidium-sized microsphere removals by high-rate sand filtration with six coagulants were evaluated with a 5.5 m(3) pilot-scale swimming pool. A sand filter without coagulation removed 20-63% of Cryptosporidium-sized microspheres. Cryptosporidium-sized microsphere removals exceeded 98% by sand filtration with five of the six tested coagulants. Continuously feeding coagulants A, B, and F (i.e., organic polymers) led to coagulant accumulation in the system and decreased removals over time (<2 days). Coagulant E (polyaluminum chloride) consistently removed more than 90% of microspheres at 30 m/h while the removals dropped to approximately 50% at a filtration rate of 37 m/h. Coagulant C was a chitosan-based product that removed fewer microspheres compared with other products, <75%, under the studied conditions. Results indicated aluminum-based coagulants (coagulants D and E) had an overall performance advantage over the organic polymer based coagulants primarily in terms of their tendency not to accumulate in the water and cease to be effective at improving filter efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China E-mail: ; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - James E Amburgey
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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A high-flux isopore micro-fabricated membrane for effective concentration and recovering of waterborne pathogens. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:669-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lou CP, Gong HQ. Fabrication of multi-layer polymeric micro-sieve having narrow slot pores with conventional ultraviolet-lithography and micro-fabrication techniques. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:36504-365049. [PMID: 22662051 PMCID: PMC3364839 DOI: 10.1063/1.3637630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fast detection of waterborne pathogens is important for securing the hygiene of drinking water. Detection of pathogens in water at low concentrations and minute quantities demands rapid and efficient enrichment methods in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of bio-sensors. We propose and demonstrate a low cost and rapid method to fabricate a multi-layer polymeric micro-sieve using conventional lithography techniques. The micro-fabricated micro-sieves are made of several layers of SU-8 photoresist using multiple coating and exposure steps and a single developing process. The obtained micro-sieves have good mechanical properties, smooth surfaces, high porosity (≈40%), and narrow pore size distribution (coefficient of variation < 3.33%). Sample loading and back-flushing using the multi-layer micro-sieve resulted in more than 90% recovery of pathogens, which showed improved performance than current commercial filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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