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Barroso S, Guitart-Mampel M, García-García FJ, Cantó-Santos J, Valls-Roca L, Andújar-Sánchez F, Vilaseca-Capel A, Tobías E, Arias-Dimas A, Quesada-López T, Artuch R, Villarroya F, Giralt M, Martínez E, Lozano E, Garrabou G. Metabolic, Mitochondrial, and Inflammatory Effects of Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Asymptomatic Antiretroviral-Naïve People with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8418. [PMID: 39125986 PMCID: PMC11313075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to comprehensively assess the metabolic, mitochondrial, and inflammatory effects of first-line efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF) single-tablet regimen (STR) relative to untreated asymptomatic HIV infection. To this end, we analyzed 29 people with HIV (PWH) treated for at least one year with this regimen vs. 33 antiretroviral-naïve PWH. Excellent therapeutic activity was accompanied by significant alterations in metabolic parameters. The treatment group showed increased plasmatic levels of glucose, total cholesterol and its fractions (LDL and HDL), triglycerides, and hepatic enzymes (GGT, ALP); conversely, bilirubin levels (total and indirect fraction) decreased in the treated cohort. Mitochondrial performance was preserved overall and treatment administration even promoted the recovery of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content depleted by the virus, although this was not accompanied by the recovery in some of their encoded proteins (since cytochrome c oxidase II was significantly decreased). Inflammatory profile (TNFα, IL-6), ameliorated after treatment in accordance with viral reduction and the recovery of TNFα levels correlated to mtDNA cell restoration. Thus, although this regimen causes subclinical metabolic alterations, its antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties may be associated with partial improvement in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barroso
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mariona Guitart-Mampel
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francesc Josep García-García
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Judith Cantó-Santos
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Valls-Roca
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Félix Andújar-Sánchez
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adrià Vilaseca-Capel
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ester Tobías
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angela Arias-Dimas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Tania Quesada-López
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (T.Q.-L.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (T.Q.-L.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Biomedicine Institute (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (T.Q.-L.); (F.V.); (M.G.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Martínez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Muscular Disorders Research Lab, Cellex-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.); (M.G.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.); (J.C.-S.); (L.V.-R.); (F.A.-S.); (A.V.-C.); (E.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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2
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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Navasardyan I, Miwalian R, Petrosyan A, Yeganyan S, Venketaraman V. HIV-TB Coinfection: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Interactions. Viruses 2024; 16:321. [PMID: 38543687 PMCID: PMC10974211 DOI: 10.3390/v16030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a significant global health challenge. Treatment of HIV and TB co-infection often necessitates combination therapy involving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV and anti-TB medications, which introduces the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). These interactions can significantly impact treatment outcomes, the efficacy of treatment, safety, and overall patient well-being. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the DDIs between anti-HIV and anti-TB drugs as well as potential adverse effects resulting from the concomitant use of these medications. Furthermore, such findings may be used to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, dose adjustments, or alternative drug choices to minimize the risk of adverse outcomes and ensure the effective management of HIV and TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (I.N.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (S.Y.)
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4
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Mabhida SE, Mchiza ZJ, Mokgalaboni K, Hanser S, Choshi J, Mokoena H, Ziqubu K, Masilela C, Nkambule BB, Ndwandwe DE, Kengne AP, Dludla PV. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:160. [PMID: 38308222 PMCID: PMC10838000 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathological consequences of inflammation persist in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), regardless of the positive outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The current systematic review and meta-analysis aims to understand and explore the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other cardiovascular disease (CVD)-risk factors including lipid profiles among PLWH on HAART. Major electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to retrieve relevant global literature reporting on hs-CRP levels in PLWH on HAART. A total of twenty-two studies with an average participant age of 40 years were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Majority of the included studies were from Africa (n = 11), the United States (n = 6), and Europe (n = 5). Our systemic review showed that most studies reported increased levels of hs-CRP among PLWH on HAART when compared to controls (PLWH not on HAART or those without HIV), especially in studies from Africa. This was supported by a meta-analysis showing significantly elevated levels of hs-CRP in PLWH on HAART when compared to PLWH not on HAART (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.10‑1.01, z = 2.41; p = 0.02) or those without HIV (SMD = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.76‑1.63, z = 5.35; p < 0.001). Where lipid profiles, as a major predictor for CVD risk, were also impaired in PLWH on HAART when compared to PLWH not on HAART and HIV-negative participants. In conclusion, elevated levels of hs-CRP and lipid levels are prevalent in PLWH on HAART, this may increase the risk of CVD complications, especially for those people living in Africa. However, more evidence in larger population studies is required to confirm these outcomes and unveil any possible clinical implications of HAART-induced modulation of hs-CRP levels in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihle E Mabhida
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Zandile J Mchiza
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Kabelo Mokgalaboni
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
| | - Sidney Hanser
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Joel Choshi
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Haskly Mokoena
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2745, South Africa
| | - Charity Masilela
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Richards Bay, 3880, South Africa
| | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Duduzile E Ndwandwe
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - André P Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Richards Bay, 3880, South Africa
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Kawsar SMA, Munia NS, Saha S, Ozeki Y. In Silico Pharmacokinetics, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Nucleoside Analogs for Drug Discovery- A Mini Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1070-1088. [PMID: 37957918 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575258033231024073521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have been widely used as antiviral, antitumor, and antiparasitic agents due to their ability to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. Adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine and uridine analogs such as didanosine, vidarabine, remdesivir, gemcitabine, lamivudine, acyclovir, abacavir, zidovusine, stavudine, and idoxuridine showed remarkable anticancer and antiviral activities. In our previously published articles, our main intention was to develop newer generation nucleoside analogs with acylation-induced modification of the hydroxyl group and showcase their biological potencies. In the process of developing nucleoside analogs, in silico studies play an important role and provide a scientific background for biological data. Molecular interactions between drugs and receptors followed by assessment of their stability in physiological environments, help to optimize the drug development process and minimize the burden of unwanted synthesis. Computational approaches, such as DFT, FMO, MEP, ADMET prediction, PASS prediction, POM analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation, are the most popular tools to culminate all preclinical study data and deliver a molecule with maximum bioactivity and minimum toxicity. Although clinical drug trials are crucial for providing dosage recommendations, they can only indirectly provide mechanistic information through researchers for pathological, physiological, and pharmacological determinants. As a result, in silico approaches are increasingly used in drug discovery and development to provide mechanistic information of clinical value. This article portrays the current status of these methods and highlights some remarkable contributions to the development of nucleoside analogs with optimized bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin S Munia
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleoside Chemistry (LCNC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Supriyo Saha
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, 248007, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- School of Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2, Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
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Mazaheri Z, Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Baesi K, Ghazvini K, Amel-Jamehdar S, Youssefi M. A survey of resistance mutations to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) among HIV-1 patients in northeast of Iran. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 13:117-125. [PMID: 38915452 PMCID: PMC11194027 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2024.48729.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of a combination of three-drug regimen has improved HIV-1 infected patients' life span and quality; however the emergence of drug-resistant strains remains a main problem. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) consist of a main part of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. The present study aimed to investigate resistant mutations to RTI drugs in both treatment naïve and under treatment HIV patients in Mashhad city, north-eastern Iran. RNA was extracted from sera of 22 treatment naïve and 22 under treatment patients. The mean age of under treated and treatment naive groups were 38.5±6.7 and 40.8±7.9 respectively. cDNA was synthesized and amplified with Nested PCR assay targeting specific sequences of RT gene. The PCR products were sent for sequencing. Bidirectional sequencing results were analysed using HIV drug resistance database supplied by Stanford University (HIV Drug Resistance Database, https://hivdb.stanford.edu). Among under treatment patients 10 out of 22 (45%) had at least one high-level resistance mutation which was higher than high level resistance mutation rate among treatment naive cases (P<0.01). Detected resistance mutations were as follows: K101E, K103N, K103E, V106M, V108I, E138A, V179T, Y181C, M184V, Y188L, Y188H, Y188F, G190A, L210W, T215F, T215Y, K219Q, and P225H. A high level of resistance mutations to RT inhibitors was observed that causes drug resistance especially against lamivudine (3TC). Such mutations should be considered as probable responsible for therapeutic failure. Serial surveillance studies of circulating drug resistance mutations are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mazaheri
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel-Jamehdar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Hollander K, Chan AH, Frey KM, Hunker O, Ippolito JA, Spasov KA, Yeh YJ, Jorgensen WL, Ho Y, Anderson KS. Exploring novel HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with drug-resistant mutants: A double mutant surprise. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4814. [PMID: 37861472 PMCID: PMC10659932 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) remains a key target for HIV drug development. As successful management of the disease requires lifelong treatment, the emergence of resistance mutations is inevitable, making development of new RT inhibitors, which remain effective against resistant variants crucial. To this end, previous computationally guided drug design efforts have resulted in catechol diether compounds, which inhibit wildtype RT with picomolar affinities and appear to be promising preclinical candidates. To confirm that these compounds remain potent against Y181C, a widespread mutation conferring resistance to first generation inhibitors, they were screened against the HIV-1 N119 clinical isolate, reported as a Y181C single mutant. In comparison to a molecular clone with the same mutation, N119 appears less susceptible to inhibition by our preclinical candidate compounds. A more detailed sequencing effort determined that N119 was misidentified and carries V106A in combination with Y181C. While both indolizine and naphthalene substituted catechol diethers are potent against the classical Y181C single mutant, the addition of V106A confers more resistance against the indolizine derivatives than the naphthalene derivatives. Crystal structures presented in this study highlight key features of the naphthyl group, which allow these compounds to remain potent in the double mutant, including stronger interactions with F227 and less reliance on V106 for stabilization of the ethoxy-uracil ring, which makes critical hydrogen bonds with other residues in the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa Hollander
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Albert H. Chan
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Olivia Hunker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Joseph A. Ippolito
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of ChemistryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Krasimir A. Spasov
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Yang‐Hui J. Yeh
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Ya‐Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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8
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Prévost J, Chen Y, Zhou F, Tolbert WD, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Nayrac M, Nguyen DN, Gottumukkala S, Hessell AJ, Rao VB, Pozharski E, Huang RK, Matthies D, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Structure-function analyses reveal key molecular determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE resistance to the entry inhibitor temsavir. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6710. [PMID: 37872202 PMCID: PMC10593844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry inhibitor temsavir prevents the viral receptor CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) from interacting with the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and blocks its conformational changes. To do this, temsavir relies on the presence of a residue with small side chain at position 375 in Env and is unable to neutralize viral strains like CRF01_AE carrying His375. Here we investigate the mechanism of temsavir resistance and show that residue 375 is not the sole determinant of resistance. At least six additional residues within the gp120 inner domain layers, including five distant from the drug-binding pocket, contribute to resistance. A detailed structure-function analysis using engineered viruses and soluble trimer variants reveals that the molecular basis of resistance is mediated by crosstalk between His375 and the inner domain layers. Furthermore, our data confirm that temsavir can adjust its binding mode to accommodate changes in Env conformation, a property that likely contributes to its broad antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Zhou
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dung N Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rick K Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Xie X, Gan L, Fu Y, Song Y, Song C, Ren T, Ke C, Long H. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Ainuovirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Combination Tablets in Young and Elderly Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:2457-2469. [PMID: 37787861 PMCID: PMC10600068 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir is a novel antiretroviral therapy regimen used to treat human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir in HIV-1-infected patients aged ≥ 65 (elderly patients) and ≤ 40 years (young patients). METHODS This prospective, open-label, parallel controlled clinical study included 15 young and 15 elderly patients. Blood (1 mL) was collected 30 min before dosing and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h after dosing, to measure the plasma concentrations of ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir. Safety was assessed by monitoring the adverse events, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of each ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir component reached peak levels 1-4 h after dosing and gradually decreased during the remaining observation period. Compared with the young group, ainuovirine had significantly higher T1/2Ke, AUC0-24, and AUC0-inf (all P < 0.05) in the elderly group, whereas Ke (P = 0.002) was significantly lower. However, the Cmax and Tmax of ainuovirine did not differ significantly. Lamivudine and tenofovir also had a significantly higher Cmax (p = 0.004 and p = 0.008, respectively) and AUC0-inf (P = 0.014 and P = 0.006, respectively) in the elderly group, whereas there was no significant difference in Tmax, Ke, and T1/2Ke. Ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir was well tolerated in both the young and elderly groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the ainuovirine/lamivudine/tenofovir regimen might be an effective and safe treatment regimen for HIV-1-infected patients aged ≥ 65 years and ≤ 40 years. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and develop optimal dosing regimens for elderly HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yanhua Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yebing Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Chan Ke
- Yujing Technology Shanghai Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hai Long
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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10
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Doan J, Brunzo-Hager S, Satterly B, Cory TJ. Expanding therapeutic options: lenacapavir + bictegravir as a potential treatment for HIV. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1949-1956. [PMID: 38164956 PMCID: PMC10786069 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2294918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment for people with HIV/AIDS has radically evolved since the introduction of the first antiretrovirals. One newly approved antiretroviral is lenacapavir, which targets the viral capsid. Lenacapavir is currently approved as a therapeutic addition for subjects who are treatment-experienced, and who have developed resistance to multiple antiretrovirals. It is available both as a daily oral tablet and a once every 6-month subcutaneous injection. It is currently undergoing clinical trials in combination with the integrase inhibitor bictegravir as a dual therapy option, both for treatment experienced and treatment naïve individuals. AREAS COVERED We reviewed published articles, conference proceedings, and clinical trial databases to assess the current status of the research into lenacapavir and bictegravir. While the clinical trials are ongoing, with little published data to date, this combination shows promise for the treatment of both treatment experienced and naïve patients. We review the studies relevant to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs. EXPERT OPINION The new combination with bictegravir will be beneficial for treatment experienced patients, as it represents a dual therapy modality with high barriers of resistance. As a therapy for treatment naïve patients, its use is likely more niche, as other combinations are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Doan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shannon Brunzo-Hager
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brittany Satterly
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Prévost J, Chen Y, Zhou F, Tolbert WD, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Gottumukkala S, Hessell AJ, Rao VB, Pozharski E, Huang RK, Matthies D, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Structure-function Analyses Reveal Key Molecular Determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE Resistance to the Entry Inhibitor Temsavir. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537181. [PMID: 37131729 PMCID: PMC10153197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry inhibitor temsavir prevents CD4 from interacting with the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and blocks its conformational changes. To do this temsavir relies on the presence of a residue with small side chain at position 375 in Env and is unable to neutralize viral strains like CRF01_AE carrying His375. Here we investigate the mechanism of temsavir-resistance and show that residue 375 is not the sole determinant of resistance. At least six additional residues within the gp120 inner domain layers, including five distant from the drug-binding pocket, contribute to resistance. A detailed structure-function analysis using engineered viruses and soluble trimer variants reveal that the molecular basis of resistance is mediated by crosstalk between His375 and the inner domain layers. Furthermore, our data confirm that temsavir can adjust its binding mode to accommodate changes in Env conformation, a property that likely contributes to its broad-antiviral activity.
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12
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Tunc H, Sari M, Kotil S. Machine learning aided multiscale modelling of the HIV-1 infection in the presence of NRTI therapy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15033. [PMID: 37020854 PMCID: PMC10069423 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases in humans. Extending the expected lifetime of patients depends on the use of optimal antiretroviral therapies. Emergence of the drug-resistant strains can reduce the effectiveness of treatments and lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), even with antiretroviral therapy. Investigating the genotype-phenotype relationship is a crucial process for optimizing the therapy protocols of the patients. Here, a mathematical modelling framework is proposed to address the impact of existing mutations, timing of initiation, and adherence levels of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) on the evolutionary dynamics of the virus strains. For the first time, the existing Stanford HIV drug resistance data have been combined with a multi-strain within-host ordinary differential equation (ODE) model to track the dynamics of the most common NRTI-resistant strains. Overall, the D4T-3TC, D4T-AZT and TDF-D4T drug combinations have been shown to provide higher success rates in preventing treatment failure and further drug resistance. The results are in line with the genotype-phenotype data and pharmacokinetic parameters of the NRTI inhibitors. Moreover, we show that the undetectable mutant strains at the diagnosis have a significant effect on the success/failure rates of the NRTI treatments. Predictions on undetectable strains through our multi-strain within-host model yielded the possible role of viral evolution on the treatment outcomes. It has been recognized that the improvement of multi-scale models can contribute to the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics, and treatment options, and potentially increase the reliability of genotype-phenotype models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Tunc
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sari
- Mathematics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Dsouza L, Pant A, Offei S, Priyamvada L, Pope B, Satheshkumar PS, Wang Z, Yang Z. Antiviral activities of two nucleos(t)ide analogs against vaccinia and mpox viruses in primary human fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533943. [PMID: 36993701 PMCID: PMC10055413 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Many poxviruses are significant human and animal pathogens, including viruses that cause smallpox and mpox. Identification of inhibitors of poxvirus replication is critical for drug development to manage poxvirus threats. Here we tested two compounds, nucleoside trifluridine and nucleotide adefovir dipivoxil, for antiviral activities against vaccinia virus (VACV) and mpox virus (MPXV) in physiologically relevant primary human fibroblasts. Both trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil potently inhibited replication of VACV and MPXV (MA001 2022 isolate) in a plaque assay. Upon further characterization, they both conferred high potency in inhibiting VACV replication with half maximal effective concentrations (EC 50 ) at low nanomolar levels in our recently developed assay based on a recombinant VACV secreted Gaussia luciferase. Our results further validated that the recombinant VACV with Gaussia luciferase secretion is a highly reliable, rapid, non-disruptive, and simple reporter tool for identification and chracterization of poxvirus inhibitors. Both compounds inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. Given that both compounds are FDA-approved drugs, and trifluridine is used to treat ocular vaccinia in medical practice due to its antiviral activity, our results suggest that it holds great promise to further test trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil for countering poxvirus infection, including mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dsouza
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Blake Pope
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Panayampalli S. Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Correspondence: (SPS); (ZW); (ZY)
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (SPS); (ZW); (ZY)
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Correspondence: (SPS); (ZW); (ZY)
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14
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Boivin L, Harvey PD. Virus Management Using Metal-Organic Framework-Based Technologies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36892577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The eradication and isolation of viruses are two concurrent approaches to protect ourselves from viral infections and diseases. The quite versatile porous materials called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have recently emerged as efficient nanosized tools to manage viruses, and several strategies to accomplish these tasks have been developed. This review describes these strategies employing nanoscale MOFs against SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, tobacco mosaic virus, etc., which include the sequestration by host-guest penetration inside pores, mineralization, design of a physical barrier, controlled delivery of organic and inorganic antiviral drugs or bioinhibitors, photosensitization of singlet oxygen, and direct contact with inherently cytotoxic MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Boivin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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15
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Inflammatory response to retrotransposons drives tumor drug resistance that can be prevented by reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2213146119. [PMID: 36449545 PMCID: PMC9894111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213146119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of endogenous retrotransposons frequently occurs in cancer cells and contributes to tumor genomic instability. To test whether inhibition of retrotranspositions has an anticancer effect, we used treatment with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) stavudine (STV) in mouse cancer models, MMTV-HER2/Neu and Th-MYCN, that spontaneously develop breast cancer and neuroblastoma, respectively. In both cases, STV in drinking water did not affect tumor incidence nor demonstrate direct antitumor effects. However, STV dramatically extended progression-free survival in both models following an initial complete response to chemotherapy. To approach the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we analyzed the effect of NRTI on the selection of treatment-resistant variants in tumor cells in culture. Cultivation of mouse breast carcinoma 4T1 in the presence of STV dramatically reduced the frequency of cells capable of surviving treatment with anticancer drugs. Global transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the acquisition of drug resistance by 4T1 cells was accompanied by an increase in the constitutive activity of interferon type I and NF-κB pathways and an elevated expression of LINE-1 elements, which are known to induce inflammatory responses via their products of reverse transcription. Treatment with NRTI reduced NF-κB activity and reverted drug resistance. Furthermore, the inducible expression of LINE-1 stimulated inflammatory response and increased the frequency of drug-resistant variants in a tumor cell population. These results indicate a mechanism by which retrotransposon desilencing can stimulate tumor cell survival during treatment and suggest reverse transcriptase inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for targeting the development of drug-resistant cancers.
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16
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Peng S, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang Q. Progression of Antiviral Agents Targeting Viral Polymerases. Molecules 2022; 27:7370. [PMID: 36364196 PMCID: PMC9654062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral DNA and RNA polymerases are two kinds of very important enzymes that synthesize the genetic materials of the virus itself, and they have become extremely favorable targets for the development of antiviral drugs because of their relatively conserved characteristics. There are many similarities in the structure and function of different viral polymerases, so inhibitors designed for a certain viral polymerase have acted as effective universal inhibitors on other types of viruses. The present review describes the development of classical antiviral drugs targeting polymerases, summarizes a variety of viral polymerase inhibitors from the perspective of chemically synthesized drugs and natural product drugs, describes novel approaches, and proposes promising development strategies for antiviral drugs.
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17
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Mandal S, Sunagawa SW, Prathipati PK, Belshan M, Shibata A, Destache CJ. Targeted Immuno-Antiretroviral to Promote Dual Protection against HIV: A Proof-of-Concept Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1942. [PMID: 35683795 PMCID: PMC9183115 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) expression on the T-cell surface is the prime barrier to HIV/AIDS eradication, as it promotes both active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection and latency; however, antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress plasma viral loads to non-detectable levels. Keeping this in mind, we strategically designed a targeted ARVs-loaded nanoformulation that targets CCR5 expressing T-cells (e.g., CD4+ cells). Conceptually, CCR5-blocking and targeted ARV delivery would be a dual protection strategy to prevent HIV infection. For targeting CCR5+ T-cells, the nanoformulation was surface conjugated with anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (CCR5 mAb) and loaded with dolutegravir+tenofovir alafenamide (D+T) ARVs to block HIV replication. The result demonstrated that the targeted-ARV nanoparticle's multimeric CCR5 binding property improved its antigen-binding affinity, prolonged receptor binding, and ARV intracellular retention. Further, nanoformulation demonstrated high binding affinity to CCR5 expressing CD4+ cells, monocytes, and other CCR5+ T-cells. Finally, the short-term pre-exposure prophylaxis study demonstrated that prolonged CCR5 blockage and ARV presence further induced a "protective immune phenotype" with a boosted T-helper (Th), temporary memory (TM), and effector (E) sub-population. The proof-of-concept study that the targeted-ARV nanoformulation dual-action mechanism could provide a multifactorial solution toward achieving HIV "functional cure."
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mandal
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Shawnalyn W. Sunagawa
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Destache
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.W.S.); (P.K.P.); (C.J.D.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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18
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Yulia R, Ikasanti PAI, Herawati F, Hartono R, Hanum PS, Lestiono, Ramdani D, Jaelani AK, Kantono K, Wijono H. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antiviral Drug Effectiveness in COVID-19 Therapy: A Data-Driven Retrospective Approach. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:92-105. [PMID: 35366292 PMCID: PMC8955219 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease is mainly due to a dysregulated host response related to the overexpression of inflammatory markers. Until recently, only remdesivir had gained FDA approval for COVID-19 hospitalized patients and there are currently no evidence-based therapeutic options or options for prevention of complications that have been established. Some medical treatments such as antivirals, antibacterials, antithrombotics, antipyretics, corticosteroids, interleukin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, immunostimulants, and vitamin supplements have been utilized. However, there are limited data to support their effectiveness. Hence, this study was attempted to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of antibacterials and antivirals used for COVID-19 using a retrospective cross-sectional approach based on the medical records of adult patients in four hospitals. The number of antibacterials was calculated in defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed-days unit. Both mixed-logit regression and analysis of covariance were used to determine the effectiveness of the aforementioned agents in relation to COVID-19 outcome and patients' length of stay. The model was weighed accordingly and covariates (e.g., age) were considered in the model. Heart disease was found to be the most common pre-existing condition of COVID-19 hospitalized patients in this study. Azithromycin, an antibacterial in the Watch category list, was used extensively (33-65 DDD per 100 bed-days). Oseltamivir, an antiviral approved by the FDA for influenza was the most prescribed antiviral. In addition, favipiravir was found to be a significant factor in improving patients' COVID-19 outcomes and decreasing their length of stay. This study strongly suggests that COVID-19 patients' received polypharmacy for their treatment. However, most of the drugs used did not reach statistical significance in improving the patients' condition or decreasing the length of stay. Further studies to support drug use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yulia
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (R.Y.); (P.A.I.I.)
| | - Putri Ayu Irma Ikasanti
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (R.Y.); (P.A.I.I.)
| | - Fauna Herawati
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (R.Y.); (P.A.I.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Ruddy Hartono
- Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia;
| | - Puri Safitri Hanum
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (P.S.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Lestiono
- Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Pusat TNI Angkatan Laut (RSPAL) Dr. Ramelan, Surabaya 60244, Indonesia;
| | - Dewi Ramdani
- Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Umum Haji, Surabaya 60177, Indonesia;
| | | | - Kevin Kantono
- Department of Food Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Heru Wijono
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (P.S.H.); (H.W.)
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19
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Siritientong T, Thet D, Methaneethorn J, Leelakanok N. Pharmacokinetic Outcomes of the Interactions of Antiretroviral Agents with Food and Supplements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:520. [PMID: 35276881 PMCID: PMC8840371 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Because pharmacokinetic changes in antiretroviral drugs (ARV), due to their concurrent administration with food or nutritional products, have become a clinical challenge, it is necessary to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of ARV in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to clarify the pharmacokinetic outcomes of the interaction between supplements such as food, dietary supplements, and nutrients, and ARV. Twenty-four articles in both healthy subjects and PLWH were included in the qualitative analysis, of which five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Food−drug coadministration significantly increased the time to reach maximum concentration (tmax) (p < 0.00001) of ARV including abacavir, amprenavir, darunavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, zidovudine, ritonavir, and tenofovir alafenamide. In addition, the increased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of ARV, such as darunavir, under fed conditions was observed. Area under the curve and terminal half-life were not significantly affected. Evaluating the pharmacokinetic aspects, it is vital to clinically investigate ARV and particular supplement interaction in PLWH. Educating patients about any potential interactions would be one of the effective recommendations during this HIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Siritientong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Burn and Wound Care, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Daylia Thet
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Janthima Methaneethorn
- Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattawut Leelakanok
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen BP, Nguyen DTD, Nguyen NH, Nguyen DH, Nguyen CK. Retrovirus Drugs-Loaded PEGylated PAMAM for Prolonging Drug Release and Enhancing Efficiency in HIV Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:114. [PMID: 35012136 PMCID: PMC8747428 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) with its unique characteristics emerges as a potential drug delivery system which can prolong releasing time, reduce the side effects but still retaining treatment efficiency. In this study, methoxy polyethylene glycol modified PAMAM generation 3.0 (G3.0@mPEG) is prepared and characterized via 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and TEM. Subsequently, two antiretroviral agents (ARV) including lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are individually encapsulated into G3.0@mPEG. The drug-loading efficiency, drug release profile, cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activity are then evaluated. The results illustrate that G3.0@mPEG particles are spherical with a size of 34.5 ± 0.2 nm and a drug loading content of about 9%. Both G3.0@mPEG and ARV@G3.0@mPEG show no cytotoxicity on BJ cells, and G3.0@mPEG loading 3TC and AZT performs sustained drug release behavior which is best fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Finally, the anti-HIV activity of ARV via Enzymatic Assay of Pepsin is retained after being loaded into the G3.0@mPEG, in which about 36% of pepsin activity was inhibited by AZT at the concentration of 0.226 mM. Overall, PAMAM G3.0@mPEG is a promising nanocarrier system for loading ARV in HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Institute of Drug Quality Control, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
| | - Bao Phu Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Dinh Tien Dung Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Natural Science, Duy Tan University, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Hoi Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Dai Hai Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Cuu Khoa Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (N.H.N.); (D.H.N.)
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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21
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Mohan J, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. A Critical Review of the Biochemical Mechanisms and Epigenetic Modifications in HIV- and Antiretroviral-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112020. [PMID: 34769448 PMCID: PMC8584285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterised by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. Alarmingly, the prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. This study aimed to look at biochemical mechanisms and epigenetic modifications associated with HIV, ARVs, and MetS. More specifically, emphasis was placed on mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, inflammation, lipodystrophy, and dyslipidaemia. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction was the most common mechanism that induced metabolic complications. Our findings suggest that protease inhibitors (PIs) are more commonly implicated in MetS-related effects than other classes of ARVs. Furthermore, we highlight epigenetic studies linking HIV and ARV usage to MetS and stress the need for more studies, as the current literature remains limited despite the advancement in and popularity of epigenetics.
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22
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Segura J, He B, Ireland J, Zou Z, Shen T, Roth G, Sun PD. The Role of L-Selectin in HIV Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:725741. [PMID: 34659153 PMCID: PMC8511817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.725741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV envelope glycoprotein is the most heavily glycosylated viral protein complex identified with over 20 glycans on its surface. This glycan canopy is thought to primarily shield the virus from host immune recognition as glycans are poor immunogens in general, however rare HIV neutralizing antibodies nevertheless potently recognize the glycan epitopes. While CD4 and chemokine receptors have been known as viral entry receptor and coreceptor, for many years the role of viral glycans in HIV entry was controversial. Recently, we showed that HIV envelope glycan binds to L-selectin in solution and on CD4 T lymphocytes. The viral glycan and L-selectin interaction functions to facilitate the viral adhesion and entry. Upon entry, infected CD4 T lymphocytes are stimulated to progressively shed L-selectin and suppressing this lectin receptor shedding greatly reduced HIV viral release and caused aggregation of diminutive virus-like particles within experimental infections and from infected primary T lymphocytes derived from both viremic and aviremic individuals. As shedding of L-selectin is mediated by ADAM metalloproteinases downstream of host-cell stimulation, these findings showed a novel mechanism for HIV viral release and offer a potential new class of anti-HIV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Biao He
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Peter D Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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23
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Matthews RP, Jackson Rudd D, Fillgrove KL, Zhang S, Tomek C, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Drug Interaction Between Islatravir (MK-8591) and Doravirine in Adults Without HIV. Clin Drug Investig 2021; 41:629-638. [PMID: 34151413 PMCID: PMC8245385 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-021-01046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Islatravir (MK-8591) is a novel nucleoside analogue in development for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Doravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of islatravir and doravirine coadministration in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, fixed-sequence study. METHODS Adult participants without HIV infection were administered oral doravirine 100 mg (n = 10) or placebo (n = 4) once daily (QD) for 5 days, immediately followed by oral islatravir 2.25 mg (n = 10) or placebo QD (n = 4) for 14 days; islatravir 2.25 mg and doravirine 100 mg QD, or placebo QD, were then coadministered for 5 days. Pharmacokinetic and safety data were collected. RESULTS Doravirine geometric least-squares mean ratios (90% confidence intervals (CIs)) of (doravirine + islatravir)/doravirine for the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24h), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and plasma concentration at 24 h post-dose (C24h) were not meaningfully impacted. Islatravir geometric least-squares mean ratios (90% CI) of (islatravir + doravirine)/islatravir for AUC0-24h and Cmax were both close to unity, 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) and 1.08 (0.91, 1.27), respectively. All study regimens were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION These results indicate that coadministration of islatravir and doravirine had no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of either drug, and support further clinical investigation of islatravir in combination with doravirine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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24
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Dilmore C, DeStefano JJ. HIV Reverse Transcriptase Pre-Steady-State Kinetic Analysis of Chain Terminators and Translocation Inhibitors Reveals Interactions between Magnesium and Nucleotide 3'-OH. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14621-14628. [PMID: 34124485 PMCID: PMC8190884 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Deoxythymidine triphosphate analogues with various 3' substituents in the sugar ring (-OH (dTTP)), -H, -N3, -NH2, -F, -O-CH3, no group (2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate (d4TTP)), and those retaining the 3'-OH but with 4' additions (4'-C-methyl, 4'-C-ethyl) or sugar ring modifications (d-carba dTTP) were evaluated using pre-steady-state kinetics in low (0.5 mM) and high (6 mM) Mg2+ with HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Analogues showed diminished observed incorporation rate constants (k obs) compared to dTTP ranging from about 2-fold (3'-H, -N3, and d4TTP with high Mg2+) to >10-fold (3'-NH2 and 3'-F with low Mg2+), while 3'-O-CH3 dTTP incorporated much slower than other analogues. Illustrating the importance of interactions between Mg2+ and the 3'-OH, k obs using 5 μM dTTP and 0.5 mM Mg2+ was only modestly slower (1.6-fold) than with 6 mM Mg2+, while analogues with 3' alterations incorporated 2.8-5.1-fold slower in 0.5 mM Mg2+. In contrast, 4'-C-methyl and d-carba dTTP, which retain the 3'-OH, were not significantly affected by Mg2+. Consistent with these results, analogues with 3' modifications were better inhibitors in 6 versus 0.5 mM Mg2+. Equilibrium dissociation constant (K D) and maximum incorporation rate (k pol) determinations for dTTP and analogues lacking a 3'-OH indicated that low Mg2+ caused a several-fold greater reduction in k pol with the analogues but did not significantly affect K D, results consistent with a role for 3'-OH/Mg2+ interactions in catalysis rather than nucleotide binding. Overall, results emphasize the importance of previously unreported interactions between Mg2+ and the 3'-OH of the incoming nucleotide and suggest that inhibitors with 3'-OH groups may have advantages in low free Mg2+ in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
R. Dilmore
- Cell
Biology and Molecular Genetics, 3130 Bioscience Research
Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. DeStefano
- Cell
Biology and Molecular Genetics, 3130 Bioscience Research
Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland
Pathogen Research Institute, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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25
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Lai YT. Small Molecule HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors: Discovery, Mode of Action and Structural Basis of Inhibition. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050843. [PMID: 34066522 PMCID: PMC8148533 DOI: 10.3390/v13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral entry into host cells is a critical step in the viral life cycle. HIV-1 entry is mediated by the sole surface envelope glycoprotein Env and is initiated by the interaction between Env and the host receptor CD4. This interaction, referred to as the attachment step, has long been considered an attractive target for inhibitor discovery and development. Fostemsavir, recently approved by the FDA, represents the first-in-class drug in the attachment inhibitor class. This review focuses on the discovery of temsavir (the active compound of fostemsavir) and analogs, mechanistic studies that elucidated the mode of action, and structural studies that revealed atomic details of the interaction between HIV-1 Env and attachment inhibitors. Challenges associated with emerging resistance mutations to the attachment inhibitors and the development of next-generation attachment inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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A Concept Evaluation Study of a New Combination Bictegravir plus Tenofovir Alafenamide Nanoformulation with Prolonged Sustained-Drug-Release Potency for HIV-1 Preexposure Prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02320-20. [PMID: 33526487 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02320-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral treatment (ART) approach is the best-prescribed approach to date for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for high-risk individuals. However, the daily combination antiretroviral (cARV) regimen has become cumbersome for healthy individuals, leading to nonadherence. Recent surveys showed high acceptance of parenteral sustained-release ART enhancing PrEP adherence. Our approach is to design a parenteral nanoparticle (NP)-based cARV sustained-release (cARV-SR) system as long-acting HIV PrEP. Here, we report a new combination of two potent ARVs (tenofovir alafenamide fumarate [TAF] and bictegravir [BIC]) loaded as a nanoformulation intended as a cARV-SR for PrEP. The BIC+TAF NPs were fabricated by using a standardized in-house methodology. In vitro intracellular kinetics, cytotoxicity, and HIV-1 protection studies demonstrated that BIC+TAF encapsulation prolonged drug retention, reduced drug-associated cytotoxicity, and enhanced HIV protection. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nanoformulated BIC+TAF demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the drug's selectivity index by 472 times compared to the BIC+TAF in solution. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of BIC, TAF, and respective drug metabolites in female BALB/c mice after single subcutaneous doses of BIC+TAF NPs demonstrated plasma drug concentrations of BIC and tenofovir above the intracellular 50% inhibitory concentration during the entire 30-day study period and prolonged persistence of both active drugs in the HIV target organs, including the vagina, colon, spleen, and lymph nodes. This report demonstrates that the encapsulation of BIC+TAF in a nanoformulation improved its therapeutic selectivity and the in vivo pharmacokinetics of free drugs. Based on these preliminary studies, we hypothesize that cARV-SR has potential as an innovative once-monthly delivery treatment for PrEP.
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27
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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28
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Post-Catalytic Complexes with Emtricitabine or Stavudine and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Reveal New Mechanistic Insights for Nucleotide Incorporation and Drug Resistance. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204868. [PMID: 33096918 PMCID: PMC7587939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global health issue since neither a cure nor a vaccine is available. However, the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the life expectancy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are in almost all HAART and target reverse transcriptase (RT), an essential enzyme for the virus. Even though NRTIs are highly effective, they have limitations caused by RT resistance. The main mechanisms of RT resistance to NRTIs are discrimination and excision. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for discrimination and excision are essential to develop more potent and selective NRTIs. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we determined the first crystal structure of RT in its post-catalytic state in complex with emtricitabine, (-)FTC or stavudine (d4T). Our structural studies provide the framework for understanding how RT discriminates between NRTIs and natural nucleotides, and for understanding the requirement of (-)FTC to undergo a conformation change for successful incorporation by RT. The crystal structure of RT in post-catalytic complex with d4T provides a "snapshot" for considering the possible mechanism of how RT develops resistance for d4T via excision. The findings reported herein will contribute to the development of next generation NRTIs.
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29
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Sanford SL, Welfer GA, Freudenthal BD, Opresko PL. Mechanisms of telomerase inhibition by oxidized and therapeutic dNTPs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5288. [PMID: 33082336 PMCID: PMC7576608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that adds GGTTAG repeats to chromosome ends and is upregulated in most human cancers to enable limitless proliferation. Here, we uncover two distinct mechanisms by which naturally occurring oxidized dNTPs and therapeutic dNTPs inhibit telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. We conduct a series of direct telomerase extension assays in the presence of modified dNTPs on various telomeric substrates. We provide direct evidence that telomerase can add the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ddITP and AZT-TP to the telomeric end, causing chain termination. In contrast, telomerase continues elongation after inserting oxidized 2-OH-dATP or therapeutic 6-thio-dGTP, but insertion disrupts translocation and inhibits further repeat addition. Kinetics reveal that telomerase poorly selects against 6-thio-dGTP, inserting with similar catalytic efficiency as dGTP. Furthermore, telomerase processivity factor POT1-TPP1 fails to restore processive elongation in the presence of inhibitory dNTPs. These findings reveal mechanisms for targeting telomerase with modified dNTPs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Sanford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Griffin A Welfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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30
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Yu ZJ, Mosher EP, Bumpus NN. Pharmacogenomics of Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism and Transport. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:565-585. [PMID: 32960701 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-021320-111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced morbidity and mortality for persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Individual tailoring of antiretroviral regimens has the potential to further improve the long-term management of HIV through the mitigation of treatment failure and drug-induced toxicities. While the mechanisms underlying anti-HIV drug adverse outcomes are multifactorial, the application of drug-specific pharmacogenomic knowledge is required in order to move toward the personalization of HIV therapy. Thus, detailed understanding of the metabolism and transport of antiretrovirals and the influence of genetics on these pathways is important. To this end, this review provides an up-to-date overview of the metabolism of anti-HIV therapeutics and the impact of genetic variation in drug metabolism and transport on the treatment of HIV. Future perspectives on and current challenges in pursuing personalized HIV treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaikuan J Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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31
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Duong VN, Ippolito JA, Chan AH, Lee WG, Spasov KA, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Structural investigation of 2-naphthyl phenyl ether inhibitors bound to WT and Y181C reverse transcriptase highlights key features of the NNRTI binding site. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1902-1910. [PMID: 32643196 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 remains as a global health issue that is primarily treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, a combination of drugs that target the viral life cycle. One class of these drugs are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that target the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). First generation NNRTIs were troubled with poor pharmacological properties and drug resistance, incentivizing the development of improved compounds. One class of developed compounds are the 2-naphthyl phenyl ethers, showing promising efficacy against the Y181C RT mutation. Further biochemical and structural work demonstrated differences in potency against the Y181C mutation and binding mode of the compounds. This work aims to understand the relationship between the binding mode and ability to overcome drug resistance using macromolecular x-ray crystallography. Comparison of 2-naphthyl phenyl ethers bound to Y181C RT reveal that compounds that interact with the invariant W229 are more capable of retaining efficacy against the resistance mutation. Additional modifications to these compounds at the 4-position, computationally designed to compensate for the Y181C mutation, do not demonstrate improved potency. Ultimately, we highlight important considerations for the development of future HIV-1 drugs that are able to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Duong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph A Ippolito
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Albert H Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Won-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Krasimir A Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Narendran S, Pereira F, Yerramothu P, Apicella I, Wang SB, Varshney A, Baker KL, Marion KM, Ambati M, Ambati VL, Ambati K, Sadda SR, Gelfand BD, Ambati J. A Clinical Metabolite of Azidothymidine Inhibits Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization and Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:4. [PMID: 32749462 PMCID: PMC7441363 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Azidothymidine (AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity independent of its ability to inhibit reverse transcriptase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 5'-glucuronyl azidothymidine (GAZT), an antiretrovirally inert hepatic clinical metabolite of AZT, in mouse models of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration and choroidal neovascularization (CNV), hallmark features of dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), respectively. Methods RPE degeneration was induced in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice by subretinal injection of Alu RNA. RPE degeneration was assessed by fundus photography and confocal microscopy of zonula occludens-1-stained RPE flat mounts. Choroidal neovascularization was induced by laser injury in WT mice, and CNV volume was measured by confocal microscopy. AZT and GAZT were delivered by intravitreous injections. Inflammasome activation was monitored by western blotting for caspase-1 and by ELISA for IL-1β in Alu RNA-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Results GAZT inhibited Alu RNA-induced RPE degeneration and laser-induced CNV. GAZT also reduced Alu RNA-induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release in BMDMs. Conclusions GAZT possesses dual anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties and could be a viable treatment option for both forms of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Narendran
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Felipe Pereira
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Praveen Yerramothu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ivana Apicella
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Shao-bin Wang
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kirstie L. Baker
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Marion
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Meenakshi Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Center for Digital Image Evaluation, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Vidya L. Ambati
- Center for Digital Image Evaluation, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kameshwari Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Srinivas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Bradley D. Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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Fichez J, Soulie C, Le Corre L, Sayon S, Priet S, Alvarez K, Delelis O, Gizzi P, Prestat G, Gravier-Pelletier C, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Busca P. Discovery, SAR study and ADME properties of methyl 4-amino-3-cyano-1-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate as an HIV-1 replication inhibitor. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:577-582. [PMID: 33479659 PMCID: PMC7593888 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the antiviral activity of known pyrazole-based HIV inhibitors, we screened our in-house library of pyrazole-based compounds to evaluate their in cellulo activity against HIV-1 replication. Two hits with very similar structures appeared from single and multiple-round infection assays to be non-toxic and active in a dose-dependent manner. Chemical expansion of their series allowed an in-depth and consistent structure-activity-relationship study (SAR) to be built. Further ADME evaluation led to the selection of 4-amino-3-cyano-1-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate with an advantageous pharmacokinetic profile. Finally, examination of its mode of action revealed that this compound does not belong to the three main classes of anti-HIV drugs, a feature of prime interest in the context of viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Fichez
- LCBPT , UMR CNRS 8601 , Université de Paris , Paris , France .
| | - Cathia Soulie
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | | | - Sophie Sayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Stéphane Priet
- Aix-Marseille Univ , Laboratoire AFMB , UMR CNRS 7257 , Marseille , France
- UMR EPV , Université Aix-Marseille - IRD 190 - INSERM 1207 - EHESP , Marseille , France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- Aix-Marseille Univ , Laboratoire AFMB , UMR CNRS 7257 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Patrick Gizzi
- PCBIS , UMS CNRS 3286 , ESBS - Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France
| | | | | | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Patricia Busca
- LCBPT , UMR CNRS 8601 , Université de Paris , Paris , France .
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Melo R, Lemos A, Preto AJ, Bueschbell B, Matos-Filipe P, Barreto C, Almeida JG, Silva RDM, Correia JDG, Moreira IS. An Overview of Antiretroviral Agents for Treating HIV Infection in Paediatric Population. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:760-794. [PMID: 30182840 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening and infectious disease in which the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is mainly transmitted through Mother-To- Child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. This review provides an overview of the distinct therapeutic alternatives to abolish the systemic viral replication in paediatric HIV-1 infection. Numerous classes of antiretroviral agents have emerged as therapeutic tools for downregulation of different steps in the HIV replication process. These classes encompass Non- Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs), INtegrase Inhibitors (INIs), Protease Inhibitors (PIs), and Entry Inhibitors (EIs). Co-administration of certain antiretroviral drugs with Pharmacokinetic Enhancers (PEs) may boost the effectiveness of the primary therapeutic agent. The combination of multiple antiretroviral drug regimens (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy - HAART) is currently the standard therapeutic approach for HIV infection. So far, the use of HAART offers the best opportunity for prolonged and maximal viral suppression, and preservation of the immune system upon HIV infection. Still, the frequent administration of high doses of multiple drugs, their inefficient ability to reach the viral reservoirs in adequate doses, the development of drug resistance, and the lack of patient compliance compromise the complete HIV elimination. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may enable targeted delivery of antiretroviral agents to inaccessible viral reservoir sites at therapeutic concentrations. In addition, the application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches has provided valuable tools for the development of anti-HIV drug candidates with favourable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Melo
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - António J Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pedro Matos-Filipe
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - José G Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Rúben D M Silva
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - Irina S Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherland
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Pinto DO, Scott TA, DeMarino C, Pleet ML, Vo TT, Saifuddin M, Kovalskyy D, Erickson J, Cowen M, Barclay RA, Zeng C, Weinberg MS, Kashanchi F. Effect of transcription inhibition and generation of suppressive viral non-coding RNAs. Retrovirology 2019; 16:13. [PMID: 31036006 PMCID: PMC6489247 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) survive infection but require life-long adherence at high expense. In chronic cART-treated patients with undetectable viral titers, cell-associated viral RNA is still detectable, pointing to low-level viral transcriptional leakiness. To date, there are no FDA-approved drugs against HIV-1 transcription. We have previously shown that F07#13, a third generation Tat peptide mimetic with competitive activity against Cdk9/T1-Tat binding sites, inhibits HIV-1 transcription in vitro and in vivo. Results Here, we demonstrate that increasing concentrations of F07#13 (0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) cause a decrease in Tat levels in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting the Cdk9/T1-Tat complex formation and subsequent ubiquitin-mediated Tat sequestration and degradation. Our data indicate that complexes I and IV contain distinct patterns of ubiquitinated Tat and that transcriptional inhibition induced by F07#13 causes an overall reduction in Tat levels. This reduction may be triggered by F07#13 but ultimately is mediated by TAR-gag viral RNAs that bind suppressive transcription factors (similar to 7SK, NRON, HOTAIR, and Xist lncRNAs) to enhance transcriptional gene silencing and latency. These RNAs complex with PRC2, Sin3A, and Cul4B, resulting in epigenetic modifications. Finally, we observed an F07#13-mediated decrease of viral burden by targeting the R region of the long terminal repeat (HIV-1 promoter region, LTR), promoting both paused polymerases and increased efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 editing in infected cells. This implies that gene editing may be best performed under a repressed transcriptional state. Conclusions Collectively, our results indicate that F07#13, which can terminate RNA Polymerase II at distinct sites, can generate scaffold RNAs, which may assemble into specific sets of “RNA Machines” that contribute to gene regulation. It remains to be seen whether these effects can also be seen in various clades that have varying promoter strength, mutant LTRs, and in patient samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-019-0475-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Tristan A Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Thy T Vo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Dmytro Kovalskyy
- Protein Engineering Department, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, UAS, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - James Erickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Wits/SA MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA. .,Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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