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Ghosh S, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Meaney S, Nag S, Lizard G, Tripathi G, Naez F, Paul S. Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:163-191. [PMID: 38036880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Falal Naez
- Department of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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2
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Mutić S, Stanković D, Kónya Z, Anojčić J. Facile immobilization of cholesterol oxidase on Pt,Ru-C nanocomposite and ionic liquid-modified carbon paste electrode for an efficient amperometric free cholesterol biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5709-5722. [PMID: 37453937 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In present work, the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was immobilized by Nafion® (Naf) on Pt,Ru-C nanocomposite and an ionic liquid (IL)-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) in order to create cholesterol biosensor (Naf/ChOx/Pt,Ru-C/IL-CPE). The prepared working electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry, while their electrochemical performance was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopic, cyclic voltammetric, and amperometric techniques. Excellent synergism between IL 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([AMIM][DCA]), Pt,Ru-C, and ChOx, as modifiers of CPE, offers the most pronounced analytical performance for improved cholesterol amperometric determination in phosphate buffer solution pH 7.50 at a working potential of 0.60 V. Under optimized experimental conditions, a linear relationship between oxidation current and cholesterol concentration was found for the range from 0.31 to 2.46 µM, with an estimated detection limit of 0.13 µM and relative standard deviation (RSD) below 5.5%. The optimized amperometric method in combination with the developed Naf/ChOx/Pt,Ru-C/IL-CPE biosensor showed good repeatability and high selectivity towards cholesterol biosensing. The proposed biosensor was successfully applied to determine free cholesterol in a human blood serum sample via its enzymatic reaction product hydrogen peroxide despite the presence of possible interferences. The percentage recovery ranged from 99.08 to 102.81%, while RSD was below 2.0% for the unspiked as well as the spiked human blood serum sample. The obtained results indicated excellent accuracy and precision of the method, concluding that the developed biosensor can be a promising alternative to existing commercial cholesterol tests used in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mutić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Stanković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Radioisotopes, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla Tér 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, Rerrich Béla Tér 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jasmina Anojčić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Heath RS, Sangster JJ, Turner NJ. An Engineered Cholesterol Oxidase Catalyses Enantioselective Oxidation of Non-steroidal Secondary Alcohols. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200075. [PMID: 35143703 PMCID: PMC9303356 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective oxidation of 2° alcohols to ketones is an important reaction in synthetic chemistry, especially if it can be achieved using O2 -driven alcohol oxidases under mild reaction conditions. However to date, oxidation of secondary alcohols using alcohol oxidases has focused on activated benzylic or allylic substrates, with unactivated secondary alcohols showing poor activity. Here we show that cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) could be engineered for activity towards a range of aliphatic, cyclic, acyclic, allylic and benzylic secondary alcohols. Additionally, since the variants demonstrated high (S)-selectivity, deracemisation reactions were performed in the presence of ammonia borane to obtain enantiopure (R)-alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Heath
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
| | - Jack J. Sangster
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetM1 7DNManchesterUK
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4
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Thangavel B, Berchmans S, Ganesh V. Hollow spheres of iron oxide as an “enzyme-mimic”: preparation, characterization and application as biosensors. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05460k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured hollow spheres of iron oxide are demonstrated as “nanozymes” for the dual mode (spectrophotometric and electrochemical) detection of hydrogen peroxide & cholesterol biomarkers and a novel electrochemical sensing mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Thangavel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR–Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR–CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheela Berchmans
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR–Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR–CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. Ganesh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR–Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR–CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Electrochemical sensing of cholesterol based on MWCNTs loaded nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-021-00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Zeyaullah M, AlShahrani AM, Muzammil K, Ahmad I, Alam S, Khan WH, Ahmad R. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Current Challenges and Health Concern. Front Genet 2021; 12:693916. [PMID: 34211506 PMCID: PMC8239414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.693916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, was triggered and unfolded quickly throughout the globe by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The new virus, transmitted primarily through inhalation or contact with infected droplets, seems very contagious and pathogenic, with an incubation period varying from 2 to 14 days. The epidemic is an ongoing public health problem that challenges the present global health system. A worldwide social and economic stress has been observed. The transitional source of origin and its transport to humans is unknown, but speedy human transportation has been accepted extensively. The typical clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are almost like colds. With case fatality rates varying from 2 to 3 percent, a small number of patients may experience serious health problems or even die. To date, there is a limited number of antiviral agents or vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19. The occurrence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection are outlined and comparatively analyzed, given the outbreak's urgency. The recent developments in diagnostics, treatment, and marketed vaccine are discussed to deal with this viral outbreak. Now the scientist is concerned about the appearance of several variants over the globe and the efficacy of the vaccine against these variants. There is a need for consistent monitoring of the virus epidemiology and surveillance of the ongoing variant and related disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. AlShahrani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shane Alam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University (JU), Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Goel N, Ahmad R, Fatima H, Khare SK. New threatening of SARS-CoV-2 coinfection and strategies to fight the current pandemic. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 10:100089. [PMID: 33748740 PMCID: PMC7963520 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has overloaded healthcare systems that need medication to be rapidly established, at least to minimize the incidence of COVID-19. The coinfection with other microorganisms has drastically affected human health. Due to the utmost necessity to treat the patient infected with COVID-19 earliest, poor diagnosis and misuse of antibiotics may lead the world where no more drugs are available even to treat mild infections. Besides, sanitizers and disinfectants used to help minimize widespread coronavirus infection risk also contribute to an increased risk of antimicrobial resistance. To ease the situation, zinc supplements' potentiality has been explored and found to be an effective element to boost the immune system. Zinc also prevents the entry of the virus by increasing the ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, the limitations of current antiviral agents such as a narrow range and low bioavailability can be resolved using nanomaterials, which are considered an important therapeutic alternative for the next generation. Thus, the development of new antiviral nanoagents will significantly help tackle many potential challenges and knowledge gaps. This review paper provides profound insight into how COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are interrelated and the possible implications and current strategies to fight the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikky Goel
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Huma Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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8
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Ghosh S, Ahmad R, Banerjee K, AlAjmi MF, Rahman S. Mechanistic Aspects of Microbe-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638068. [PMID: 34025600 PMCID: PMC8131684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, nanoparticles (NPs) have found increasing interest owing to their size, large surface areas, distinctive structures, and unique properties, making them suitable for various industrial and biomedical applications. Biogenic synthesis of NPs using microbes is a recent trend and a greener approach than physical and chemical methods of synthesis, which demand higher costs, greater energy consumption, and complex reaction conditions and ensue hazardous environmental impact. Several microorganisms are known to trap metals in situ and convert them into elemental NPs forms. They are found to accumulate inside and outside of the cell as well as in the periplasmic space. Despite the toxicity of NPs, the driving factor for the production of NPs inside microorganisms remains unelucidated. Several reports suggest that nanotization is a way of stress response and biodefense mechanism for the microbe, which involves metal excretion/accumulation across membranes, enzymatic action, efflux pump systems, binding at peptides, and precipitation. Moreover, genes also play an important role for microbial nanoparticle biosynthesis. The resistance of microbial cells to metal ions during inward and outward transportation leads to precipitation. Accordingly, it becomes pertinent to understand the interaction of the metal ions with proteins, DNA, organelles, membranes, and their subsequent cellular uptake. The elucidation of the mechanism also allows us to control the shape, size, and monodispersity of the NPs to develop large-scale production according to the required application. This article reviews different means in microbial synthesis of NPs focusing on understanding the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of nanotization of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Research and Development Office, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamalika Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed Fahad AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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9
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Ghosh S, Ahmad R, Zeyaullah M, Khare SK. Microbial Nano-Factories: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:626834. [PMID: 33937188 PMCID: PMC8085502 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.626834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent times, nanomaterials have emerged in the field of biology, medicine, electronics, and agriculture due to their immense applications. Owing to their nanoscale sizes, they present large surface/volume ratio, characteristic structures, and similar dimensions to biomolecules resulting in unique properties for biomedical applications. The chemical and physical methods to synthesize nanoparticles have their own limitations which can be overcome using biological methods for the synthesis. Moreover, through the biogenic synthesis route, the usage of microorganisms has offered a reliable, sustainable, safe, and environmental friendly technique for nanosynthesis. Bacterial, algal, fungal, and yeast cells are known to transport metals from their environment and convert them to elemental nanoparticle forms which are either accumulated or secreted. Additionally, robust nanocarriers have also been developed using viruses. In order to prevent aggregation and promote stabilization of the nanoparticles, capping agents are often secreted during biosynthesis. Microbial nanoparticles find biomedical applications in rapid diagnostics, imaging, biopharmaceuticals, drug delivery systems, antimicrobials, biomaterials for tissue regeneration as well as biosensors. The major challenges in therapeutic applications of microbial nanoparticles include biocompatibility, bioavailability, stability, degradation in the gastro-intestinal tract, and immune response. Thus, the current review article is focused on the microbe-mediated synthesis of various nanoparticles, the different microbial strains explored for such synthesis along with their current and future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Khamis Mushait, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Ahmad R, Srivastava S, Ghosh S, Khare SK. Phytochemical delivery through nanocarriers: a review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111389. [PMID: 33075659 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, phytochemicals encapsulated or conjugated with nanocarriers for delivery to the specific sites have gained considerable research interest. Phytochemicals are mostly plant secondary metabolites which reported to be beneficial for human health and in disease theraphy. However, these compound are large size and polar nature of these compounds, make it difficult to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), endothelial lining of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract and mucosa. Moreover, they are enzymatically degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation or conjugation of these compounds with nanocrriers could be an alternate way to enhance their bioefficacy by influencing their gastrointestinal stability, rate of absorption and dispersion. This review presents an overview of nanocarriers alternatives which improves therapeutic value and avoid toxicity, by releasing bioactive compounds specifically at target tissues with enhanced stability and bioavailability. Future investigations may emphasize on deciphering the structural changes in nanocarriers during digestion and absorption, the difference between in-vitro and in-vivo digestion simulations, and impact of nanocarriers on the metabolism of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sukriti Srivastava
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shubhrima Ghosh
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Abstract
This chapter represents a journey through flavoprotein oxidases. The purpose is to excite the reader curiosity regarding this class of enzymes by showing their diverse applications. We start with a brief overview on oxidases to then introduce flavoprotein oxidases and elaborate on the flavin cofactors, their redox and spectroscopic characteristics, and their role in the catalytic mechanism. The six major flavoprotein oxidase families will be described, giving examples of their importance in biology and their biotechnological uses. Specific attention will be given to a few selected flavoprotein oxidases that are not extensively discussed in other chapters of this book. Glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) oxidase and methanol oxidase are four examples of oxidases belonging to the GMC-like flavoprotein oxidase family and that have been shown to be valuable biocatalysts. Their structural and mechanistic features and recent enzyme engineering will be discussed in details. Finally we give a look at the current trend in research and conclude with a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Martin
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Ghosh S, Ahmad R, Khare SK. Refolding of thermally denatured cholesterol oxidases by magnetic nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:958-965. [PMID: 31325504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are prone to unfolding and subsequent denaturation by changes in temperature, pH and other harsh conditions. Nanoparticles act as artificial 'chaperones' due to favourable orientation of the proteins on their scaffold which prevents aggregation and reconfigures denatured proteins into their native functional state. In the present study, thermal denaturation of Cholesterol oxidases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA, Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 3951 and Streptomyces sp. were studied at temperatures 50-70 °C. Further, these thermally denatured proteins were refolded using functionalized Magnetic Iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles which was confirmed using DLS, Zeta Potential Measurements, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. The refolded proteins were found to regain their secondary structure and activity to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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