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Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE. Light: An Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:116-147. [PMID: 38211974 PMCID: PMC11022951 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Light is an environmental factor that is extrinsic to animals themselves and that exerts a profound influence on the regulation of circadian, neurohormonal, metabolic, and neurobehavioral systems of all animals, including research animals. These widespread biologic effects of light are mediated by distinct photoreceptors-rods and cones that comprise the conventional visual system and melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) of the nonvisual system that interact with the rods and cones. The rods and cones of the visual system, along with the ipRGCs of the nonvisual system, are species distinct in terms of opsins and opsin concentrations and interact with one another to provide vision and regulate circadian rhythms of neurohormonal and neurobehavioral responses to light. Here, we review a brief history of lighting technologies, the nature of light and circadian rhythms, our present understanding of mammalian photoreception, and current industry practices and standards. We also consider the implications of light for vivarium measurement, production, and technological application and provide simple recommendations on artificial lighting for use by regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, engineers, researchers, and research animal care staff that ensure best practices for optimizing animal health and well-being and, ultimately, improving scientific outcomes.
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Key Words
- blad, blue-enriched led light at daytime
- clock, circadian locomotor output kaput
- cct, correlated color temperature
- cwf, cool white fluorescent
- ign, intergeniculate nucleus
- iprgc, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
- hiomt, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase
- k, kelvin temperature
- lan, light at night
- led, light-emitting diode
- lgn, lateral geniculate nucleus
- plr, pupillary light reflex
- pot, primary optic tract
- rht, retinohypothalamic tract
- scn, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- spd, spectral power distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;,
| | - John P Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Ijiri M, Lai YC, Kawaguchi H, Fujimoto Y, Miura N, Matsuo T, Tanimoto A. NR6A1 Allelic Frequencies as an Index for both Miniaturizing and Increasing Pig Body Size. In Vivo 2021; 35:163-167. [PMID: 33402462 PMCID: PMC7880744 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The number of vertebrae in swine varies from 19 to 23 and is associated with body size. Nuclear receptor subfamily 6 group A member 1 (NR6A1) is considered a strong candidate for affecting the number of vertebrae in swine. Wild boars, which uniformly have 19 vertebrae, have the wild type allele while multi-vertebrae European commercial pigs have the mutated allele. Our aim was to confirm the factor of the miniaturization. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined vertebrae number and NR6A1 polymorphism in the Microminipig and three domestic breeds that vary in body size. RESULTS The Microminipig had 19 or less vertebrae and a wild type NR6A1 genotype. Three domestic breeds had more than 21 vertebrae while the largest vertebrae number was observed in multi-vertebrae-fixed Large White. Heterozygous genotypes were observed in the middle-sized indigenous pig while homozygous NR6A1 mutations were observed in European commercial breeds. CONCLUSION NR6A1 could be a useful index for both miniaturizing and increasing pig body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Ijiri
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
| | - Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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ABE MASAHARU, KAWAGUCHI HIROAKI, MIURA NAOKI, AKIOKA KOHEI, USHIKAI MIHARU, OI SAYUMI, YUKAWA AIRO, YOSHIKAWA TETSUYA, IZUMI HIROYUKI, HORIUCHI MASAHISA. Diurnal Variation of Melatonin Concentration in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Unanesthetized Microminipig. In Vivo 2018; 32. [PMID: 29695564 PMCID: PMC6000775 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to develop a method for sequentially collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from an unanesthetized microminipig, which shares many physiological and anatomical similarities with humans, such as diurnality, and investigate the diurnal variation of melatonin concentration in the CSF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A catheter was placed percutaneously into the subarachnoid space of an anesthetized animal, and the tip of the catheter was placed into the cisterna magna under X-ray. We then sequentially collected CSF at light-on and -off times from the unanesthetized animal for several weeks. After catheter placement, a period of one week or more was necessary to relieve the contamination of RBCs in the CSF. RESULTS A higher melatonin level in the CSF was noted during lights-off time, and the level was higher than that in the serum. CONCLUSION This model of sequential collection of CSF will contribute to research in brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- MASAHARU ABE
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - HIROAKI KAWAGUCHI
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - NAOKI MIURA
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - KOHEI AKIOKA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - MIHARU USHIKAI
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - SAYUMI OI
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - AIRO YUKAWA
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - HIROYUKI IZUMI
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - MASAHISA HORIUCHI
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Abe M, Kawaguchi H, Miura N, Akioka K, Ushikai M, Oi S, Yukawa A, Yoshikawa T, Izumi H, Horiuchi M. Diurnal Variation of Melatonin Concentration in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Unanesthetized Microminipig. In Vivo 2018; 32:583-590. [PMID: 29695564 PMCID: PMC6000775 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to develop a method for sequentially collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from an unanesthetized microminipig, which shares many physiological and anatomical similarities with humans, such as diurnality, and investigate the diurnal variation of melatonin concentration in the CSF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A catheter was placed percutaneously into the subarachnoid space of an anesthetized animal, and the tip of the catheter was placed into the cisterna magna under X-ray. We then sequentially collected CSF at light-on and -off times from the unanesthetized animal for several weeks. After catheter placement, a period of one week or more was necessary to relieve the contamination of RBCs in the CSF. RESULTS A higher melatonin level in the CSF was noted during lights-off time, and the level was higher than that in the serum. CONCLUSION This model of sequential collection of CSF will contribute to research in brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Abe
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayumi Oi
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Airo Yukawa
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Izumi
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahisa Horiuchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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