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Flor LS, Anderson JA, Ahmad N, Aravkin A, Carr S, Dai X, Gil GF, Hay SI, Malloy MJ, McLaughlin SA, Mullany EC, Murray CJL, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Zheng P, Gakidou E. Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study. Nat Med 2024; 30:149-167. [PMID: 38195750 PMCID: PMC10803272 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and women living in low- and middle-income countries. We comprehensively reviewed the literature published by July 2022 concerning the adverse impacts of SHS exposure on nine health outcomes. Following, we quantified each exposure-response association accounting for various sources of uncertainty and evaluated the strength of the evidence supporting our analyses using the Burden of Proof Risk Function methodology. We found all nine health outcomes to be associated with SHS exposure. We conservatively estimated that SHS increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and lung cancer by at least around 8%, 5%, 1% and 1%, respectively, with the evidence supporting these harmful associations rated as weak (two stars). The evidence supporting the harmful associations between SHS and otitis media, asthma, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was weaker (one star). Despite the weak underlying evidence for these associations, our results reinforce the harmful effects of SHS on health and the need to prioritize advancing efforts to reduce active and passive smoking through a combination of public health policies and education initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa S Flor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jason A Anderson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Ahmad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Aravkin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Dai
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriela F Gil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Malloy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A McLaughlin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin C Mullany
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin M O'Connell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwuma Okereke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reed J D Sorensen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna Whisnant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Chen I, Doum D, Mannion K, Hustedt J, Sovannaroth S, McIver D, Macdonald M, Lobo N, Tatarsky A, Handley MA, Neukom J. Applying the COM-B behaviour change model to a pilot study delivering volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents and insecticide-treated clothing to forest-exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Malar J 2023; 22:251. [PMID: 37658337 PMCID: PMC10472618 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia is making tremendous progress towards their 2030 malaria elimination goal but needs new interventions to stop forest malaria. This study trials two new vector control tools, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VPSR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC), amongst forest-exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province Cambodia to inform their potential use for eliminating forest malaria. METHODS 21 forest-exposed individuals were given a questionnaire on their perceptions of malaria and preventive practices used, after which they trialed two products sequentially. Clothes was treated with ITC by the study team. Mixed methods were used to understand their experience, attitudes, and preferences regarding the products trialed. Quantitative data was summarized and qualitative insights were analysed using thematic analysis, applying the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behaviour Change (COM-B) model and Behaviour Change Wheel Framework to identify intervention functions to support tailored product rollout amongst these populations. RESULTS Study participants reported a need for protection from mosquito bites in outdoor and forest-exposed settings and perceived both products trialed to be effective for this purpose. The VPSR product was preferred when travel was not required, whereas ITC was preferred for ease of use when going to the forest, especially in rainy conditions. COM-B analysis identified that key enablers for use of both products included their perceived efficacy and ease of use, which required no skill or preparation. For barriers to use, the odour of ITC was sometimes perceived as being toxic, as well as its inability to protect uncovered skin from mosquito bites, while the perceived usefulness of the VPSR product trialed was limited by its water sensitivity in rainy forest settings. Intervention components to encourage appropriate and sustained use of these products include education about how to use these products and what to expect, persuasion to use them from community leaders and targeted channels, and enablement to facilitate convenient and affordable access. CONCLUSION The rollout of VPSRs and ITC amongst forest-exposed populations can be useful for eliminating malaria in Southeast Asia. Study findings can be applied to increase product uptake among forest exposed populations in Cambodia, while manufacturers can aim to develop products that are rainproof, easy to use in forest settings, and have favourable odour profiles to target users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Chen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Dyna Doum
- Health Forefront Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kylie Mannion
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - John Hustedt
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - David McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Neil Lobo
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Margaret A Handley
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Josselyn Neukom
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Abdrabouh AES. Toxicological and histopathological alterations in the heart of young and adult albino rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93070-93087. [PMID: 37501034 PMCID: PMC10447284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito coil repellents are well-known indoor air pollutant with significant health concerns. The present study investigated the toxic effects of mosquito coil smoke on the heart of young and adult male rats. The animals were subjected to the smoke for 6 h/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Within the first hour after lighting the coil, significant amounts of formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were detected. Both exposed ages, particularly the young group, showed a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, and the levels of troponin I, myoglobin, Na+ levels, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) as well as a significant decrease in K+ levels and cardiac Na-K ATPase activity, indicating development of cardiac inflammation and dysfunction. Furthermore, the toxic stress response was validated by significant downregulation at expression of the detoxifying enzyme cytochrome p450. Histopathological studies in both age groups, especially the young group, revealed cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrotic areas. Moreover, upregulation at the pro-apoptotic markers, caspase3, P53, and cytochrome C expressions, was detected by immunohistochemical approach in heart sections of the exposed groups. Finally, the myocardial dysfunctional effects of the coil active ingredient, meperfluthrin, were confirmed by the docking results which indicated a high binding affinity of meperfluthrin, with Na-K ATPase and caspase 3. In conclusion, both the young and adult exposed groups experienced significant cardiac toxicity changes evidenced by cell apoptosis and histopathological alterations as well as disruption of biochemical indicators.
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Fillinger U, Denz A, Njoroge MM, Tambwe MM, Takken W, van Loon JJA, Moore SJ, Saddler A, Chitnis N, Hiscox A. A randomized, double-blind placebo-control study assessing the protective efficacy of an odour-based 'push-pull' malaria vector control strategy in reducing human-vector contact. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11197. [PMID: 37433881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel malaria vector control strategies targeting the odour-orientation of mosquitoes during host-seeking, such as 'attract-and-kill' or 'push-and-pull', have been suggested as complementary tools to indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets. These would be particularly beneficial if they can target vectors in the peri-domestic space where people are unprotected by traditional interventions. A randomized double-blind placebo-control study was implemented in western Kenya to evaluate: a 'push' intervention (spatial repellent) using transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned at open eave gaps of houses; a 'pull' intervention placing an odour-baited mosquito trap at a 5 m distance from a house; the combined 'push-pull' package; and the control where houses contained all elements but without active ingredients. Treatments were rotated through 12 houses in a randomized-block design. Outdoor biting was estimated using human landing catches, and indoor mosquito densities using light-traps. None of the interventions provided any protection from outdoor biting malaria vectors. The 'push' reduced indoor vector densities dominated by Anopheles funestus by around two thirds. The 'pull' device did not add any benefit. In the light of the high Anopheles arabiensis biting densities outdoors in the study location, the search for efficient outdoor protection and effective pull components needs to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Adrian Denz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margaret M Njoroge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed M Tambwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Arctech Innovation Ltd., The Cube, Londoneast-Uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, RM10 7FN, UK
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5
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Chen I, Doum D, Mannion K, Hustedt J, Sovannaroth S, McIver D, Macdonald M, Lobo NF, Tatarsky A, Handley M, Neukom J. Applying the COM-B behavior model to inform the delivery of spatial repellents and insecticide-treated clothing among forest exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2874672. [PMID: 37205382 PMCID: PMC10187415 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2874672/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia is making tremendous progress towards their 2030 malaria elimination goal but needs new interventions to stop forest malaria. This study trials two new vector control tools, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC), amongst forest-exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province Cambodia to inform their potential use for eliminating forest malaria. METHODS 21 forest-exposed individuals were given a questionnaire on their perceptions of malaria and preventive practices used, after which they trialed two products sequentially. Mixed methods were used to understand their experience, attitudes, and preferences regarding the products trialed. Quantitative data was summarized and qualitative insights were analyzed using thematic analysis, applying the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation Behavior Change (COM-B) model and Behavior Change Wheel Framework to identify intervention functions to support tailored product rollout amongst these populations. RESULTS Study participants reported a need for protection from mosquito bites in outdoor and forest-exposed settings and perceived both products trialed to be effective for this purpose. The VPSR product was preferred when travel was not required, whereas ITC was preferred for ease of use when going to the forest, especially in rainy conditions. COM-B analysis identified that key enablers for use of both products included their perceived efficacy and ease of use, which required no skill or preparation. For barriers to use, the odor of ITC was sometimes perceived as being toxic, as well as its inability to protect uncovered skin from mosquito bites, while the perceived usefulness of the VPSR product trialed was limited by its water sensitivity in rainy forest settings. Intervention components to encourage appropriate and sustained use of these products include education about how to use these products and what to expect, persuasion to use them from community leaders and targeted ads, and enablement to guarantee access. CONCLUSION The rollout of VPSRs and ITC amongst forest-exposed populations can be useful for eliminating malaria in Southeast Asia. Study findings can be applied to increase product uptake in Cambodia, while research efforts can aim to develop products that are rainproof, easy to use in forest settings, and have favorable odor profiles to target users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Hustedt
- United States Agency for International Development
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Pradhan B, Jayaratne R, Thompson H, Buonanno G, Mazaheri M, Nyarku M, Lin W, Pereira ML, Cyrys J, Peters A, Morawska L. Utility of outdoor central site monitoring in assessing exposure of school children to ultrafine particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160162. [PMID: 36379336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies investigating the association between daily particle exposure and health effects are frequently based on a single monitoring site located in an urban background. Using a central site in epidemiological time-series studies has been established based on the premises of low spatial variability of particles within the areas of interest and hence the adequacy of the central sites to monitor the exposure. This is true to a large extent in relation to larger particles (PM2.5, PM10) that are typically monitored and regulated. However, the distribution of ultrafine particles (UFP), which in cities predominantly originate from traffic, is heterogeneous. With increasing pressure to improve the epidemiology of UFP, an important question to ask is, whether central site monitoring is representative of community exposure to this size fraction of particulate matter; addressing this question is the aim of this paper. To achieve this aim, we measured personal exposure to UFP, expressed as particle number concentration (PNC), using Philips Aerasense Nanotracers (NT) carried by the participants of the study, and condensation particle counters (CPC) or scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS) at central fixed-site monitoring stations. The measurements were conducted at three locations in Brisbane (Australia), Cassino (Italy) and Accra (Ghana). We then used paired t-tests to compare the average personal and average fixed-site PNC measured over the same 24-h, and hourly, periods. We found that, at all three locations, the 24-h average fixed-site PNC was no different to the personal PNC, when averaged over the study period and all the participants. However, the corresponding hourly averages were significantly different at certain times of the day. These were generally times spent commuting and during cooking and eating at home. Our analysis of the data obtained in Brisbane, showed that maximum personal exposure occurred in the home microenvironment during morning breakfast and evening dinner time. The main source of PNC for personal exposure was from the home-microenvironment. We conclude that the 24-h average PNC from the central-site can be used to estimate the 24-h average personal exposure for a community. However, the hourly average PNC from the central site cannot consistently be used to estimate hourly average personal exposure, mainly because they are affected by very different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Pradhan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mawutorli Nyarku
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcelo Luiz Pereira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, Department of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Brazil
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology (EPI), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology (EPI), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Liu XC, Strodl E, Huang LH, Lu Q, Liang Y, Chen WQ. First Trimester of Pregnancy as the Sensitive Period for the Association between Prenatal Mosquito Coil Smoke Exposure and Preterm Birth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11771. [PMID: 36142044 PMCID: PMC9517152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito coils are efficient mosquito repellents and mosquito coil smoke (MCS) contributes to indoor air pollution. However, no prior population-based study has investigated whether prenatal MCS exposure is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB) and whether exposure to MCS in different trimesters of pregnancy is associated with different levels of risk. The sample involved 66,503 mother-child dyads. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between prenatal MCS exposure during different trimesters of pregnancy and PTB. We found that prenatal MCS exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of PTB (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.20). The prenatal MCS exposure during the first trimester was associated with 1.17 (95%CI: 1.09-1.25) times the odds of being PTB, which was higher than exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19) and during the third trimester (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16). In the stratified analysis, prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased PTB risk among girls but not among boys. Our results indicated that maternal MCS exposure during pregnancy was associated with PTB and that the first trimester might be the sensitive period. In light of these findings, public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to MCS, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Health, Xinhua College of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Rao SR, Chitra GA, Elavarasu G, Kamaraj P, Kaliaperumal K, Kaur P. Exposure to mosquito coil and biomass fuel smoke and respiratory health in rural Tamil Nadu, India. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 44:625-633. [PMID: 33912972 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito coil smoke, along with biomass fuel smoke, are sources of indoor air pollution. Biomass fuel smoke has been studied as a risk factor for poor respiratory outcomes. However, in an Indian context, few studies examine the effect of mosquito coil exposure on poor respiratory outcomes at the community level. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of the biomass fuel and mosquito coil use and to determine the association between the use of bio-mass fuel and mosquito coil and poor respiratory health. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 4662 individuals (above the age of 30 years) was conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire. Trained interviewers collected data on current and past use of biomass fuels and mosquito coils, usage practices and respiratory health. We computed proportions for exposure variables namely biomass fuel, mosquito coil use and other covariates. We conducted univariate analysis, followed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of ever use of biomass fuels was high (wood: 97.9%; cow dung cake: 76.0% and crop residue: 54.4%). Current use of wood, cow dung cake and crop residue was prevalent among 75.7, 24.3 and 30.9% respondents, respectively. Almost 70% of respondents had ever used mosquito coils, whereas 54% were current users. Overall, 5.5% respondents had poor respiratory health either due to chronic bronchitis or asthma. In multivariate analysis, use of combination of all three biomass fuel types (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.54) and use of mosquito coil more than or equal to 5 days per week (AOR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.99) were associated with poor respiratory health after adjusting for covariates age, gender, smoking, kitchen type and for each other. CONCLUSIONS Use of biomass fuels and mosquito coils was high in the study population and was associated with poor respiratory health. Therefore, mosquito coil smoke should also be considered an important source of indoor air pollution, similar to biomass fuel exposure. Community education about these sources of indoor air pollution and increased coverage of cleaner fuels and alternative mosquito control methods should be the way forward in the rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Ramachandra Rao
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - Grace A Chitra
- Department of Epidemiology, Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Chacka, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695024, India
| | - G Elavarasu
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - P Kamaraj
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - Kanagasabai Kaliaperumal
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Division of Non Communicable Diseases, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
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Sopian NA, Jalaludin J, Abu Bakar S, Hamedon TR, Latif MT. Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052575. [PMID: 33806616 PMCID: PMC7967639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m-3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m-3. The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source apportionment. The 95th percentiles of the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimated using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the inhalation risk for the exposed children and comparative populations was 2.22 × 10-6 and 2.95 × 10-7, respectively. The degree of DNA injury was substantially more severe among the exposed children relative to the comparative community. This study reveals that higher exposure to PAHs increases the risk of genotoxic effects and cancer among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Ashikin Sopian
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-97692401
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Titi Rahmawati Hamedon
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Sinaga D, Setyawati W, Cheng FY, Lung SCC. Investigation on daily exposure to PM 2.5 in Bandung city, Indonesia using low-cost sensor. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:1001-1012. [PMID: 32747728 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Daily exposure to PM2.5 in developing countries has not been thoroughly studied partly due to limited resources available. In this research, personal PM2.5 exposures in urban communities in Indonesia were examined using a low-cost sensor, AS-LUNG. Fifty subjects were recruited in both wet and dry seasons. Their personal PM2.5 concentrations, environmental temperature, and relative humidity were measured using corrected AS-LUNG Portable worn or placed in their vicinity. Details on their activities and locations, air quality (air pollution sources), and weather conditions during monitoring were recorded in time-activity diaries completed at 30 min intervals. Results revealed mosquito coil burning as the source of highest exposure, reaching 241.5 μg/m3 but with significant difference between wet and dry seasons. With ambient PM2.5 and relative humidity controlled for, mosquito coil burning contributed 12.02 μg/m3 and 4.84 μg/m3 of personal PM2.5 exposure in wet and dry season, respectively, which was several times higher than the contribution from vehicle emission. The second most contributive source was factory smoke, which increased 4.99 μg/m3 and 3.17 μg/m3 of exposure in wet and dry season, respectively. Findings on contributive factors of high daily personal exposures can serve as useful references for formulating policies and recommendations on exposure reduction and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvina Sinaga
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) - Earth System Science Program, Academia Sinica and National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wiwiek Setyawati
- The Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Fang Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Al-Omar MS, Naz M, Mohammed SAA, Mansha M, Ansari MN, Rehman NU, Kamal M, Mohammed HA, Yusuf M, Hamad AM, Akhtar N, Khan RA. Pyrethroid-Induced Organ Toxicity and Anti-Oxidant-Supplemented Amelioration of Toxicity and Organ Damage: The Protective Roles of Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6177. [PMID: 32854455 PMCID: PMC7503327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pyrethroid toxicants, fatal at high doses, are found as remnants of crop pesticides and ingredients of commercially available insecticides. The toxic effects of high-content insecticidal pyrethroid formulations are available in 0.05 g, 1.17 g, and 0.04 g pyrethroid-instilled products, namely burning coils, pyrethroid-soaked mats, and liquid formulations of pyrethroids that release pyrethroid vapor/smoke upon heating. They provided 5.46 g/kg, 21.15 g/kg, and 4.24 g/kg of toxicants to the experimental animals over a total of 3 weeks/5 h per os (p.o.) administration, producing necrosis, hyperemia, and fatty changes in the liver; fiber separation in cardiac muscles; atrophy, lymphatic infiltration, blood vessel congestion, and hyperemia in the heart tissues of the experimental animals. The glomerular tuft necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration of renal tubular cells, necrotic tubules, congestion, and dilatation of blood vessels were observed in the kidney tissue of intoxicated animals. Air-space enlargement, interstitial inflammation, lymphocyte infiltration aggregates, connective tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells, and hyperemia were found in the lung tissues. The pyrethroid toxicants also produced nervous tissue degeneration and decreased neurons in the brain, which were observed through histopathological examinations of the brain, lungs, heart, kidneys, and liver. The protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA/vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (E307/vitamin E) at 100 mg/kg oral doses administered daily for the entire period of the toxicant exposure of three weeks to the experimental mice, aged between 3-4 months and weighing ≈30 g, ameliorated the tissue damage, as observed through the histopathological examinations. The ascorbic acid caused recovery of the liver, kidney, brain, and heart tissue damage, while α-tocopherol was effective at ameliorating the damage in the kidneys and lung tissue compared with the control groups. The high levels of tissue damage recovery suggested a prophylactic effect of the concurrent use of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol for the subjects under the exposure of pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen S Al-Omar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mamuna Naz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Momina Mansha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 15320, Pakistan
| | - Mohd N Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeeb U Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdoon A Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abubaker M Hamad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Program, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseem Akhtar
- College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Qassim 51488, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz A Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Bernier UR, Kline DL, Vazquez-Abad A, Perry M, Cohnstaedt LW, Gurman P, D’hers S, Elman NM. A combined experimental-computational approach for spatial protection efficacy assessment of controlled release devices against mosquitoes (Anopheles). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007188. [PMID: 30856177 PMCID: PMC6440642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the use of entomological studies combined with in silico models (computer simulations derived from numerical models) to assess the efficacy of a novel device for controlled release of spatial repellents. Controlled Release Devices (CRDs) were tested with different concentrations of metofluthrin and tested against An. quadrimaculatus mosquitoes using arm-in cage, semi-field, and outdoor studies. Arm-in-cage trials showed an approximate mean values for mosquito knockdown of 40% and mosquito bite reduction of 80% for the optimal metofluthrin formulation for a 15-minute trial. Semi-field outdoor studies showed a mean mortality of a 50% for 24 hour trial and 75% for a 48 hour trial for optimal concentrations. Outdoors studies showed an approximate mean mortality rate of 50% for a 24 hour trial for optimal concentrations. Numerical simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were performed in order to obtain spatial concentration profiles for 24 hour and 48 hour periods. Experimental results were correlated with simulation results in order to obtain a functional model that linked mosquito mortality with the estimated spatial concentration for a given period of time. Such correlation provides a powerful insight in predicting the effectiveness of the CRDs as a vector-control tool. While CRDs represent an alternative to current spatial repellent delivery methods, such as coils, candles, electric repellents, and passive emanators based on impregnated strips, the presented method can be applied to any spatial vector control treatment by correlating entomological endpoints, i.e. mortality, with in-silico simulations to predict overall efficacy. The presented work therefore presents a new methodology for improving design, development and deployment of vector-control tools to reduce transmission of vector-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R. Bernier
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Kline
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Agustin Vazquez-Abad
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melynda Perry
- Textile Materials Evaluation Team, The US Army Natick Soldier Research, And Development Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, The Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (ABADRU), Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Pablo Gurman
- GearJump Technologies LLC, Brookline, MA, United States of America
| | - Sebastián D’hers
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noel M. Elman
- GearJump Technologies LLC, Brookline, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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He R, Han L, Liu P, Hu H, Yang J, Cai H, Huang C, Wang L, Liu J, Huang J, Ha L, Liu Y, Wu J, Zhu M, Zhao B. Lung Function Decline after 24 Weeks of Moxa Smoke Exposure in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:9236742. [PMID: 30755777 PMCID: PMC6348917 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9236742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moxibustion is a complementary therapy that has been used for thousands of years. Burning moxa produces smoke and inhalable particulates. Recent research has indicated that smoke inhalation is associated with negative lung effects. This study aimed to evaluate the lung function of rats after moxa smoke exposure at different concentrations. METHODS Using a randomised block experiment design, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three moxa smoke groups (opacity) (n=7): low concentration (27.45 mg/m3), medium concentration (168.76 mg/m3), and high concentration (384.67 mg/m3) with a control group. Rats in the moxa smoke groups were exposed in an automatic dynamic exposure device separately with different concentrations for 20 min/d, 6d/week, for 24 weeks. Rats in the control group were exposed in the same space without moxa smoke. Lung function was evaluated by the AniRes 2005 animal pulmonary function analysing system. Statistical Product and Service Solutions 18.0 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS In the study, no deaths were found in any group. There was no difference of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity percentage (FEV1/FVC%), inspiratory resistance (Ri), and expiratory resistance (Re) among each group after 24 weeks of moxa smoke exposure (P>0.05). Compared with the control group (0.33 ml/cmH20), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was reduced in the medium (0.29 ml/cmH20) and high (0.25 ml/cmH20) concentration groups (P<0.05); however, Cdyn in the low concentration group (0.29 ml/cmH20) was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION Moxa smoke exposure at low concentrations did not affect the rat's lung function. Moxa smoke of medium and high concentrations destroyed the lung function represented by decreased Cdyn. However, moxa smoke of low concentrations (27.45 mg/m3) is much higher than the concentration in a regular moxibustion clinic (3.54 mg/m3). Moxa smoke at higher concentrations might destroy the lung function. The safety evaluation of moxa smoke requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Han
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Beijing Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Chongqing Yubei District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntian Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lue Ha
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaomeng Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baixiao Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Tangena JAA, Thammavong P, Chonephetsarath S, Logan JG, Brey PT, Lindsay SW. Field evaluation of personal protection methods against outdoor-biting mosquitoes in Lao PDR. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:661. [PMID: 30558671 PMCID: PMC6296151 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protecting people outdoors against mosquito-borne diseases is a major challenge. Here we compared commercially available personal protection methods to identify the most effective method for outdoor use in northern Lao PDR. Methods From June to August 2016 the protective efficacy of treatments were compared in a secondary forest during the afternoon and a village during the evening. Comparisons were made using a replicated Latin square design between: (i) short permethrin-treated overalls; (ii) long permethrin-treated overalls; (iii) short untreated overalls with para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) applied topically; (iv) short permethrin-treated overalls plus PMD applied topically; (v) short untreated overalls with metofluthrin coils in a metal casing worn on a belt; and (vi) long untreated overalls. Short untreated overalls served as the control. Cone tests were conducted on the treated and untreated fabric before and after field experiments. A questionnaire survey was used to measure social acceptability. Results Mosquito coils in a metal casing worn on a belt resulted in 92.3% (95% confidence interval, CI: 88.9–94.6%). landing protection from female mosquitoes in the afternoon and 68.8% (95% CI: 41.7–83.3%) protection in the evening compared to short untreated clothing. PMD was protective both when combined with short permethrin-treated overalls (afternoon, 68.2%, 95% CI: 52.6–78.7%; evening, 52.3%, 95% CI: 33.8–65.7%) and when used in combination with short untreated overalls (afternoon, 55.0%, 95% CI: 41.7–65.2%; evening, 25.2%, 95% CI: 9.4–38.2%). Whilst long permethrin-treated overalls were protective (afternoon, 61.1%, 95% CI: 51.4–68.8%; evening, 43.0%, 95% CI: 25.5–56.4%), short permethrin-treated overalls and long untreated overalls were not. Exposure to new permethrin-treated fabric in cone tests resulted in 25.0% (95% CI, 17.8–32.2%) and 26.2% (95% CI 16.7–35.8%) mortality for susceptible Ae. albopictus and susceptible Ae. aegypti, respectively. There was a loss of efficacy of permethrin-treated clothing after use in the field, with 3 min knockdown rates of Ae. albopictus and 1 h knockdown of Ae. aegypti decreasing over time. Participants considered all treatments acceptable. Conclusions The portable mosquito coils were highly protective against outdoor biting mosquitoes, although there are safety concerns related to its use. The combination of permethrin-treated clothing and PMD repellent represent an alternative treatment for protection against outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3239-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne A Tangena
- Medical Entomology & Biology of Disease Vectors Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
| | - Phoutmany Thammavong
- Medical Entomology & Biology of Disease Vectors Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Somsanith Chonephetsarath
- Medical Entomology & Biology of Disease Vectors Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - James G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul T Brey
- Medical Entomology & Biology of Disease Vectors Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Steve W Lindsay
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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15
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Hogarh JN, Agyekum TP, Bempah CK, Owusu-Ansah EDJ, Avicor SW, Awandare GA, Fobil JN, Obiri-Danso K. Environmental health risks and benefits of the use of mosquito coils as malaria prevention and control strategy. Malar J 2018; 17:265. [PMID: 30012143 PMCID: PMC6048806 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an infectious disease that causes many deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. In resource-poor malaria endemic communities, mosquito coils are commonly applied in households to repel the vector mosquito that transmits malaria parasites. In applying these coils, users have mainly been interested in the environmental health benefits potentially derived from repelling the mosquito, while oblivious of the environmental health risks that may be associated with exposure to emissions from the use of mosquito coil. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the mosquito coil, ascertained and/or estimated the toxic emissions that may emanate from the coil, and determined its overall appropriateness by conducting a risk-benefit analysis of the use of this strategy in malaria prevention at household levels. METHODS The repellent ability of mosquito coils was tested by conducting a mosquito knockdown/mortality test in experimental chambers synonymous of local room spaces and conditions. The gaseous and particulate emissions from the mosquito coil were also analysed. Additional scenarios were generated with the Monte Carlo technique and a risk-benefit analysis was conducted applying @Risk software. RESULTS Mosquito mortality arising from the application of various mosquito coils averagely ranged between 24 and 64%, which might not provide adequate repellency effect. Emissions from the mosquito coil were also found to contain CO, VOCs, SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10. The Hazard Index of the respective pollutants characterized over a lifetime exposure scenario was low (< 1 for each pollutant), which suggests that the concentrations of the specific chemicals and particulate matter emitted from the mosquito coil may not constitute adverse environmental health risk. CONCLUSION Although the risk of morbidity from the use of the mosquito coil was low, the coil yielded limited protection as a mosquito avoidance method. It may, therefore, have a reduced benefit in controlling malaria and should be applied sparingly in a highly regulated manner only when traditionally proven effective vector control strategies are not available or too expensive for resource-poor malaria endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Thomas P Agyekum
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Crentsil Kofi Bempah
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel D J Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Silas W Avicor
- Entomology Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Julius N Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Puthur S, Anoopkumar AN, Rebello S, Aneesh EM. Hypericum japonicum: a Double-Headed Sword to Combat Vector Control and Cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:1-11. [PMID: 29476319 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito control with naturally derived herbal insecticides has gained much momentum, with the increased insecticide resistance of vectors and the multiple infectious diseases spread by them. Yet, recent studies also suggest that mosquitoes could probably transmit some cancerous cells or cancer-causing viruses from one individual to another between their blood meals. The current research thus focused on the screening and characterization of novel plants with both mosquitocidal and anticancerous properties. Accordingly, different solvent extracts of Hypericum japonicum, a key plant in Chinese medicine, were screened for its larvicidal efficacy using the fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (major vector of Dengue and chikungunya). Methanolic extracts of the plant showed effective larvicidal property with LC50 7.37 ppm and LC9011.59 ppm values. The anticancerous property of the plant extract was also evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assay against Daltons Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. The results indicated that H. japonicum plant extracts at very low concentrations of LC500.95 ppm and LC901.85 ppm were potent cytotoxic agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and the foremost report of Hypericum japonicum as a potent mosquitocidal and anticancerous agent. Identification and characterization of such plant-derived bioactive plants thus could serve as a double-headed sword against the spread of infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedev Puthur
- Communicable Disease Research Laboratory, St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India
| | - A N Anoopkumar
- Communicable Disease Research Laboratory, St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India
| | - Sharrel Rebello
- Communicable Disease Research Laboratory, St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India
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17
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Manigrasso M, Vitali M, Protano C, Avino P. Temporal evolution of ultrafine particles and of alveolar deposited surface area from main indoor combustion and non-combustion sources in a model room. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:1015-1026. [PMID: 28468124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol number size distributions, PM mass concentrations, alveolar deposited surface areas (ADSAs) and VOC concentrations were measured in a model room when aerosol was emitted by sources frequently encountered in indoor environments. Both combustion and non-combustion sources were considered. The most intense aerosol emission occurred when combustion sources were active (as high as 4.1×107particlescm-3 for two meat grilling sessions; the first with exhaust ventilation, the second without). An intense spike generation of nucleation particles occurred when appliances equipped with brush electric motors were operating (as high as 106particlescm-3 on switching on an electric drill). Average UFP increments over the background value were highest for electric appliances (5-12%) and lowest for combustion sources (as low as -24% for tobacco cigarette smoke). In contrast, average increments in ADSA were highest for combustion sources (as high as 3.2×103μm2cm-3 for meat grilling without exhaust ventilation) and lowest for electric appliances (20-90μm2cm-3). The health relevance of such particles is associated to their ability to penetrate cellular structures and elicit inflammatory effects mediated through oxidative stress in a way dependent on their surface area. The highest VOC concentrations were measured (PID probe) for cigarette smoke (8ppm) and spray air freshener (10ppm). The highest PM mass concentration (PM1) was measured for citronella candle burning (as high as 7.6mgm-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Research Area, via IV Novembre 144, I-00187 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Research Area, via IV Novembre 144, I-00187 Rome, Italy
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18
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Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Exposure to allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke during gestation and postnatal development affects reproductive function in male offspring of rat. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:374-385. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1385661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golla Madhubabu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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19
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Kasumba J, Hettick B, French A, Wickliffe JK, Lichtveld MY, Hawkins WB, van Sauers-Muller A, Klein D. Analysis of Pesticides and Toxic Heavy Metals Contained in Mosquito Coils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:614-618. [PMID: 27699449 PMCID: PMC11185858 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 10 mosquito coils manufactured in China were obtained in Suriname, South America, where they are used extensively. The coils were analyzed for organics (allethrin, permethrin, and butylated hydroxytoluene) and heavy metals (Cr, Co, As, Cd, and Pb) by GC-MS and ICP-MS, respectively. Allethrin was the only target organic compound detected in all mosquito coils with concentrations ranging from ~1900 to ~4500 µg/g. The concentrations of heavy metals varied as follows (in µg/g): Cr: 2.9-9.4, Co: 0.1-1.2, Cu: 0.7-16.1, Se: 0.10-0.4, Ni: 2.1-5.8, As: 0.10-2.2, Cd: 0.10-0.2, and Pb: 1.1-3.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kasumba
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA.
| | - Bryan Hettick
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Amanda French
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Maureen Y Lichtveld
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - William B Hawkins
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - David Klein
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
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Diaz JH. Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27:153-63. [PMID: 26827259 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to public health from emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases, to define the differences between insect repellents and insecticides, and to compare the efficacies and toxicities of chemical and plant-derived insect repellents. Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify scientific articles on the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of chemical and plant-derived topical insect repellants and insecticides to meet these objectives. Data sources reviewed included case reports; case series; observational, longitudinal, and surveillance studies; and entomological and toxicological studies. Descriptive analysis of the data sources identified the most effective application of insect repellents as a combination of topical chemical repellents, either N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (formerly N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET) or picaridin, and permethrin-impregnated or other pyrethroid-impregnated clothing over topically treated skin. The insecticide-treated clothing would provide contact-level insecticidal effects and provide better, longer lasting protection against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and ticks than topical DEET or picaridin alone. In special cases, where environmental exposures to disease-transmitting ticks, biting midges, sandflies, or blackflies are anticipated, topical insect repellents containing IR3535, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3, 8-diol or PMD) would offer better topical protection than topical DEET alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA.
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He YQ, Xue WQ, Shen GP, Tang LL, Zeng YX, Jia WH. Household inhalants exposure and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a large-scale case-control study in Guangdong, China. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1022. [PMID: 26714970 PMCID: PMC4696254 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies show that cigarette smoking increase the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, whether other common, potentially adverse household inhalants increase NPC risk remains uncertain. METHODS We conducted a large case-control study to explore the effects of household inhalants, such as incense, mosquito coil, cooking fumes, and wood combustion, on NPC risk. We recruited 1,845 cases and 2,275 controls from Guangdong province, a high-risk area for NPC in China, to obtain the demographic data and relevant exposure information through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS We found that incense burning was associated with NPC risk by comparing frequent incense use with never using incense [OR and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.73, (1.43, 2.09)]. Wood fuel use was also associated with NPC risk compared with non-wood fire use [OR and 95% CI = 1.95, (1.65, 2.31)]. More intriguingly, we observed a significant addictive interaction between frequent incense burning and heavy cigarette smoking on NPC risk [synergistic index (SI) = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.76]. We also found a significant joint effect between wood fuel use and NPC family history for NPC risk (SI = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.96). However, neither mosquito oil nor cooking fumes were associated with NPC risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that incense smoke is not only the potential independent risk factor but also co-contributes with cigarette smoking to NPC risk. Moreover, wood combustion is another potential environmental risk factor and exerts a joint effect with NPC family history on NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Ling-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfengdong Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
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Verma R, Patel KS, Verma SK. Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration in Central India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.957407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang J, Qi HW, Sun YP, Xie HK, Zhou CC. Mosquito coil exposure associated with small cell lung cancer: A report of three cases. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1667-1671. [PMID: 25789020 PMCID: PMC4356427 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito coils, which are commonly used as residential insecticides in Asia, contain different concentrations of octachlorodipropyl ether (S-2) as a synergist or an active ingredient. As bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) is an extremely potent lung carcinogen that can be produced by the thermolytic degradation of S-2, contact with mosquito coils is likely to expose individuals to a certain level of BCME, and therefore increase the risk of lung cancer. However, the significance of exposure is uncertain, as clinical and epidemiological studies concerning mosquito coil users and workers are lacking. The present study describes three cases of small cell lung cancer treated at the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital that were likely to be the result of exposure to mosquito coils. All patients had worked in the mosquito coil manufacturing industry, with an mean occupational duration of 9.1 years, and presented with similar respiratory symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea. Upon diagnosis, no metastasis to other organs was identified in any of the cases. Subsequently, the three patients were treated with chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy in one case, however, all patients succumbed to the disease, with a mean overall survival time of 10.7 months. We conclude that contact with mosquito coils is likely to expose individuals to a level of S-2 that may increase the risk of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Wei Qi
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Kang Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Cun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Dubey J, Banerjee A, Meena RK, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emissions of different mosquito coils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:650-654. [PMID: 24752510 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Emission rates and emission factors of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the emissions of three prevalent mosquito coil brands available in the market in India, under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber. The emission rates varied between the brands and ranged between 2.0 ± 1.9 to 27.1 ± 1.5 μg h(-1) for brand A, 3.4 ± 1.1 to 32.3 ± 1.2 μg h(-1) for brand B and 3.1 ± 1.0 to 72.2 ± 1.1 μg h(-1) for brand C for different compounds. Five and six ring PAHs were not detected, however four and three ring PAHs dominated. Three ring PAHs contributed 24 %, 42 % and 29 %, while four ring compounds contributed 53 %, 35 % and 61 % to total PAHs in the three brands. Carcinogenic PAH compounds were also present in the emissions, indicating the potential risks associated with the inhalation of coil smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
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Kudom AA, Mensah BA, Nunoo J. Assessment of anti mosquito measures in households and resistance status of Culex species in urban areas in southern Ghana: Implications for the sustainability of ITN use. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:859-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Associations between indoor environmental smoke and respiratory symptoms among preschool children in Shanghai, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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High prevalence of household pesticides and their unsafe use in rural South India. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:275-82. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Human papillomavirus-16 presence and physical status in lung carcinomas from Asia. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:20. [PMID: 21080966 PMCID: PMC2994794 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human papillomavirus (HPV) genome has been detected in lung cancer, its prevalence is highly variable around the world. Higher frequencies have been reported in far-east Asian countries, when compared with European countries. The present study analysed the HPV-16 presence in 60 lung carcinomas from the Asian countries China, Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. RESULTS HPV-16 was present in 8/59 (13%) samples. According to histological type, HPV-16 was detected in 8/18 (44%) squamous cell carcinomas (SQCs), which were mainly from Pakistan; 0/38 (0%) adenocarcinomas (ACs), which were mainly from China; and in 0/4 (0%) small cell carcinomas (SCLCs). The observed histological difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). HPV-16 viral load was also determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); it ranged between 411 to 2345 copies/100 ng of genomic DNA. HPV-16 genome was found integrated into the host genome in every HPV-16 positive carcinoma. CONCLUSION These results support the notion that HPV-16 infection is highly associated with SQCs in Pakistan. Our results show a frequent HPV-16 integration in SQCs, although the low viral load casts doubt respect a direct etiological role of HPV in lung carcinomas from Asia. Additional HPV-16 characterization is necessary to establish a direct or indirect etiological role of HPV in this malignancy.
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Tang L, Lim WY, Eng P, Leong SS, Lim TK, Ng AW, Tee A, Seow A. Lung cancer in Chinese women: evidence for an interaction between tobacco smoking and exposure to inhalants in the indoor environment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1257-60. [PMID: 20472525 PMCID: PMC2944086 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data suggest that Chinese women have a high incidence of lung cancer in relation to their smoking prevalence. In addition to active tobacco smoke exposure, other sources of fumes and airborne particles in the indoor environment, such as cooking and burning of incense and mosquito coils, have been considered potential risk factors for lung cancer. OBJECTIVES We used a case-control study to explore effects of inhalants from combustion sources common in the domestic environment on lung cancer and their modification by active tobacco smoking. METHODS We analyzed 703 primary lung cancer cases and 1,578 controls. Data on demographic background and relevant exposures were obtained by face-to-face interviews in the hospital. RESULTS We observed a positive relationship with daily exposure to incense or mosquito coils and to cooking fumes only among smokers, and no association among lifetime nonsmokers. Interactions between smoking and frequency of cooking, or exposure to incense or mosquito coils were statistically significant and consistent with synergistic effects on lung cancer. The odds ratio (OR) comparing smokers without daily incense or mosquito coil exposure with nonsmokers without daily exposure was 2.80 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.86-4.21], whereas the OR comparing smokers with daily exposure to the same referent group was 4.61 (95% CI, 3.41-6.24). In contrast, daily exposure to incense or mosquito coils was not associated with lung cancer among nonsmokers (OR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.72-1.16). We observed the same pattern of associations for smokers without (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.52-3.51) and with (OR = 4.50; 95% CI, 3.21-6.30) daily cooking exposure compared with nonsmokers, with no evidence of an association with daily cooking exposure among nonsmokers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that active tobacco smoking not only is an important risk factor for development of lung cancer, but also may cause smokers to be more susceptible to the risk-enhancing effects of other inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yen Lim
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip Eng
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Swan Swan Leong
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Tow Keang Lim
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Alan W.K. Ng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Augustine Tee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Adeline Seow
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Address correspondence to A. Seow, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Dr. (117597), Singapore. Telephone: (65) 65164974. Fax: (65) 67791489. E-mail:
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Goodyer LI, Croft AM, Frances SP, Hill N, Moore SJ, Onyango SP, Debboun M. Expert review of the evidence base for arthropod bite avoidance. J Travel Med 2010; 17:182-92. [PMID: 20536888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry I Goodyer
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Gateway, Leicester, UK.
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Zhang L, Jiang Z, Tong J, Wang Z, Han Z, Zhang J(J. Using charcoal as base material reduces mosquito coil emissions of toxins. INDOOR AIR 2010; 20:176-184. [PMID: 20409195 PMCID: PMC2859469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito coils are used to prevent mosquito exposures indoors by approximately 2 billion people worldwide. However, the smoldering of organic matters used as base materials of mosquito coils emits particulate and gaseous toxic compounds. A previous study indicates that emission rates of toxic compounds depend on types of base materials and can be high enough to generate room concentrations markedly higher than health based standards or references. The objective of this study is to evaluate a new type of mosquito coil that uses charcoal powder as base material and to compare its emission rates with those of several current-market brands and several brands tested in the previous study. Results show that the charcoal-based coil had emission rates of PM(2.5) mass, total particle number, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and aldehydes, substantially (up to 10 times) lower than other tested conventional mosquito coils. Results also show that particles freshly generated from burning mosquito coils were all fine and mostly ultrafine in size. This study presents emission rates for PM(2.5) mass, total particle number, gas-phase and particle-phase PAHs, 14 aldehydes and acetone, and 10 volatile hydrocarbons. These data, along with emission rates presented in the previous study are useful for estimating indoor concentrations of toxic compounds generated from mosquito coil uses. Practical Implications Mosquito coils are widely used indoors to prevent mosquitoes from entering indoor environments. This is achieved through the release of insecticides impregnated in biomass base materials of mosquito coils during coil combustion. A previous study reported that burning one mosquito coil releases the same amount of fine particles as burning 75-135 cigarettes, largely depending on what biomass (saw dust or coconut husk) is used as base material. This 'follow-up' study measured several current-market brands of mosquito coils, including a new charcoal-based coil labeled as smokeless coil by the China Environmental Labeling, for their emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants. Results show that using charcoal powder as base material reduces fine particle emissions by a factor of 5-10 and also reduces emissions of pollutants such as formaldehyde and PAHs substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Institute (EOHSI), 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhikuan Jiang
- Huadong Research Institute for Medical Biotechnology, 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, China, 210002
| | - Jian Tong
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Institute (EOHSI), 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhongcai Wang
- Huadong Research Institute for Medical Biotechnology, 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, China, 210002
| | - Zhaojiu Han
- Huadong Research Institute for Medical Biotechnology, 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, China, 210002
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Health Institute (EOHSI), 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:170-7. [PMID: 19225311 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3283276f69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This bibliography is compiled by clinicians from the journals listed at the end of this publication. It is based on literature entered into our database between 1 November 2007 and 31 October 2008 (articles are generally added to the database about two and a half months after publication). In addition, the bibliography contains every paper annotated by reviewers; these references were obtained from a variety of bibliographic databases and published between the beginning of the review period and the time of going to press. The bibliography has been grouped into topics that relate to the reviews in this issue.
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