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Harada S, Ohmomo H, Matsumoto M, Sata M, Iida M, Hirata A, Miyagawa N, Kuwabara K, Kato S, Toki R, Edagawa S, Sugiyama D, Sato A, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Tomita M, Shimizu A, Okamura T, Takebayashi T. Metabolomics Profiles Alterations in Cigarette Smokers and Heated Tobacco Product Users. J Epidemiol 2024; 34:403-410. [PMID: 37926518 PMCID: PMC11330708 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20230170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heated tobacco products (HTPs) have gained global popularity, but their health risks remain unclear. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify plasma metabolites associated with smoking and HTP use in a large Japanese population to improve health risk assessment. METHODS Metabolomics data from 9,922 baseline participants of the Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study (TMCS) were analyzed to determine the association between smoking habits and plasma metabolites. Moreover, alterations in smoking-related metabolites among HTP users were examined based on data obtained from 3,334 participants involved from April 2018 to June 2019 in a follow-up survey. RESULTS Our study revealed that cigarette smokers had metabolomics profiles distinct from never smokers, with 22 polar metabolites identified as candidate biomarkers for smoking. These biomarker profiles of HTP users were closer to those of cigarette smokers than those of never smokers. The concentration of glutamate was higher in cigarette smokers, and biomarkers involved in glutamate metabolism were also associated with cigarette smoking and HTP use. Network pathway analysis showed that smoking was associated with the glutamate pathway, which could lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis of the vessels. CONCLUSION Our study showed that the glutamate pathway is affected by habitual smoking. These changes in the glutamate pathway may partly explain the mechanism by which cigarette smoking causes cardiovascular disease. HTP use was also associated with glutamate metabolism, indicating that HTP use may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease through mechanisms similar to those in cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University
| | - Hideki Ohmomo
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University
| | - Minako Matsumoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Mizuki Sata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Aya Hirata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuyo Kuwabara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Suzuka Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Ryota Toki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Shun Edagawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Asako Sato
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University
| | | | | | | | | | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University
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3
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Harada S, Iida M, Miyagawa N, Hirata A, Kuwabara K, Matsumoto M, Okamura T, Edagawa S, Kawada Y, Miyake A, Toki R, Akiyama M, Kawai A, Sugiyama D, Sato Y, Takemura R, Fukai K, Ishibashi Y, Kato S, Kurihara A, Sata M, Shibuki T, Takeuchi A, Kohsaka S, Sawano M, Shoji S, Izawa Y, Katsumata M, Oki K, Takahashi S, Takizawa T, Maruya H, Nishiwaki Y, Kawasaki R, Hirayama A, Ishikawa T, Saito R, Sato A, Soga T, Sugimoto M, Tomita M, Komaki S, Ohmomo H, Ono K, Otsuka-Yamasaki Y, Shimizu A, Sutoh Y, Hozawa A, Kinoshita K, Koshiba S, Kumada K, Ogishima S, Sakurai-Yageta M, Tamiya G, Takebayashi T. Study Profile of the Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study (TMCS). J Epidemiol 2024; 34:393-401. [PMID: 38191178 PMCID: PMC11230875 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20230192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study (TMCS) is an ongoing population-based cohort study being conducted in the rural area of Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. This study aimed to enhance the precision prevention of multi-factorial, complex diseases, including non-communicable and aging-associated diseases, by improving risk stratification and prediction measures. At baseline, 11,002 participants aged 35-74 years were recruited in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, between 2012 and 2015, with an ongoing follow-up survey. Participants underwent various measurements, examinations, tests, and questionnaires on their health, lifestyle, and social factors. This study uses an integrative approach with deep molecular profiling to identify potential biomarkers linked to phenotypes that underpin disease pathophysiology and provide better mechanistic insights into social health determinants. The TMCS incorporates multi-omics data, including genetic and metabolomic analyses of 10,933 participants, and comprehensive data collection ranging from physical, psychological, behavioral, and social to biological data. The metabolome is used as a phenotypic probe because it is sensitive to changes in physiological and external conditions. The TMCS focuses on collecting outcomes for cardiovascular disease, cancer incidence and mortality, disability and functional decline due to aging and disease sequelae, and the variation in health status within the body represented by omics analysis that lies between exposure and disease. It contains several sub-studies on aging, heated tobacco products, and women's health. This study is notable for its robust design, high participation rate (89%), and long-term repeated surveys. Moreover, it contributes to precision prevention in Japan and East Asia as a well-established multi-omics platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Harada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Miho Iida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Hirata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kuwabara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Matsumoto
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Edagawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kawada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Toki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Akiyama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuki Kawai
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Care and Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Fukai
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishibashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuka Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kurihara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Shibuki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sawano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsumata
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Oki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Rintaro Saito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Asako Sato
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shohei Komaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohmomo
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kanako Ono
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yayoi Otsuka-Yamasaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kumada
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
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4
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Fearon IM, Cordery SF, Fitzpatrick M, Weaver S, Stevenson M, Grandolfo E, Malt L, Thompson K, Nahde T. A Scoping Review of Behavioural Studies on Heated Tobacco Products. Cureus 2024; 16:e65773. [PMID: 39211653 PMCID: PMC11361622 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are electronic devices that heat tobacco sticks to temperatures much lower than those which cause pyrolysis and combustion in cigarettes. While this electrical heating causes the formation of an inhalable aerosol which contains nicotine, the aerosol from HTPs contains significantly fewer and lower levels of the harmful and potentially harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke. As a result, HTP use potentially conveys reduced risks to health compared to cigarette smoking. While this relative reduction in individual health risk is becoming clearer, what is less certain is the impact of HTPs on overall population‑level health, taking into account both the potential positive impact on adult smokers who completely switch to using HTPs and any unintended impacts such as use by tobacco non‑users and particularly by youth. The aim of this scoping review was to collate and evaluate the published scientific evidence to date, with a cut‑off of 1 January 2024, investigating the impact of HTPs on population‑level health. This evaluation suggests that HTP use is almost exclusively observed among those with a history of cigarette smoking, and there is a growing body of evidence for the ability of HTPs to provide support for adult smokers to transition away from cigarette smoking, in the absence of any significant "gateway" into tobacco use initiation. Many studies have reported a significant degree of dual use of cigarettes and HTPs, and efforts to assess the reasons for such patterns of use, whether these provide overall exposure reductions, and whether dual use acts as a bridge towards a complete transition away from cigarette smoking, requires further investigation. In addition, correction of the widespread and increasing misperceptions of HTPs among adult smokers is recommended to promote HTP uptake as a potentially less harmful alternative to smoking in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Fearon
- Scientific Research, whatIF? Consulting Ltd., Harwell, GBR
| | - Sarah F Cordery
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, GBR
| | | | - Sarah Weaver
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, GBR
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, GBR
| | - Erika Grandolfo
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, GBR
| | - Layla Malt
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, GBR
| | - Keith Thompson
- Scientific Consultant, Elucid8 Holdings Ltd., Newtownabbey, GBR
| | - Thomas Nahde
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Reemtsma, Hamburg, DEU
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5
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Cordery S, Thompson K, Stevenson M, Simms L, Chapman F, Grandolfo E, Malt L, Weaver S, Fearon IM, Nahde T. The Product Science of Electrically Heated Tobacco Products: An Updated Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e61223. [PMID: 38939262 PMCID: PMC11209752 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products represent a novel category of tobacco products in which a tobacco consumable is heated to a temperature that releases nicotine from the tobacco leaf but not to a temperature sufficient to cause combustion. Heated tobacco products may therefore have the potential to be a less harmful alternative for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes, as their use should result in exposure to substantially fewer and lower levels of toxicants. This update represents a two-year extension to our previous narrative review, which covered peer-reviewed journal articles published up to August 31, 2021. The scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2023 continues to indicate that aerosols produced from heated tobacco products contain fewer and substantially lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents and that these observed reductions consistently translate to reduced biological effects in both in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. Biomarker and clinical data from studies in which product use is controlled within a clinical setting continue to suggest changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of potential harm, and clinical endpoints indicating the potential for reduced harm with switching to exclusive use of heated tobacco products in adult smokers. Overall, the available peer-reviewed scientific evidence continues to indicate that heated tobacco products offer promise as a potentially less harmful alternative to cigarettes, and as such, the conclusions of our original narrative review remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cordery
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Keith Thompson
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Elucid8 Holdings Ltd., Coleraine, GBR
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Erika Grandolfo
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Layla Malt
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Sarah Weaver
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Ian M Fearon
- Scientific Research, whatIF? Consulting Ltd., Harwell, GBR
| | - Thomas Nahde
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Reemtsma, Hamburg, DEU
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Aoike M, Mori Y, Aoyama Y, Tanaka M, Kozai H, Shigeno Y, Kawamura H, Tsurudome M, Ito M. Nicotine Dependence among College Students Uninterested in Smoking Cessation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5135. [PMID: 36982041 PMCID: PMC10049071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated nicotine dependence among Japanese university students who had reached the smoking age (20 years or older) by the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and examined factors that encourage early smoking cessation. Social dependence on nicotine was evaluated using the Kano Total Social Nicotine Dependence Level (KTSND), and physiological dependence was evaluated using the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Index (FTND). Of the 356 college students who smoked (4.4% of the total), 182 (51.1%) stated that they were not interested in quitting. Furthermore, 124 (68.1%) of those with no interest in quitting smoking were aware that smoking is a high-risk factor for COVID-19, and 58 (31.9%) were unaware. The group not aware of this risk had significantly higher KTSND scores than the group aware of it. The examination of cigarette type that indicated the users of non-conventional cigarette products and dual-user groups scored significantly higher than the cigarette group on FTND items. Overall, the smokers scored above the normal range for social nicotine dependence, suggesting the need to reduce nicotine dependence to encourage college students who continue to smoke to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Aoike
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Mori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Nursing Practicum Support, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Aoyama
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hana Kozai
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shigeno
- The Fire Department Headquarters in Kasugai-City, Kasugai 486-0856, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Kawamura
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
| | - Morihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan
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