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Long B, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 81:62-68. [PMID: 38670052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a condition commonly seen in the emergency department. Therefore, it is important for emergency medicine clinicians to be aware of the current evidence regarding the diagnosis and management of this disease. OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates key evidence-based updates concerning LGIB for the emergency clinician. DISCUSSION LGIB is most commonly due to diverticulosis or anorectal disease, though there are a variety of etiologies. The majority of cases resolve spontaneously, but patients can have severe bleeding resulting in hemodynamic instability. Initial evaluation should focus on patient hemodynamics, the severity of bleeding, and differentiating upper gastrointestinal bleeding from LGIB. Factors associated with LGIB include prior history of LGIB, age over 50 years, and presence of blood clots per rectum. Computed tomography angiography is the imaging modality of choice in those with severe bleeding to diagnose the source of bleeding and guide management when embolization is indicated. Among stable patients without severe bleeding, colonoscopy is the recommended modality for diagnosis and management. A transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL hemoglobin is recommended based on recent data and guidelines (8 g/dL in those with myocardial ischemia), though patients with severe bleeding and hemodynamic instability should undergo emergent transfusion. Anticoagulation reversal may be necessary. If bleeding does not resolve, embolization or endoscopic therapies are necessary. There are several risk scores that can predict the risk of adverse outcomes; however, these scores should not replace clinical judgment in determining patient disposition. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of literature updates can improve the care of patients with LGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine Rush, University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Alali AA, Almadi MA, Barkun AN. Review article: Advances in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:632-644. [PMID: 38158721 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common emergency with substantial associated morbidity and mortality. Elective colonoscopy plays an essential role in management, with an even more important role for radiology in the acute setting. Recent advances in the management of patients with LGIB warrant review as the management has recently evolved. AIMS To provide a comprehensive and updated overview of advances in the approach to patients with LGIB METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search to examine the current data for this narrative review supplemented by expert opinion. RESULTS The incidence of LGIB is increasing worldwide, partly related to an ageing population and the increasing use of antithrombotics. Diverticulosis continues to be the most common aetiology of LGIB. Pre-endoscopic risk stratification tools, especially the Oakland score, can aid appropriate patient triage. Adequate resuscitation continues to form the basis of management, while appropriate management of antithrombotics is crucial to balance the risk of worsening bleeding against increased cardiovascular risk. Radiological imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of acute LGIB, especially among unstable patients. Colonoscopy remains the gold-standard test for the elective management of stable patients. CONCLUSIONS The management of LGIB has evolved significantly in recent years, with a shift towards radiological interventions for unstable patients while reserving elective colonoscopy for stable patients. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to optimise the outcomes of patients with LGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alali
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Majid A Almadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology, The McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alan N Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, The McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Sbeit W, Basheer M, Shahin A, Khoury S, Msheael B, Assy N, Khoury T. Clinical Predictors of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Source before Computed Tomography Angiography. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7696. [PMID: 38137765 PMCID: PMC10744149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a commonly encountered medical emergency. In cases of negative endoscopic evaluations, computed tomography angiography (CTA) is usually the next diagnostic step. To date, data regarding positive CTA examinations are lacking. We aimed to assess the clinical and laboratory parameters that predict a positive CTA examination, as demonstrated by the extravasation of contrast material into the bowel lumen. METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective study, including all patients who were admitted with GIB and who underwent CTA. Analysis was performed to compare patients' characteristics, and logistic regression was used to explore parameters associated with a positive CTA. RESULTS We included 154 patients. Of them, 25 patients (16.2%) had active GIB on CTA vs. 129 patients (83.8%) who did not. On univariate analysis, several parameters were positively associated with active GIB, including congestive heart failure (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.04-5.86, p = 0.04), warfarin use (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.49-15.21, p = 0.008), higher INR (OR 1.33, 1.04-1.69, p = 0.02), and low albumin level (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17-0.79, p = 0.01). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, only high INR (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.76, p = 0.03) and low albumin (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.12-0.7, p = 0.005) kept their positive association with active bleeding, while a high ASA score was negatively associated with an active GIB. CONCLUSIONS We could identify high INR and low albumin as strong predictors of active GIB, as demonstrated by positive CTA. On the other hand, comorbid patients classified by a high ASA score did not experience a higher rate of active GIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Sbeit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (W.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.)
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Maamoun Basheer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (W.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.)
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Amir Shahin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (W.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.)
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Sharbel Khoury
- Department of Radiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Botros Msheael
- Department of Radiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Nimer Assy
- Internal Medicine Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel;
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Department of Gastroenterology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 221001, Israel; (W.S.); (A.S.); (T.K.)
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
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Yaxley KL, Mulhem A, Godfrey S, Oke JL. The Accuracy of Computed Tomography Angiography Compared With Technetium-99m Labelled Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis and Localization of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2023; 52:546-559. [PMID: 37271638 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging tests are commonly used as an initial or early investigation for patients presenting with suspected acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB). However, controversy remains regarding which of two frequently used modalities, computed tomography angiography (CTA) or technetium-99m labelled red blood cell scintigraphy (RBCS), is most accurate. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the accuracy of CTA and RBCS for the detection and localization of AGIB. Five electronic databases were searched with additional manual searching of reference lists of relevant publications identified during the search. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction and methodological assessments. Where appropriate, the bivariate model was used for meta-analysis of sensitivities and specificities for the detection of bleeding and Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation used for meta-analysis of proportions of correctly localized bleeding sites. Forty-four unique primary studies were included: twenty-two investigating CTA, seventeen investigating RBCS and five investigating both modalities. Meta-analysis produced similar pooled sensitivities; 0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.90) and 0.84 (0.68-0.92) for CTA and RBCS respectively. Pooled specificity for CTA was higher than RBCS; 0.90 (0.72-0.97) and 0.84 (0.71-0.91) respectively. However, differences were not statistically significant. CTA was superior to RBCS in correctly localizing bleeding; pooled proportions of 1.00 (0.98-1.00) and 0.90 (0.83-0.96) respectively (statistically significant difference, P < 0.001). There is no evidence that CTA and RBCS have different diagnostic performance with respect to the detection of AGIB. However, CTA is superior to RBCS in terms of correctly localising the bleeding site, supporting usage of CTA over RBCS as the first line imaging investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar L Yaxley
- University of Oxford, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JA, UK; Department of Medical Imaging, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Ali Mulhem
- University of Oxford, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JA, UK
| | - Sean Godfrey
- University of Oxford, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JA, UK
| | - Jason L Oke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Ghazanfar H, Javed N, Balar B. The Role of Timely Angiography in Elderly Patients Presenting With Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Cureus 2023; 15:e47701. [PMID: 38021564 PMCID: PMC10674099 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Timely diagnosis and establishing the etiology of the LGIB can guide appropriate treatment and management. Our patient is a 91-year-old female who presented to the ER with the complaint of several episodes of hematochezia that started four hours before her presentation. The patient underwent an urgent CT angiography showing active bleeding in the proximal ascending colon. She underwent a super-selective arteriogram followed by embolization of the ascending colon arterial culprit bleeding territory using two coils. Her clinical condition improved, and she had no further episodes of hematochezia. Her case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis of the underlying etiology of a patient presenting with LGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nismat Javed
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, USA
| | - Bhavna Balar
- Gastroenterology, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, USA
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Dane B, Gupta A, Wells ML, Anderson MA, Fidler JL, Naringrekar HV, Allen BC, Brook OR, Bruining DH, Gee MS, Grand DJ, Kastenberg D, Khandelwal A, Sengupta N, Soto JA, Guglielmo FF. Dual-Energy CT Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220192. [PMID: 37167088 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a potentially life-threatening condition accounting for more than 300 000 annual hospitalizations. Multidetector abdominopelvic CT angiography is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with GI bleeding. Given that many patients with severe overt GI bleeding are unlikely to tolerate bowel preparation, and inpatient colonoscopy is frequently limited by suboptimal preparation obscuring mucosal visibility, CT angiography is recommended as a first-line diagnostic test in patients with severe hematochezia to localize a source of bleeding. Assessment of these patients with conventional single-energy CT systems typically requires the performance of a noncontrast series followed by imaging during multiple postcontrast phases. Dual-energy CT (DECT) offers several potential advantages for performing these examinations. DECT may eliminate the need for a noncontrast acquisition by allowing the creation of virtual noncontrast (VNC) images from contrast-enhanced data, affording significant radiation dose reduction while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. VNC images can help radiologists to differentiate active bleeding, hyperattenuating enteric contents, hematomas, and enhancing masses. Additional postprocessing techniques such as low-kiloelectron voltage virtual monoenergetic images, iodine maps, and iodine overlay images can increase the conspicuity of contrast material extravasation and improve the visibility of subtle causes of GI bleeding, thereby increasing diagnostic confidence and assisting with problem solving. GI bleeding can also be diagnosed with routine single-phase DECT scans by constructing VNC images and iodine maps. Radiologists should also be aware of the potential pitfalls and limitations of DECT. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari Dane
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Avneesh Gupta
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Michael L Wells
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Mark A Anderson
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Jeff L Fidler
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Haresh V Naringrekar
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Brian C Allen
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Olga R Brook
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - David H Bruining
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Michael S Gee
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - David J Grand
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - David Kastenberg
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Ashish Khandelwal
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Neil Sengupta
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Jorge A Soto
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
| | - Flavius F Guglielmo
- From the Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, 660 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 (B.D.); Department of Radiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass (A.G., J.A.S.); Department of Radiology (M.L.W., J.L.F., A.K.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.A.A., M.S.G.); Department of Radiology (H.V.N., F.F.G.) and Division of Gastroenterology (D.K.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (B.C.A.); Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass (O.R.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI (D.J.G.); and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill (N.S.)
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7
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Hong SM, Baek DH. A Review of Colonoscopy in Intestinal Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071262. [PMID: 37046479 PMCID: PMC10093393 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of the fiberoptic colonoscope in the late 1960s, colonoscopy has been a useful tool to diagnose and treat various intestinal diseases. This article reviews the clinical use of colonoscopy for various intestinal diseases based on present and future perspectives. Intestinal diseases include infectious diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), neoplasms, functional bowel disorders, and others. In cases of infectious diseases, colonoscopy is helpful in making the differential diagnosis, revealing endoscopic gross findings, and obtaining the specimens for pathology. Additionally, colonoscopy provides clues for distinguishing between infectious disease and IBD, and aids in the post-treatment monitoring of IBD. Colonoscopy is essential for the diagnosis of neoplasms that are diagnosed through only pathological confirmation. At present, malignant tumors are commonly being treated using endoscopy because of the advancement of endoscopic resection procedures. Moreover, the characteristics of tumors can be described in more detail by image-enhanced endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy. Colonoscopy can be helpful for the endoscopic decompression of colonic volvulus in large bowel obstruction, balloon dilatation as a treatment for benign stricture, and colon stenting as a treatment for malignant obstruction. In the diagnosis of functional bowel disorder, colonoscopy is used to investigate other organic causes of the symptom.
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8
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Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Updated ACG Guideline. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:208-231. [PMID: 36735555 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common reason for hospitalization in the United States and is associated with significant utilization of hospital resources, as well as considerable morbidity and mortality. These revised guidelines implement the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology to propose recommendations for the use of risk stratification tools, thresholds for red blood cell transfusion, reversal agents for patients on anticoagulants, diagnostic testing including colonoscopy and computed tomography angiography (CTA), endoscopic therapeutic options, and management of antithrombotic medications after hospital discharge. Important changes since the previous iteration of this guideline include recommendations for the use of risk stratification tools to identify patients with LGIB at low risk of a hospital-based intervention, the role for reversal agents in patients with life-threatening LGIB on vitamin K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants, the increasing role for CTA in patients with severe LGIB, and the management of patients who have a positive CTA. We recommend that most patients requiring inpatient colonoscopy undergo a nonurgent colonoscopy because performing an urgent colonoscopy within 24 hours of presentation has not been shown to improve important clinical outcomes such as rebleeding. Finally, we provide updated recommendations regarding resumption of antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications after cessation of LGIB.
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9
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Iqbal H, Maharaj D, Chaudhry H, Gulati A, Roytman M. Refractory gastric ulcer bleeding responsive to long-term octreotide. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X231164856. [PMID: 37051262 PMCID: PMC10084531 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231164856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding is a common condition that can cause hemodynamic instability and death if left untreated. Endoscopic hemostasis is often successful; however, some patients may develop refractory bleeding. Pharmacologic management with octreotide is beneficial in patients with variceal bleeding and has been shown in some studies to be effective in refractory bleeding due to angiodysplasia. There is a paucity of literature regarding the usage of long-term octreotide in refractory bleeding secondary to a peptic ulcer. We present a case of a bleeding gastric ulcer that was refractory to endoscopic management but responsive to long-term octreotide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humzah Iqbal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
- Humzah Iqbal, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 155 N. Fresno St., Fresno, CA 93701, USA.
| | - Dashmeet Maharaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Hunza Chaudhry
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Alakh Gulati
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Marina Roytman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
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10
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Al-Sharydah AM. Predicting Suitable Percutaneous Endovascular Arterial Embolization for Traumatic Abdominopelvic Injuries: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Access Emerg Med 2022; 14:545-556. [PMID: 36212089 PMCID: PMC9534156 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s376819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the pre-procedural attributes of trauma patients to determine their suitability to undergo Percutaneous Endovascular Arterial Embolization (PEAE), and the current state of endovascular repair as an option for trauma-related injuries in traumatic abdominopelvic arterial injuries was explored. Patients and Methods We retrospectively evaluated the charts of 638 adults with traumatic abdominopelvic injuries treated from March 2011 to February 2021, extensively reviewing their pre-operative indices, pre-operative optimization requirements, and multi-modality imaging records. Results In total, 235 patients (30.63%) were “hemodynamically unstable” on admission, mainly due to hypotension (n=437 [68.5%]). Additionally, laboratory-defined acquired coagulopathies and inherited bleeding disorders were found in 268 patients (42.01%). The computerized tomography bleeding protocol was performed on 408 (63.94%) patients. Percutaneous endovascular therapy by arterial embolization was performed on 146 patients. The mean number of requested pre-intervention blood units for trauma patients significantly exceeded the number of units transfused post-intervention (P<0.0005). Apart from hemodynamics (ie heart rate, mean blood pressure); hemoglobin, and lactic acid levels were independently associated indices of PEAE outcomes (p <0.01). Conclusion Despite the recommendations from the Society of Interventional Radiology on endovascular intervention for trauma and bleeding risk, 36.84% of study patients had hemodynamic instability and other unfeasible parameters that would limit the option of minimally invasive procedures. Early recognition and consideration of suitable treatment options is essential for optimizing patient outcomes. It is imperative that standardized algorithms and management protocols based on available resources be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Mohammad Al-Sharydah
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar City, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Abdulaziz Mohammad Al-Sharydah, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, PO Box: 31952, Al-Khobar City, Eastern Province, 4398, Saudi Arabia, Fax +966 013 8676697, Email
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11
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Stein DJ, Said H, Feuerstein JD. Clinical Progress Note: Diagnostic approach to lower gastrointestinal bleeding. J Hosp Med 2022; 17:547-551. [PMID: 35535943 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyder Said
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph D Feuerstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Colo-enteric fistula associated with diffuse large B cell lymphoma that resulted in gastrointestinal bleeding: A case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 91:106798. [PMID: 35131626 PMCID: PMC8829056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Snelling S, Ghaffar R, Ward ST. CT angiograms for lower GI bleeding: the experience of a large UK teaching hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2022; 104:100-105. [PMID: 34730424 PMCID: PMC9773912 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical presentation of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is variable in severity, cause and potential investigations. The British Society of Gastroenterology recently published LGIB guidelines, recommending CT angiography (CT-A) for haemodynamically unstable patients, defined by shock index (SI) greater than 1. The aim of this study was to assess the use and role of CT-A in diagnosing LGIB, by assessing the pickup rate of active LGIB defined by contrast extravasation or 'blush' and to determine any association between positive CT-A with various patient and clinical characteristics. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out of 4 years of LGIB admissions. Demographics, inpatient observations and use of blood products were acquired. Vital signs nearest the time of CT-A plus abnormal vital signs preceding imaging were used to calculate SI, Age SI, National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) and Standardised Early Warning Score (SEWS). A consultant gastrointestinal radiologist further reviewed all consultant-reported scans. RESULTS In total, 930 patients were admitted with LGIB. Median age was 71 years and 51% were male; 179 (19.2%) patients received red blood cell transfusion and 93 patients (10%) underwent CT-A, who were older and were likely to be hypotensive and receive red cell transfusions. Following exclusions, 92 CT-As were included in the analysis. Nine (9.8%) were positive. Univariate analysis showed no association between positive CT-A and any scoring system. A multivariate analysis, including age and gender, showed association between both NEWS2 and SEWS scores with positive CT-A. CONCLUSION In our analysis of the typical LGIB population, CT-A has shown relatively low pick up rate of active bleeding. CT-A clearly has a role in the investigation of LGIB, but selection remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snelling
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - R Ghaffar
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - ST Ward
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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14
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Barat M, Marchese U, Shotar E, Chousterman B, Barret M, Dautry R, Coriat R, Kedra A, Fuks D, Soyer P, Dohan A. Contrast extravasation on computed tomography angiography in patients with hematochezia or melena: Predictive factors and associated outcomes. Diagn Interv Imaging 2021; 103:177-184. [PMID: 34657834 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with extravasation on computed tomography angiography (CTA) in patients with hematochezia/melena and compare the outcome of patients with extravasation on CTA to those without extravasation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-four patients (51 men, 38 women; mean age, 69 ± 16 [SD] years) who underwent CTA within 30 days of hematochezia/melena were included. Variables associated with extravasation on CTA were searched using univariable and multivariable analyses. Outcomes of patients with visible extravasation on CTA were compared with those without visible extravasation. RESULTS One hundred and one CTA examinations were included. Extravasation was observed on 26/101 CTA examinations (26%). At multivariable analysis the need for vasopressor drugs (odds ratio [OR], 7.6; P = 0.040), high transfusion requirements (> 2 blood units) (OR, 7.1; P = 0.014), CTA performed on the day of a hemorrhagic event (OR, 46.2; P = 0.005) and repeat CTA (OR, 27.8; P = 0.011) were independently associated with extravasation on CTA. Extravasation on CTA was followed by a therapeutic procedure in 25/26 CTAs (96%; 26 patients) compared to 13/75 CTAs (17%; 68 patients) on which no extravasation was present (P < 0.001). No patients (0/26; 0%) with contrast extravasation on CTA died while 8 patients (8/61; 13%) without contrast extravasation died, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.099). CONCLUSION Extravasation on CTA in the setting of hematochezia or melena is especially seen in clinically unstable patients who receive more than two blood units. Presence of active extravasation on CTA leads to more frequent application of a therapeutic procedure; however, this does not significantly affect patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Barat
- Department of Radiology A, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Ugo Marchese
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France; Department of Digestive, Hepato-biliary and Endocrine Surgery, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eimad Shotar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75014, France
| | - Benjamin Chousterman
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France; Intensive Care unit, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris 75010, France
| | - Maximilien Barret
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - Raphael Dautry
- Department of Radiology A, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - Romain Coriat
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - Alice Kedra
- Department of Radiology A, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - David Fuks
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France; Department of Digestive, Hepato-biliary and Endocrine Surgery, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris 75014, France
| | - Philippe Soyer
- Department of Radiology A, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Anthony Dohan
- Department of Radiology A, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris 75014, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
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15
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Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM, Oakland K, Manes G, Radaelli F, Awadie H, Camus Duboc M, Christodoulou D, Fedorov E, Guy RJ, Hollenbach M, Ibrahim M, Neeman Z, Regge D, Rodriguez de Santiago E, Tham TC, Thelin-Schmidt P, van Hooft JE. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53:850-868. [PMID: 34062566 DOI: 10.1055/a-1496-8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1: ESGE recommends that the initial assessment of patients presenting with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding should include: a history of co-morbidities and medications that promote bleeding; hemodynamic parameters; physical examination (including digital rectal examination); and laboratory markers. A risk score can be used to aid, but should not replace, clinician judgment.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 2 : ESGE recommends that, in patients presenting with a self-limited bleed and no adverse clinical features, an Oakland score of ≤ 8 points can be used to guide the clinician decision to discharge the patient for outpatient investigation.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 3 : ESGE recommends, in hemodynamically stable patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and no history of cardiovascular disease, a restrictive red blood cell transfusion strategy, with a hemoglobin threshold of ≤ 7 g/dL prompting red blood cell transfusion. A post-transfusion target hemoglobin concentration of 7-9 g/dL is desirable.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 4 : ESGE recommends, in hemodynamically stable patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and a history of acute or chronic cardiovascular disease, a more liberal red blood cell transfusion strategy, with a hemoglobin threshold of ≤ 8 g/dL prompting red blood cell transfusion. A post-transfusion target hemoglobin concentration of ≥ 10 g/dL is desirable.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 5: ESGE recommends that, in patients with major acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, colonoscopy should be performed sometime during their hospital stay because there is no high quality evidence that early colonoscopy influences patient outcomes.Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence. 6 : ESGE recommends that patients with hemodynamic instability and suspected ongoing bleeding undergo computed tomography angiography before endoscopic or radiologic treatment to locate the site of bleeding.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 7 : ESGE recommends withholding vitamin K antagonists in patients with major lower gastrointestinal bleeding and correcting their coagulopathy according to the severity of bleeding and their thrombotic risk. In patients with hemodynamic instability, we recommend administering intravenous vitamin K and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), or fresh frozen plasma if PCC is not available.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 8 : ESGE recommends temporarily withholding direct oral anticoagulants at presentation in patients with major lower gastrointestinal bleeding.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. 9: ESGE does not recommend withholding aspirin in patients taking low dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention. If withheld, low dose aspirin should be resumed, preferably within 5 days or even earlier if hemostasis is achieved or there is no further evidence of bleeding.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. 10: ESGE does not recommend routinely discontinuing dual antiplatelet therapy (low dose aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist) before cardiology consultation. Continuation of the aspirin is recommended, whereas the P2Y12 receptor antagonist can be continued or temporarily interrupted according to the severity of bleeding and the ischemic risk. If interrupted, the P2Y12 receptor antagonist should be restarted within 5 days, if still indicated.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology, and Digestive Oncology, CUB Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian M Gralnek
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kathryn Oakland
- Digestive Diseases and Renal Department, HCA Healthcare, London, UK
| | - Gianpiero Manes
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, ASST Rhodense, Garbagnate Milanese and Rho, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Halim Awadie
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Marine Camus Duboc
- Gastroenterology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Dimitrios Christodoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evgeny Fedorov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moscow University Hospital, Pirogov Russia National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard J Guy
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birkenhead, Wirral, UK
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Medical Department II, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ziv Neeman
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniele Regge
- Radiology Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrique Rodriguez de Santiago
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcala, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Spain
| | - Tony C Tham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter Thelin-Schmidt
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institute and Department of Medicine, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Tse JR, Shen J, Shah R, Fleischmann D, Kamaya A. Extravasation Volume at Computed Tomography Angiography Correlates With Bleeding Rate and Prognosis in Patients With Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:394-400. [PMID: 33449577 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the identification of active extravasation on computed tomography angiography (CTA) in patients with overt gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), a large proportion do not have active bleeding or require hemostatic therapy at endoscopy, catheter angiography, or surgery. The objective of our proof-of-concept study was to improve triage of patients with GIB by correlating extravasation volume of first-pass CTA with bleeding rate and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients who presented with overt GIB and active extravasation on CTA from January 2014 to July 2019 were reviewed in this retrospective, institutional review board-approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study. Extravasation volume was assessed using 3-dimensional software and correlated with hemostatic therapy (primary endpoint) and with intraprocedural bleeding, blood transfusions, and mortality as secondary endpoints using logistic regression models (P < 0.0125 indicating statistical significance). Odds ratios were used to determine the effect size of a threshold extravasation volume. Quantitative data (extravasation volume, aorta attenuation, extravasation attenuation and time) were input into a mathematical model to calculate bleeding rate. RESULTS Fifty consecutive patients including 6 (12%) upper, 18 (36%) small bowel, and 26 (52%) lower GIB met inclusion criteria. Forty-two underwent catheter angiography, endoscopy, or surgery; 16 had intraprocedural active bleeding, and 24 required hemostatic therapy. Higher extravasation volumes correlated with hemostatic therapy (P = 0.007), intraprocedural active bleeding (P = 0.003), and massive transfusion (P = 0.0001), but not mortality (P = 0.936). Using a threshold volume of 0.80 mL or greater, the odds ratio of hemostatic therapy was 8.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.1-26), active bleeding was 11.8 (2.6-45), and massive transfusion was 18 (2.3-65). With mathematical modeling, extravasation volume had a direct and linear relationship with bleeding rate, and the lowest calculated detectable bleeding rate with CTA was less than 0.1 mL/min. CONCLUSIONS Larger extravasation volumes correlate with higher bleeding rates and may identify patients who require hemostatic therapy, have intraprocedural bleeding, and require blood transfusions. Current CTAs can detect bleeding rates less than 0.1 mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Tse
- From the Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Rajesh Shah
- Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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Mascarenhas Saraiva M, Ribeiro T, Andrade P, Cardoso H, Macedo G. Capsule enteroscopy versus scintigraphy for the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 114:208-212. [PMID: 34015932 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.7633/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsule enteroscopy (CE) and 99mTc Red blood cell (RBC) scintigraphy are frequently used tests in the investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). There is a scarcity of data comparing both diagnostic modalities. This study aims to assess the performance of CE and scintigraphy for the diagnosis of OGIB. METHODS Patients who underwent CE and scintigraphy for OGIB were selected and analyzed retrospectively. The hemorrhagic potential of CE findings was rated using Saurin's classification. The concordance between both diagnostic techniques for bleeding detection and localization was analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-five patients (62% female), with a median age of 63 years, were included. Capsule enteroscopy identified 37 patients (43%) with high hemorrhagic potential (P2) lesions. Most scintigraphy exams were positive for gastrointestinal bleeding (82%). No concordance was found between the detection of lesions with hemorrhagic potential in CE and scintigraphy (kappa <0). The distribution of P0, P1, and P2 findings was similar in patients with positive or negative scintigraphy (p=0.526). There was no agreement regarding the location of P2 findings in CE and the bleeding detected in the scintigraphy (kappa <0). Patients with P2 lesions had significantly lower median levels of hemoglobin (p=0.002) at presentation. No significant difference was found in hemoglobin values between patients with positive or negative scintigraphy (p=0.058). CONCLUSION Significant diagnostic discrepancy was observed between CE and scintigraphy. The findings of CE correlated better with hemoglobin values at presentation than the scintigraphy results. Therefore, scintigraphy didn't appear to be useful in the diagnostic workup of OGIB. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João
| | | | - Hélder Cardoso
- Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João
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18
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Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Jejunal Diverticula in a Community Hospital: A Case Report and Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. GASTROENTEROLOGY INSIGHTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/gastroent12020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Small bowel diverticula are rare and often asymptomatic. Severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding from jejunal diverticula is rarely reported and, therefore, should be considered a differential diagnosis in all cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with nonconclusive gastroscopy and colonoscopy. In this case report, we discuss a case of a 75-year-old male with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding from jejunal diverticula. Initial gastroscopy did not reveal the source of bleeding. Repeat upper endoscopy with a pediatric colonoscope identified jejunal diverticula as the likely source of bleeding. Angiography identified the site of extravasation, and successful angioembolization was done by interventional radiology.
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Brahmbhatt A, Rao P, Cantos A, Butani D. Time to Catheter Angiography for Gastrointestinal Bleeding after Prior Positive Investigation Does Not Affect Bleed Identification. J Clin Imaging Sci 2020; 10:16. [PMID: 32363078 PMCID: PMC7193149 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_132_2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine, time to angiography for patients with positive gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) on prior investigation (endoscopy [ES], nuclear medicine [NM] Tc99m red blood cells (RBC) scan, or computed tomography angiography), affects angiographic bleed identification. Materials and Methods: Visceral Angiograms performed from January 2012 to August 2017 were evaluated. Initial angiograms performed for GIB were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included recent abdominal surgery or procedure (30 days), empiric embolization (embolization without visualized active bleeding), and use of vasodilators, or subsequent angiogram. Timing and results of ES, NM Tc99m RBC scan, or computed tomography angiogram and catheter angiogram were recorded. In addition, age, gender, angiogram time, anti- platelet therapy, anti-coagulation therapy, bleed location, international normalized ratio, and units of packed RBCs received in the 24 h before catheter angiography were included in the study. Results: One hundred and seventy angiograms were included in the final analysis. Forty-three angiograms resulted in the identification of an active bleed (68.9 years, and 67.4% male). All of these patients were embolized successfully. One hundred and twenty-seven angiograms failed to identify an active bleed (70.4 years, and 49.6% male). No significance was found across the two groups with respect to time from prior positive investigation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that units of packed RBCs received in the preceding 24 h were correlated with positive bleed identification on catheter angiography. Conclusion: Time to angiography from prior positive investigation, including ES, NM Tc99m RBC scan, or computed tomography angiogram does not correlate with positive angiographic outcomes. Increasing units of packed RBCs administered in the 24 h before angiogram do correlate with positive angiographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaar Brahmbhatt
- Departments of Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Pranay Rao
- Departments of Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Cantos
- Departments of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Devang Butani
- Departments of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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Hsu MJ, Dinh DC, Shah NA, Bernal-Fernandez MC, Soto JA, Anderson SW, Ramalingam V. Time to conventional angiography in gastrointestinal bleeding: CT angiography compared to tagged RBC scan. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:307-311. [PMID: 31363814 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare CT angiography (CTA) and tagged red blood cell (RBC) scan as a function of time from these initial imaging studies to subsequent conventional angiography and catheter-directed embolization in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. METHODS An IRB-approved retrospective study was conducted of 35 consecutive patients diagnosed with GI bleeding that received angiography for planned catheter-directed embolization. Of these patients, 20 were diagnosed with bleeding using a tagged RBC scan, whereas 15 were diagnosed using CTA. The lengths of time between diagnostic study order to study completion, diagnostic study completion to angiography, and total time from diagnostic study order to angiography were calculated. The results of both groups were compared using a t test with p value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean time from diagnostic study order to study completion was 3 h and 4 min for the CTA group and 5 h and 1 min for the tagged RBC scan group (p value = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the time to angiography after completion of the preceding diagnostic study. The total mean time from diagnostic study order to intervention was 6 h and 8 min for the CTA group and 9 h and 29 min for the tagged RBC scan group, a statistically significant difference (p value = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS In patients requiring conventional angiography for GI bleeding, CT angiography results in a faster time to angiography than tagged RBC scan, which appears to be due to the longer duration required to complete the tagged RBC scan. Decreasing time to angiography is vital, as GI bleeding can be fatal and earlier diagnosis and intervention has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality, while also increasing sensitivity of angiography. These findings may assist ordering clinicians in deciding on the appropriate diagnostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Diana C Dinh
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Nemil A Shah
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Marina C Bernal-Fernandez
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Stephan W Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, FGH Building, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Vijay Ramalingam
- Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Hwy, New Orleans, LA, 70121, USA
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Correlation of CT Angiography and 99mTechnetium-Labeled Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy to Catheter Angiography for Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Single-Institution Experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1725-1732.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Cho KJ. CT Angiography versus Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy Prior to Catheter Angiography for Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Timing Is Everything. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1733-1735. [PMID: 31655762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung J Cho
- Department of Radiology, Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System, Rm #5582, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, SPC 5868, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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23
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The impact of a multidisciplinary algorithmic approach to acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:1751-1753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Fok KY, Murugesan JR, Maher R, Engel A. Management of per rectal bleeding is resource intensive. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89:E113-E116. [PMID: 30887672 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haematochezia or per rectal (PR) bleeding is the most common presentation of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. This study analyses the hospital resources used in the management of patients with PR bleeding. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who presented with PR bleeding from June 2012 to December 2013 to a single tertiary centre in Sydney, Australia. Age, gender, comorbidities, use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications, vital signs, and haematological data were recorded. The objective factors available on initial patient assessment were analysed for their relationship with the following outcomes: use of computed tomography mesenteric angiogram, formal angiography and embolization, transfusion of blood products, endoscopy, operative management and length of stay. RESULTS There were 523 confirmed presentations of PR bleeding. Four hundred and fifty-two of these presented directly to emergency department, while 71 were referred from another hospital. One in five patients had blood transfusion (19%), 13% had computed tomography mesenteric angiogram, 4% had embolization and 13% underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic colonoscopy. Patients referred from other facilities were more comorbid (55% versus 30%), more likely to be on antiplatelet or anticoagulant (69% versus 33%) with a higher rate of embolization (28% versus 4%), more packed cell transfusions (2.1 versus 0.7 units) and longer length of stay (7.9 versus 5.7 days) but mortality was the same (1%). CONCLUSIONS The management of patients with PR bleeding is resource intensive. Better identification and allocation of resources in patients who present with PR bleeding may lead to better efficiency in managing this growing clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yin Fok
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jothi R Murugesan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Maher
- Department of Radiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Engel
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kim CY. Provocative mesenteric angiography for diagnosis and treatment of occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2018. [DOI: 10.18528/gii180034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Kim
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Gurajala RK, Fayazzadeh E, Nasr E, Shrikanthan S, Srinivas S, Karuppasamy K. Independent usefulness of flow phase 99mTc-red blood cell scintigraphy in predicting the results of angiography in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Br J Radiol 2018; 92:20180336. [PMID: 30307319 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In acute gastrointestinal bleeding, despite positive dynamic phase 99mTc-red blood cell scintigraphy, invasive catheter angiography (CA) is frequently negative. In this study, we investigated the value of flow phase scintigraphy in predicting extravasation on CA. METHODS: Institutional review board approval with a waiver of informed consent was obtained for this retrospective study. A total of 173 scintigraphy procedures performed in 145 patients with GIB between January 2013 and August 2014 were analysed. Scintigraphy had two phases: flow (1 image/s for 1 min) followed by dynamic (1 image/30 s for 1 h). Patients who underwent CA within 24 hours of positive scintigraphy were assessed. Each scintigraphy phase was randomly and independently reviewed by two nuclear medicine physicians blinded to the outcomes of the other phase and of CA. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients (29%) had positive scintigraphy. Of these patients, 29 underwent CA, and extravasation was seen in 6 (21%). In all, dynamic phase scintigraphy was positive. 13 of the 29 patients also had positive flow phase scintigraphy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, and negative-predictive value of flow phase scintigraphy for extravasation on CA were 100, 70, 46, and 100%, respectively. Specificity and positive predictive value were higher when CA was performed within 4 hours of positive flow phase scintigraphy. CONCLUSIONS: Negative flow phase scintigraphy can identify patients who will not benefit from CA despite positive dynamic phase scintigraphy. The likelihood of extravasation on CA is higher when performed soon after positive flow phase scintigraphy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Negative flow phase scintigraphy identifies patients who will not benefit from invasive catheter angiography despite positive results on subsequent dynamic phase scintigraphy. Increasing the delay between positive red blood cell scintigraphy and catheter angiography progressively reduces the likelihood of identifying extravasation, which is required to target embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kishore Gurajala
- 1 Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Ehsan Fayazzadeh
- 1 Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Elie Nasr
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Sankaran Shrikanthan
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Shyam Srinivas
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Karunakaravel Karuppasamy
- 1 Section of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , USA
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Abstract
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding entails a range of severity and a multitude of options for localization and control of bleeding. With experience in trauma, critical care, endoscopy, and definitive surgical interventions, general surgeons are equipped to manage this condition in various clinical settings. This article examines traditional and emerging options for bleeding localization and control available to general surgeons.
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Wells ML, Hansel SL, Bruining DH, Fletcher JG, Froemming AT, Barlow JM, Fidler JL. CT for Evaluation of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Radiographics 2018; 38:1089-1107. [PMID: 29883267 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is common and necessitates rapid diagnosis and treatment. Bleeding can occur anywhere throughout the GI tract and may be caused by many types of disease. The variety of enteric diseases that cause bleeding and the tendency for bleeding to be intermittent may make it difficult to render a diagnosis. The workup of GI bleeding is frequently prolonged and expensive, with examinations commonly needing to be repeated. The use of computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of acute GI bleeding is gaining popularity because it can be used to rapidly diagnose active bleeding and nonbleeding bowel disease. The CT examinations used to evaluate acute GI bleeding include CT angiography and multiphase CT enterography. Understanding the clinical evaluation of acute GI bleeding, including the advantages and limitations of endoscopic evaluation, is necessary for the appropriate selection of patients who may benefit from CT. Multiphase CT enterography is used primarily to evaluate stable patients who have undergone upper and lower endoscopy without identification of a bleeding source. CT angiography is used to examine stable and unstable patients who respond to resuscitation, are believed to be actively bleeding, and are considered unlikely to have an upper GI source of hemorrhage. In the emergent setting, CT may yield critical information regarding the presence, location, and cause of active bleeding-data that can guide the choice of subsequent therapy. Recent developments in the use of and techniques for performing CT angiography have made it a potential first-line tool for evaluating acute GI bleeding. ©RSNA, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wells
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Stephanie L Hansel
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - David H Bruining
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Joel G Fletcher
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Adam T Froemming
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John M Barlow
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jeff L Fidler
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.L.W., J.G.F., A.T.F., J.M.B., J.L.F.) and Gastroenterology (S.L.H., D.H.B.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Abstract
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common cause of presentation to the emergency department and hospital admissions. The incidence of LGIB increases with age and the most common etiologies are diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, malignancy and anorectal diseases. Foremost modality for evaluation and treatment of LGIB is colonosopy. Other diagnostic tools such as nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography, angiography and capsule endoscopy are also frequently used in the workup of LGIB. Choice of treatment modality depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient, rate of bleeding, expertise and available resources. We present a comprehensive review of the evaluation and management of LGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram Jala
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 7400 Jones Drive, Apt 724, Galveston, TX 77551
| | | | - Mohammad Bilal
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 7400 Jones Drive, Apt 724, Galveston, TX 77551.
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Storace M, Martin JG, Shah J, Bercu Z. CTA As an Adjuvant Tool for Acute Intra-abdominal or Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 20:248-257. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Speir EJ, Ermentrout RM, Martin JG. Management of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 20:258-262. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Naraynsingh V, Cawich SO, Hassranah D, Daniel F, Maharaj R, Harnarayan P. Segmental colectomy for bleeding diverticular disease guided by the PEEP test. Trop Doct 2017; 47:355-359. [PMID: 28764591 DOI: 10.1177/0049475517724690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with massive lower gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage from diverticulosis are subjected to total colectomy when preoperative localisation is unavailable. We dissected colectomy specimens and noted that there was limited retrograde reflux in most of these cases. Therefore, we sought to assess the value of a positive endoluminal erythrocyte presence (PEEP) test (presence of fresh blood in the caecum) to direct segmental colectomies in 14 patients who required emergency operations for massive lower GI haemorrhage. Overall, 13 (93%) patients who had segmental colectomy guided by the PEEP test had successful control of bleeding. There was no mortality and a 14% postoperative morbidity after segmental resections guided by the PEEP test. One patient had persistent bleeding and required a completion colectomy on the third postoperative day. We propose that the PEEP test be added to the surgical armamentarium to guide segmental resection in the absence of localisation by conventional means. However, we advocate blind total colectomy if the PEEP test is equivocal and early completion colectomy if there is significant re-bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Naraynsingh
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Shamir O Cawich
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Dale Hassranah
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Feisal Daniel
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Ravi Maharaj
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Patrick Harnarayan
- Consultant Surgeon, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, St Augustine Campus, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
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