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Mullis DM, Mueller C, Bonham SA, Hunt E, Uribe D, Miller H, Bianco YK. Gender diversity in pediatric surgery: academic ranks and scholarly productivity amongst pediatric surgeons. Front Surg 2024; 11:1442501. [PMID: 39149132 PMCID: PMC11324546 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1442501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite a growing number of women entering medical school, a small proportion of women pursue surgical specialties, including pediatric surgery. This multi-center study assesses gender-based differences in measures of scholarly productivity and distribution of faculty positions. Methods This is a retrospective web-based study of all pediatric surgeons at twelve large institutions across the United States. Data published by the American Association of Medical Colleges was compiled and analyzed to understand the gender distributions of medical students, general surgery residents, and pediatric surgery fellows. P-values were calculated using two-sided Student's independent t-tests and chi-squared tests. Results There have been a growing number of women applying into pediatric surgery, but the proportion of women matriculating into these fellowships is not concordant. Women are still underrepresented (28%) amongst the pediatric surgeon workforce. A total of 111 pediatric surgeons were identified for this study, which included 31 women (28%) and 80 males (72%). There was a significant difference in the distribution across academic ranks between genders (p < 0.001). Women had significantly fewer publications per year after residency, fewer total publications, and a lower h-index in comparison to men (p < .001, p = .005, p = .002, respectively). Conclusions Women are not only underrepresented in pediatric surgery, but there are also significant differences in the distribution of faculty positions and scholarly productivity when comparing men and women. There is a pressing need to improve gender diversity and identify barriers that may prevent women from advancing to leadership positions and achieving professional success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Mullis
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Mueller
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Spencer A Bonham
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Emily Hunt
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Uribe
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hayley Miller
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Wei W, Cai Z, Ding J, Fares S, Patel A, Khosa F. Organizational Leadership Gender Differences in Medical Schools and Affiliated Universities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:662-670. [PMID: 38061046 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare gender compositions in the leadership of the top 25 medical schools in North America with the leadership of their affiliated university senior leadership and other faculties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional observational study used publicly available gender data from 2018 to 2019 of universities drawn from the U.S. News Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine Ranking report. Gender compositions in eight leadership tiers from senior leadership to medical school department directors were analyzed. Data analysis included gender compositions by leadership tier and faculty. Results: Male representation is greater at higher leadership tiers, with the largest imbalance being at the level of medical school department heads. The faculty of medicine has more men in leadership positions than the average of the other faculties (p = 0.02), though similar to schools of engineering, business, dentistry, and pharmacy. Across the eight leadership tiers, a significant trend exists between tier and proportions, indicating that male representation was greater at higher tiers (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between a university's leadership gender composition and its ranking. Conclusion: The under-representation of women is greater in medical school leadership than the leadership of their affiliated universities. The faculty of medicine has greater male over-representation than the average of the other faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhenglun Cai
- Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Shunmugam M, Friesen S, Kipfer S, Klonowski A, Hehar HK, Lei LY, Yong-Hing CJ, Khosa F. Gender distribution of North American professional radiology society award recipients. Clin Imaging 2024; 108:110096. [PMID: 38306933 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women remain underrepresented in radiology and there is a paucity of literature examining the recognition of their professional contributions to the discipline. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender distribution of award winners across all North American radiology societies. METHODS The gender distribution of 1923 award recipients from 21 North American radiology societies between 1960 and 2021 was examined. Awards were divided into four categories: leadership, teaching, contribution to radiology, and promising new/young societal member. Primary outcome was the total proportion of awards received by gender. All data was compared to the gender distribution of working radiologists in North America. RESULTS A total of 1923 award recipients were identified between 1960 and 2021. Seventy-nine percent of award recipients were men (n = 1527) and 21 % were women (n = 396). As of 1970, the proportion of women award recipients increased 0.55 % ± 0.07 % each year. The proportion of women receiving radiological awards after 2018 is equal to or surpassing the percentage of women radiologists. Women received 36.4 % of leadership, 33.6 % of promising new member, 30.1 % of teaching, and 14.4 % of lifetime contribution awards. CONCLUSIONS In the last five years, the proportion of women receiving awards was equal to or greater than the proportion of women radiologists. Women received more leadership awards and fewer lifetime contributor awards compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth Friesen
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sharon Kipfer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Harleen K Hehar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy Y Lei
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Diagnostic Imaging, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Busch F, Keller S, Rueger C, Kader A, Ziegeler K, Bressem KK, Adams LC. Mapping gender and geographic diversity in artificial intelligence research: Editor representation in leading computer science journals. Acta Radiol Open 2023; 12:20584601231213740. [PMID: 38034076 PMCID: PMC10685787 DOI: 10.1177/20584601231213740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly radiology, requires its unbiased and fair development and implementation, starting with the constitution of the scientific community. Purpose To examine the gender and country distribution among academic editors in leading computer science and AI journals. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed the gender and country distribution among editors-in-chief, senior, and associate editors in all 75 Q1 computer science and AI journals in the Clarivate Journal Citations Report and SCImago Journal Ranking 2022. Gender was determined using an open-source algorithm (Gender Guesser™), selecting the gender with the highest calibrated probability. Result Among 4,948 editorial board members, women were underrepresented in all positions (editors-in-chief/senior editors/associate editors: 14%/18%/17%). The proportion of women correlated positively with the SCImago Journal Rank indicator (ρ = 0.329; p = .004). The U.S., the U.K., and China comprised 50% of editors, while Australia, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K., Switzerland, and Slovenia had the highest women editor representation per million women population. Conclusion Our results highlight gender and geographic disparities on leading computer science and AI journal editorial boards, with women being underrepresented in all positions and a disproportional relationship between the Global North and South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Busch
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Rueger
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Avan Kader
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Ziegeler
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keno K Bressem
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa C Adams
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
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Tien CW, Tao B, Khosa F. Gender disparity among ophthalmologists awarded Canadian institute of health research grants. Women Health 2023; 63:143-149. [PMID: 36593567 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2022.2164113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts toward equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic ophthalmology faculties, gender disparity continues to exist. Current evidence indicates that female ophthalmologists consistently hold lower academic ranks and receive less funding from the National Institutes of Health compared to their male colleagues. The extent of this disparity is unknown in the Canadian context. We sought to characterize the gender gap in Canadian Institutes of Health Research funding among ophthalmologists. From inception, funding decision data were collected from the official Canadian Institutes of Health Research website database hosted by the Government of Canada. Measures including gender, number of grants held over the study period, number of simultaneous grants, and total funding were collected. Female ophthalmologists were consistently awarded fewer grants (21.43 percent) compared to male counterparts and were less likely to hold multiple grants since 2008. An over five-fold disparity was found in total funding for female compared to male ophthalmologists. As well, females were less likely than males to hold a grant in each particular year except in 2020. Female ophthalmologists continue to face barriers to attaining academic support from Canadian Institute of Health Research funds. Continued action to mitigate this gender gap may improve gender-based parity in federal research funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Tien
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendan Tao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Burg ML, Sholklapper T, Kohli P, Kaneko M, Maria Autran A, Teoh J, Murphy DG, Samplasky M, Psutka SP, Loeb S, Ribal MJ, Cacciamani GE. Gender Disparities Among Editorial Boards of International Urology Journals. Eur Urol Focus 2022; 8:1840-1846. [PMID: 35504837 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender composition among surgical academic leadership, including academic medical journals, disproportionately favors men and may inadvertently introduce a bias. An understanding of the factors associated with gender representation among urologic journals may aid in prioritizing an equitable balance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate female representation on editorial boards of pre-eminent international urologic journals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The names and position descriptions of urologic journal leadership appointees were collected in October 2021. Gender was assessed using gender-api.com or through personal title, as available. Journal characteristics were summarized using SCImago, a bibliometric indicator database extracted from Scopus journal data. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to describe associations between SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) quartile and geographic region with female gender representation. Quartile 1 (Q1) was considered the top quartile and Q4 the bottom quartile concordant with journal impact factor. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 105 urology-focused journals were identified with 5989 total editorial board members, including 877 (14.6%) female, 5112 (85.4%) male, and two nonbinary persons. Female representation differed significantly by journal leadership position, SJR quartile, and geographic region. On the multivariate analysis of overall female representation, Q1 journals had higher odds of female representation than Q2 and Q3 journals, and had no significant difference from Q4 journals. Additionally, compared with Western Europe, North American journals had 78% higher odds while Asiatic journals had 50% lower odds of female representation. This study is limited by the inability to account for outside factors that lead to invitation or acceptance of journal leadership positions. CONCLUSIONS Contemporary female leadership at urology journals is about six times less common than male leadership across all journals, although trends in their proportion were noted when assessed by journal quartile and region. Addressing this gender imbalance represents an important step toward achieving gender equity in the field of urology. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we looked at the gender balance of academic journal leaders who serve as gatekeepers for sharing urologic research with the public. We found that the most prestigious journals and those in western countries tended to have the highest female representation. We hope that these findings help the academic community recognize and improve gender representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L Burg
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tamir Sholklapper
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priya Kohli
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masatomo Kaneko
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ana Maria Autran
- Oficina de Investigacion CAU (Confederacion Americana de Urologia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Samplasky
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah P Psutka
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Departments of Urology and Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria J Ribal
- Uro-Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni E Cacciamani
- The Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologist (EAU-YAU), Arnhem, The Netherlands.
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Booth LE, Lo FJ, Davis MA, Spalluto LB, Yee J, Yong-Hing CJ, Murray N, Alwazzan AB, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Surgical Device Patents: A 5-year Trend From Canada and the United States. J Surg Res 2022; 280:248-257. [PMID: 36027658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite an increasing number of women pursuing careers in science, engineering, and medicine, gender disparities in patents persist. This study sought to analyze trends in inventor's gender for surgical device patents filed and granted in Canada and the United States from 2015 to 2019. METHODS This study analyzed patents filed and granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) in the category of "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification" and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the category of "Surgery" from 2015 to 2019. The gender of the patent applicants was determined using a gender algorithm that predicts gender based on first names. Gender matches with names having a probability of less than 95% were excluded. RESULTS We identified 14,312 inventors on patents filed and 12,737 inventors on patents granted by the CIPO for "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification". In the USPTO category of "Surgery," we identified 75,890 inventors on patents filed and 44,842 inventors on patents granted. Female inventors accounted for 7%-10% of inventors from 2015 to 2019 for both patents filed and granted. The proportion of female inventors on patents granted was significantly lower than for patents filed for four of the 5 y analyzed for both the USPTO and CIPO. CONCLUSIONS Female representation in surgical device patenting has stagnated, between 7 and 10%, from 2015 to 2019 in Canada and the United States. This underrepresentation of female inventors in surgical device patenting represents sizable gender disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Booth
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fu Jorden Lo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa A Davis
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucy B Spalluto
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy Yee
- Professor and University Chair, Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- University of British Columbia Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Cancer Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolas Murray
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahmad B Alwazzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Daye D, Achuck E, Slanetz PJ. New England Women in Radiology (NEWR) Invited Lectureship Series: A Novel Program to Advance the Careers of Junior Female Faculty in Academic Radiology. Acad Radiol 2022; 30:919-925. [PMID: 35752573 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the New England Women in Radiology (NEWR) program, a new program aimed to generate speaking and networking opportunities for junior women radiologists in New England, by providing opportunities to speak at other academic institutions in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 academic radiology departments and 20 faculty members at various New England institutions participated in the program during its first year. An institutional survey was sent to all participating institutions and a faculty survey was sent to all participating faculty to assess their experience with the program. Experience was measured using a Likert scale. A word cloud was used to visualize common themes in free response survey questions. RESULTS Hundred percent of participating institutions and 67% of participating faculty responded to the corresponding surveys. Hundred percent of responding faculty indicated that they would participate in the program again. Ninety-two percent of faculty said that they would recommend the program to a colleague. Fifty-eight percent found the networking opportunity valuable; while 83% believed that participation in the NEWR program would help them achieve a promotion. Hundred percent of the participating institutions who completed the survey strongly agreed that 1) the program was easy to administer, 2) participating in the program was valuable to their educational mission, and 3) participating in the program benefited the promotion of junior women faculty in their department. CONCLUSION Initial experience with the NEWR program in its first year was positive amongst both faculty and institutional participants. To further help female junior faculty advance their careers in academia, the NEWR program could be adapted to other geographical locations to incorporate a greater number of institutions and faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Daye
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA.
| | - Emily Achuck
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA
| | - Priscilla J Slanetz
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord Street, Boston, MA
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Qamar SR, Nayab A, Walsh J, Niu B, Norbash A, Verma N, Macura K, Castillo M, Khosa F. Academic Radiology in North America: Underrepresentation of Women in Academic Ranks and Leadership Roles. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-022-00398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gender and Racial Trends among Geriatric Psychiatry Fellows in the USA: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Q 2022; 93:559-570. [PMID: 35091828 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-021-09969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The United States (USA) is a culturally and ethnically diverse country with an estimated 5.6 to 8 million elderly population living with psychiatric and substance use disorders and a dwindling geriatric psychiatry workforce. In this study, we explored the gender and racial trends in USA geriatrics psychiatry fellowship programs from 2007-20, and forecasted the 2030 geriatric psychiatry workforce to identify the gaps and provide recommendations. METHOD This retrospective analysis of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) data included trainees in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA from 2007-20. Races were classified as White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Black (Non-Hispanic), Native American/Alaskan, Others, and Unknown. Gender was categorized as Male, Female, and Not Reported. RESULTS Amongst the geriatric psychiatry fellowship trainees, there was an overall decrease in the representation of all races from 2011-20. There was a relative decrease of 16%, 8.6% and 2.3% for White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, and Black (Non-Hispanics) respectively whereas the Hispanic and Native American/Alaskan trainees remained unchanged. Women relatively increased 28.4% from 2007-20 while men relatively decreased 27.1%. Our projections suggest that without changes in the current health professional recruitment trends and the shortage of geriatric psychiatrists will persist with a shortfall of 1,080 (9.7%) by 2030. CONCLUSION There are critical gaps in racial and gender representation in geriatric psychiatry fellowship programs in the USA. An inclusive workforce is required to address diverse communities and bridge gaps in physician workforce gender and racial disparities.
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Chander S, Shelly S, Tiwana MH, Siddiqi J, Fares S, Alwazzan AB, Faheem S, Khosa F. Racial and Gender Profile of Public Health Faculty in the United States of America. Cureus 2022; 14:e24998. [PMID: 35719815 PMCID: PMC9191270 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the context of shifting population demographics in the United States (US), a diverse workforce in the discipline of public health can improve outcomes for various populations through the provision of culturally competent public health policies and corresponding research. This study explored the academic, racial, and gender profile of public health faculty in the USA. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis, we analyzed the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) annual report of faculty appointments at US medical schools. Descriptive data analysis was performed for chairperson, full professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, and other positions from 2007 to 2018. Results There was a decrease in appointments at all academic ranks from 2007 to 2018 with an absolute change of −239. Overall, most academic positions were occupied by Whites compared to other races, especially in leadership ranks. However, year-by-year analysis showed a gradual decrease in the number of positions held by Whites. Over the last decade, there was a positive trend with a marginally greater number of minorities appointed at academic ranks, specifically Asians. Similarly, no significant change was seen in appointments for Hispanics. Additionally, females occupied a greater number of new positions as compared to their male counterparts except for the higher academic ranks. The data obtained from the AAMC were voluntarily reported and thus may not provide a complete picture of medical faculty in academic medicine. Conclusion Women have shown progress in public health faculty positions during our 12-year study period. However, racial and gender incongruity still exists at higher academic ranks and leadership positions. Further research is warranted to explore factors influencing faculty appointment and promotion, and strategies to reduce inequities.
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National Institutes of Health: Gender Differences in Radiology Funding. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:748-754. [PMID: 32893113 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Radiology has traditionally remained one of the most male-dominated specialties, although a higher proportion of women are now beginning to occupy roles as academic radiologists than their male counterparts. The present study investigated trends in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding within Diagnostic Radiology stratified by gender, and correlated with measures of academic output, including h-index. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on funding was obtained from the online NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results for fiscal years 2016-2019, and information regarding each Principal Investigator (PI) was obtained from the Scopus database and departmental websites. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed on collected data for statistical comparison of continuous variables. RESULTS Of the 2929 grants included in this analysis, 1789 (61.07%) were awarded to male PIs and 1140 (38.9%) to female PIs. Among PIs holding a PhD degree, male PIs had a higher mean grant amount ($619,807.00) compared to female PIs ($158,486.00). CONCLUSION Although female representation within academic radiology has been increasing, the mean NIH grants awarded to women is less than that awarded to men. Reasons for this are numerous and may include differential prioritization of career objectives among men and women, although such rationalization is inevitably speculative in nature. Significant gender differences in NIH funding were seen at the PhD level, and the strongest correlation between NIH funding and academic output was observed for the h-index of female PIs. These results underscore the fact that women are ostensibly being held to a higher academic standard than men in terms of funding decisions.
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Shah C, Tiwana MH, Chatterjee S, Jain M, Lemanowicz O, Tiwana S, Fares S, Siddiqi J, Alwazzan AB, Khosa F. Sticky Floor and Glass Ceilings in Academic Medicine: Analysis of Race and Gender. Cureus 2022; 14:e24080. [PMID: 35573585 PMCID: PMC9098106 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This paper examines the changes in the representation of women and racial minorities in academic medicine, compares the proportion of minorities in medicine and the general United States (US) population, and discusses potential explanations for observed trends. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) database was done and used to collect data on the gender and race of physicians in academic medicine. Data was collected for instructors, assistant professors, associate professors, full professors, and chairpersons from 2007 to 2018, and trends were presented. Results White physicians represented most academic physicians at every academic level, peaking in proportion at 82.74% of chairpersons and were lowest at the level of instructor at 59.30%. A similar distribution existed when gender was compared, with men comprising 84.67% of chairpersons and forming the majority at levels of full, associate, and assistant professors. However, most physicians at the level of instructors are women at 55.44%. Conclusions Though women and racial minorities have gained greater representation in academic medicine over the past decade, high-level academic positions are not as accessible to them. Existing efforts of advocacy for women and minority races have proven fruitful over the past decade, but much more work needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad H Tiwana
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, CAN
- Dentistry, Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Mehr Jain
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CAN
| | - Ola Lemanowicz
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Sabeen Tiwana
- Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Saleh Fares
- Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
- Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
- Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alwazzan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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Parhar D, Khosa F. Retrospective Analysis of Gender Disparity in Radiology Subspecialty Training: A Decade of Little Progress. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-022-00391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Memon AR, Ahmed I, Ghaffar N, Ahmed K, Sadiq I. Where are female editors from low-income and middle-income countries? A comprehensive assessment of gender, geographical distribution and country’s income group of editorial boards of top-ranked rehabilitation and sports science journals. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:458-468. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the gender, geographical region and income group of the country of affiliation for editorial leadership (eg, editor-in-chief, section editor, associate editor) and advisors (eg, editorial board members) in top-ranked rehabilitation and sports science journals.MethodsA list of Scopus indexed, Q1 (25% top) rehabilitation and sports science journals, available under four different journal categories, was prepared based on the data from the Scientific Journal Rankings (SJR) website. The information for editorial leadership and advisors for these journals was obtained and their gender was determined through a multistep process. The country of affiliation of editorial leadership and advisors was used to categorise them to World Bank’s different geographical regions and income groups (for countries).ResultsThere were 7248 editors (35.7% leadership and 64.3% advisors) across 113 rehabilitation and sports science journals. Of all editors, 1792 (24.7%) were women. Women represented 24.5% of editorial leadership positions, 24.8% of advisory roles and 10.4% of editors-in-chief. Editors from South Asia (0.5%) and sub-Saharan Africa (0.6%) had the least representation, while those affiliated with institutions from high-income countries represented 93.5% of leadership roles and 93.1% of advisory positions. Moreover, editors affiliated with institutions from North America occupied almost half of all editorial roles.ConclusionsWomen and researchers affiliated with institutions from low-income and middle-income countries are under-represented on the editorial boards of top-ranked rehabilitation and sports science journals indexed in the Scopus database. Editors are responsible for promoting research in their specific field, and therefore, the current leadership in rehabilitation and sports science journals should consider diversifying their editorial boards by providing equitable opportunities to women and researchers from a broader geographical distribution.
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Current State of Membership Diversity Among North American Radiology Societies: Analysis of Public Information on Society Websites. Acad Radiol 2021; 28:1541-1547. [PMID: 32771316 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diversity is an identified priority amongst governing medical bodies. We systematically analyzed public membership diversity data posted by North American radiology societies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two independent study members reviewed North American radiology society websites to collect public data on membership diversity, specifically related to gender, race, and sexual orientation or gender identity, and categorized data using a coding system. Supplemental searches were conducted to confirm findings. Study team members created accounts on each society website to identify whether diversity data was collected during member enrollment. RESULTS We reviewed a total of 26 society websites, with median 1500 members (range 110-54,600). We categorized five societies as "diversity leaders" based on having diversity statement(s), diversity initiatives, and diversity publication(s). While 62%, 8%, and 0% of societies collected data on gender, race, and sexual orientation or gender identity, respectively, no societies posted membership composition of these groups. Fourty-six percent of societies had membership diversity statement(s) on their webpages. Fifty-four percent had initiative(s) targeted at diversity (23% had multiple). Fifty percent had membership diversity publication(s). Sexual orientation and gender identity minority members were least frequently specified as beneficiaries of diversity statements, initiatives, and publications. Societies with larger memberships were more likely to have membership diversity initiatives (p = 0.01), journal articles on membership diversity (p = 0.005), and be "diversity leaders" (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Public support of membership diversity by many North American radiology societies, especially those with fewer members, is lacking. Identified "diversity leaders" can serve as models for societies aiming to establish their commitment to diversity.
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Karol DL, Sheriff L, Jalal S, Ding J, Larson AR, Trister R, Khosa F. Gender disparity in dermatologic society leadership: A global perspective. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:445-450. [PMID: 34621957 PMCID: PMC8484972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last half-century, there has been increased representation of women in medicine. Despite this increase, there continues to be underrepresentation of women in medical leadership positions. The objective of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of gender disparity in the leadership of professional societies of dermatology worldwide. METHODS Online databases were used to extract the names of global dermatologic societies. Individual society websites were accessed to obtain information on executive members. Data not available on society websites were obtained through internet searches. Scopus was used to obtain H-indexes and other bibliometric outcomes. RESULTS Our data collection spanned 92 countries, with 1733 society leaders identified and information available for 1710. In North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East, women were in a minority in dermatology professional society leadership. In South America, Central America, and Africa, women were in a slight majority. Across all professional societies, the role of president was more frequently held by men (n = 95) as opposed to women (n = 75). Female leaders were less likely to hold concurrent academic positions as deans/chairpersons/directors (83.33%) than their male counterparts (92.06%). The median H-index of female leaders (9) was lower than that of men (14). CONCLUSION Gender disparity exists in leadership positions in professional dermatology societies. Cultural/continental specific factors should be explored further. Enhancement of institutional support, mentorship, and sponsorship for female dermatologists should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Limor Karol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Sheriff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel Trister
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Plaunova A, Heller SL, Babb JS, Heffernan CC. Impact of COVID-19 on Radiology Faculty - An Exacerbation of Gender Differences in Unpaid Home Duties and Professional Productivity. Acad Radiol 2021; 28:1185-1190. [PMID: 34266739 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic stresses the tenuous balance between domestic obligations and academic output for women across professions. Our investigation aims to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the home duties and workplace productivity of academic radiologists with respect to gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 49-question survey was distributed to 926 members of Association of University Radiologists in October 2020. Several categories were addressed: demographics; workplace changes; stress levels and personal experiences with illness; time spent on domestic obligations; and perception of productivity during COVID-19. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS A total of 96 responses across 30 states, 53.1% male and 46.9% female were received. Women report spending more time on unpaid domestic duties than men prior to COVID-19, with men spending a median of 5-10 h/wk and women spending a median of 10-15 h/wk (p = 0.043). With pandemic onset, both genders reported that women did more of the homecare, when not split equally. Women with young children reported a significant decrease in work-from-home productivity compared to men with young children (p = 0.007). Men reported they had more time to be productive compared to women (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to disrupt the advancement of women in radiology leadership roles by creating disparate effects on productivity due to increased workloads at home for women. This could potentially lead to decreases in promotions and research productivity in years to come that far outlast the acute phases of the pandemic.
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Azizi H, Abdellatif W, Nasrullah M, Ali S, Ding J, Khosa F. Leadership gender disparity in the fifty highest ranking North American universities: Thematic analysis under a theoretical lens. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:705-709. [PMID: 37062973 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite changes in the discourse around gender distributions within academic leadership, women continue to be under-represented in academia. Our study aims to identify the extent of gender disparity in the academic leadership in the top 50 North American universities and to critically analyse the contributing factors through a comprehensive theoretical framework. METHODS We adopted the theoretical framework of leadership continuum model. A retrospective analysis of the gender of the leadership ranks was conducted between December 2018 and March 2019 for the top 50 universities in North America (2019 Quacquarelli Symonds World University Ranking system). The leadership hierarchy was classified into six tiers. RESULTS A total of 5806 faculty members from 45 US and five Canadian universities were included. Women were overall less likely to be in a senior leadership role than men (48.7% vs 51.3%; p value=0.05). Women accounted for fewer positions than men for resident/chancellor (23.8% vs 76.2%; p value<0.001), vice-president/vice-chancellor (36.3% vs 63.7%; p value<0.001), vice provost (42.7% vs 57.3%; p value=0.06), dean (38.5% vs 61.5%; p value<0.001) and associate dean (48.2% vs 51.8%; p-value=0.05). Women however were in a greater proportion in the assistant dean positions (63.8% vs 36.2%; p value<0.001). CONCLUSION Leadership gender imbalance is trans-organisational and transnational within the top 50 universities of North America and progressively widens towards the top leadership pyramid. This correlates with the lack of women leadership progress and sustainability in later cycles of the leadership continuum model (beyond assistant dean).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawmid Azizi
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Waleed Abdellatif
- Department of Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muazzam Nasrullah
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shozab Ali
- Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chaudhary AMD, Naveed S, Safdar B, Saboor S, Zeshan M, Khosa F. Gender Differences in Research Project Grants and R01 Grants at the National Institutes of Health. Cureus 2021; 13:e14930. [PMID: 34123629 PMCID: PMC8188626 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is the world's largest funding source for research, offers various types of competitive grants depending on the duration, research type, and budget. The Research Project Grant (RPG) is the oldest mechanism for grant allocation that is used by the NIH. In this study, we explored the gender trends of NIH RPGs and R01 grants over the last two decades. Methods By utilizing the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT), data for gender were extracted, and the percentage of women as RPGs Investigators, R01-equivalent grant including R01 type 1 and type 2 grant awardees, from 1998 to 2019 were tabulated. The absolute change was calculated. Results From 1998 to 2019, the percentage of female RPG awardees has increased. However, the success rates for female RPG applicants have decreased during the same period. The funding and success rates for new R01 awards have been similar for both men and women, but women have been less successful at the renewal of R01-equivalent awards. Conclusion Gender disparity exists in awardees of higher RPGs, including the R01 award. This highlights the need for further actions to ensure gender parity in grant allocations at the NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beenish Safdar
- Graduate Medical Education, John T. Mather Memorial Hospital, Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Zeshan
- Psychiatry/Child and Infant Psychiatry, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, USA.,Psychiatry, Bronx Lebanon Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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Adham S, Rybicki FJ, Mahoney MC, Yong-Hing CJ, Khosa F. Analysis of Gender Disparity in US and Canadian Radiology Residency Programs. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2021; 51:21-24. [PMID: 33775505 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic radiology are a work in progress and although the gender gap has decreased, there remains a paucity of studies examining female representation among radiology trainees over the past decade. OBJECTIVE The aim of our undertaking was to evaluate gender parity in United States (US) and Canadian radiology residency programs and to suggest future directions to improve female representation MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of publicly available data on radiology residents from the US and Canada was performed from 2007to 2019. Data on diagnostic radiology residents was collected from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for the US and the Canadian Post M.D. Education Registry for Canada. Statistical tests including regression and ANOVA were used to study the gender proportions from 2007to 2019. RESULTS There has been little progress in bridging the gender gap in the last 12 years. The proportion of female residents pursuing radiology has remained at an average of 26.74% (n = 1,238of 4,629) in US programs and 31.78% (n = 28 of88) in Canadian programs. The average change in the percentage of female residents was 0.0% per year (P = 0.0) for US programs and -2.9% per year (P = 0.3) for Canadian programs. DISCUSSION Despite a higher proportion of females in North American medical schools, gender disparity persists among radiology residents. More research is needed to identify barriers limiting female representation and improve gender parity across North American radiology programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Adham
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON; Canada..
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mary C Mahoney
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- Department of Cancer, University of British Columbia, BC Cancer - Vancouver, Vancouver, BC; Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Canada
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Hutchinson D, Das P, Lall MD, Hill J, Fares S, Khosa F. Emergency Medicine Journal Editorial Boards: Analysis of Gender, H-Index, Publications, Academic Rank, and Leadership Roles. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:353-359. [PMID: 33856323 PMCID: PMC7972362 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.49122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal in this study was to determine female representation on editorial boards of high-ranking emergency medicine (EM) journals. In addition, we examined factors associated with gender disparity, including board members' academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined EM editorial boards with an impact factor of 1 or greater according to the Clarivate Journal Citations Report for a total of 16 journals. All board members with a doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine degree, or international equivalent were included, resulting in 781 included board members. We analyzed board members' gender, academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. RESULTS Gender disparity was clearly notable, with men holding 87.3% (682/781) of physician editorial board positions and women holding 12.7% (99/781) of positions. Only 6.6% (1/15) of included editorial board chiefs were women. Male editorial board members possessed higher h-indices, total citations, and more publishing years than their female counterparts. Male board members held a greater number of departmental leadership positions, as well as higher academic ranks. CONCLUSION Significant gender disparity exists on EM editorial boards. Substantial inequalities between men and women board members exist in both the academic and departmental realms. Addressing these inequalities will likely be an integral part of achieving gender parity on editorial boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Hutchinson
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Priya Das
- Universirty of Kerala, Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kerala, India
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesse Hill
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Zayed Military Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Department of Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Fichera G, Busch IM, Rimondini M, Motta R, Giraudo C. Is Empowerment of Female Radiologists Still Needed? Findings of a Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041542. [PMID: 33562881 PMCID: PMC7915271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering that radiology is still a male-dominated specialty in which men make up more than two thirds of the workforce, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of women in radiological imaging, focusing on the main aspects such as career progression, leadership, academic practice, and perceived discrimination. Three electronic databases were searched up to 21 October 2020. To identify additional records, weekly automatic email alerts were set up on PubMed until December 2020 and reference lists of key studies and included papers were screened. Two reviewers independently performed the search, study selection, quality appraisal, data extraction, and formal narrative synthesis. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer was involved. Across the 61 included articles, women worked more often part-time and held fewer positions of power in hospitals, on editorial boards, and at the academic level (associate and full professors). Women were less often in relevant positions in scientific articles, had fewer publications, and had a lower H-index. Discrimination and sexual harassment were experienced by up to 40% and 47% of female radiologists, respectively. Our study highlights that women in radiology are still underrepresented and play a marginal role in the field, struggling to reach top and leading positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fichera
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Isolde Martina Busch
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michela Rimondini
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Raffaella Motta
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8212357
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An entropy-based measure for the evolution of h index research. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Academic American Surgery Faculty: An Elusive Dream. J Surg Res 2020; 258:179-186. [PMID: 33011449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of shifting population demographics in the United States, a diverse workforce in health care can lead to improved patient outcomes and enhance access to culturally competent care for minorities. The objective of this study was to analyze and quantify the relationship of gender, race, and academic rank, tenure status, and degree in American academic surgical faculty. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 12-y retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the data from the Association of American Medical Colleges was performed. The distribution of race and gender across academic ranks, tenure, and degree types were recorded from 2007-2018. Simple descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis was used to analyze the time trends and association between gender and race across academic rank, tenure status, and degree types. RESULTS When averaged over the 12 y of this study, there were significantly more whites (69.8%) and males (74.5%) among the academic surgery faculty compared with other races and females, respectively (P value <0.05). Asians and females experienced the greatest increase in proportional representation across all academic ranks with an absolute increase of 7% and 5% in full professor, 5% and 6% in associate professor, and 7% and 3% in chairperson (P value <0.05), respectively. No significant association was observed between gender and race with tenure status or degree type. CONCLUSIONS Female and Asians are increasing in proportional representation; however, racial and gender disparities remain prevalent at higher academic ranks and positions of leadership, especially among black and Hispanic academic surgeons.
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Lee D, Jalal S, Nasrullah M, Ding J, Sanelli P, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Academic Rank and Productivity Among Public Health Physician Faculty in North America. Cureus 2020; 12:e8553. [PMID: 32670690 PMCID: PMC7357311 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The issue of gender disparity is particularly important in the domain of public health where the tone of its leadership is pivotal in bringing about impactful change to research, policies, and the wellbeing of our various populations. Our aim is to explore the gender disparity of author metrics and academic rankings of public health physician faculty through a cross-sectional study. Methods Data collection for this retrospective cross-sectional study took place during June and July of 2017. Public health and preventive medicine residency training programs in the United States and Canada were to compiled and all faculty members that met the inclusion criteria were recorded (n = 973). Variables of interest include gender, h-index, years of active research, and academic appointments. SCOPUS database (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was used to generate author metrics, and all statistical tests were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Overall, 31.14% (n = 303) of faculty members we studied were from Canada, and 68.86% (n = 670) were from the United States. In both countries, males made up the majority of all faculty members. Female faculty comprised most of the early career positions, and their proportions tapered off with higher academic rank, whereas male faculty trended in the opposite direction. Males generally were higher in all academic measures across all appointments. Conclusions Gender disparity exists within the North American public health and preventive medicine discipline. There are underlying factors preventing women from moving beyond early career positions or engaging in academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lee
- Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, CAN
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Muazzam Nasrullah
- Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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Chaudhary AMD, Naveed S, Siddiqi J, Mahmood A, Khosa F. US Psychiatry Faculty: Academic Rank, Gender and Racial Profile. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2020; 44:260-266. [PMID: 32185748 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gender and racial underrepresentation persist in academic psychiatry faculty appointments. Our study investigated the gender and racial distribution and its temporal trends in academic psychiatry faculty positions across the USA over a 12-year period. METHODS Using the annual reports of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple descriptive statistics analyzed the time trends and the distribution of gender and race across academic ranks, tenure, and degree types. RESULTS Over the 12-year study period, the White race was the most represented at each rank. In the lower academic ranks, there was an increased representation of Asians, while the minority race/ethnicities experienced minimal increment. Similarly, males were overrepresented at higher academic ranks, with females increasing in proportion at lower academic ranks. CONCLUSIONS Females and minorities remain underrepresented in academic psychiatry faculty positions, especially among senior academic and leadership positions. Differences in tenure tracks and degree types may contribute to the overrepresentation of White and male academic physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Chen SYT, Jalal S, Ahmadi M, Khurshid K, Bhulani N, Rehman AU, Ahmad A, Ding J, Aldred TLR, Khosa F. Influences for Gender Disparity in Academic Family Medicine in North American Medical Schools. Cureus 2020; 12:e8368. [PMID: 32617239 PMCID: PMC7326302 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women physicians continue to comprise the minority of leadership roles in Academic Family Medicine (AFM) faculty across North American medical schools. Our study quantified the current state of gender disparity by analyzing academic position, leadership ranking, and research productivity. Methods We generated a database for 6,746 AFM faculty members. Gender and academic profiles were obtained for 2,892 academic ranks and 1,706 leadership roles by searching faculty listings enlisted in Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) and Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS). To measure research productivity, we obtained bibliometric data: h-index, citations, and tenure from 2,383 faculty members using Elsevier’s SCOPUS archives. Data analysis and h-index were formulated using Stata version 14.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). Results Our results indicated that women hold 46.11% (3,110/6,746) of faculty positions. The proportional composition decreased with increasing academic ranking (49.84% assistant, 46.78% associate, and 41.5% full professor). The same decreasing trend was demonstrated with leadership rank (57.14% minor leadership, 47.65% second-in-command, and 36.61 first-in-command). Compared to their gender counterparts, women in AFM demonstrated lower publication productivity as measured by citation number (p=0.04) and years of study (p=0.008). The final prediction equation model after multivariable analyses included gender, publications, citations, country of graduation, and years of active research (p<0.05). Conclusions The composition of academic family medicine faculty members included in this study demonstrated gender disparity. Inclusivity initiatives and policies to tackle the issue of female retention, promotion, and recruitment need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | | | - Ateeq U Rehman
- Internal Medicine, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, USA
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, USA.,Internal Medicine, Orange Park Medical Center, Orange Park, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | | | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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Wu B, Bhulani N, Jalal S, Ding J, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Leadership Positions of General Surgical Societies in North America, Europe, and Oceania. Cureus 2019; 11:e6285. [PMID: 31911877 PMCID: PMC6939977 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the number of female medical-school applicants reaching an all-time high and the increasing number of females in surgical training, males retain an overwhelming majority in senior surgical academic positions and formal leadership positions. This study aims to better understand the extent of and influences for gender disparity in general surgical societies throughout North America, Europe, and Oceania. Methods Data collection for this retrospective cross-sectional study took place between June and December 2017. Committee and subcommittee members from the eight selected general surgical societies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 311) were compiled into an Excel spreadsheet in which the data was recorded. Analyzed metrics included university academic ranking, surgical society leadership position, h-index, number of citations, and total publications. SCOPUS database (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands) was used to generate author metrics, and STATA version 14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, 83.28% of members of the entities we studied were male and 16.72% were females. Males had significantly higher representation than females in all societies (Pearson chi2 = 29.081; p-value = 0.010). Females were underrepresented in all society leadership positions and university academic rankings. Male members had a higher median h-index, more number of citations, and more total publications. Conclusions The composition of the general surgical societies included in this study demonstrated significant gender disparity. Female inclusivity initiatives and policies must be initiated to promote greater research productivity and early career opportunities for female surgeons in the specialty of general surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicong Wu
- Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sabeena Jalal
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CAN
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, CAN
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Pagel PS, Freed JK, Lien CA. Gender Composition and Trends of Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia Editorial Board Membership: A 33-Year Analysis, 1987-2019. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3229-3234. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Capdeville M. Don't Hold Your Breath-The Rise of Women on Journal Editorial Boards. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3235-3238. [PMID: 31500974 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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