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Tardif JC, Rhainds D, Brodeur M, Feroz Zada Y, Fouodjio R, Provost S, Boulé M, Alem S, Grégoire JC, L'Allier PL, Ibrahim R, Guertin MC, Mongrain I, Olsson AG, Schwartz GG, Rhéaume E, Dubé MP. Genotype-Dependent Effects of Dalcetrapib on Cholesterol Efflux and Inflammation: Concordance With Clinical Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:340-8. [PMID: 27418594 PMCID: PMC4982759 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalcetrapib effects on cardiovascular outcomes are determined by adenylate cyclase 9 gene polymorphisms. Our aim was to determine whether these clinical end point results are also associated with changes in reverse cholesterol transport and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants of the dal-OUTCOMES and dal-PLAQUE-2 trials were randomly assigned to receive dalcetrapib or placebo in addition to standard care. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was measured at baseline and at end of study in 5243 patients from dal-OUTCOMES also genotyped for the rs1967309 polymorphism in adenylate cyclase 9. Cholesterol efflux capacity of high-density lipoproteins from J774 macrophages after cAMP stimulation was determined at baseline and 12 months in 171 genotyped patients from dal-PLAQUE-2. Treatment with dalcetrapib resulted in placebo-adjusted geometric mean percent increases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein from baseline to end of trial of 18.1% (P=0.0009) and 18.7% (P=0.00001) in participants with the GG and AG genotypes, respectively, but the change was -1.0% (P=0.89) in those with the protective AA genotype. There was an interaction between the treatment arm and the genotype groups (P=0.02). Although the mean change in cholesterol efflux was similar among study arms in patients with GG genotype (mean: 7.8% and 7.4%), increases were 22.3% and 3.5% with dalcetrapib and placebo for those with AA genotype (P=0.005). There was a significant genetic effect for change in efflux for dalcetrapib (P=0.02), but not with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Genotype-dependent effects on C-reactive protein and cholesterol efflux are supportive of dalcetrapib benefits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in patients with the AA genotype at polymorphism rs1967309. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifiers: NCT00658515 and NCT01059682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Mathieu Brodeur
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - René Fouodjio
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sylvie Provost
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie Boulé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Sonia Alem
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Ian Mongrain
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Anders G Olsson
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., M. Brodeur, M. Boulé, S.A., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine (J.-C.T., J.C.G., P.L.L., R.I., E.R., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (Y.F.Z., R.F., S.P., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Canada; Linkoping University, Department of Medicine and Health, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center & University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, CO (G.G.S.).
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7
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Tardif JC, Rhéaume E, Lemieux Perreault LP, Grégoire JC, Feroz Zada Y, Asselin G, Provost S, Barhdadi A, Rhainds D, L'Allier PL, Ibrahim R, Upmanyu R, Niesor EJ, Benghozi R, Suchankova G, Laghrissi-Thode F, Guertin MC, Olsson AG, Mongrain I, Schwartz GG, Dubé MP. Pharmacogenomic determinants of the cardiovascular effects of dalcetrapib. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:372-82. [PMID: 25583994 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalcetrapib did not improve clinical outcomes, despite increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 30%. These results differ from other evidence supporting high-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target. Responses to dalcetrapib may vary according to patients' genetic profile. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a pharmacogenomic evaluation using a genome-wide approach in the dal-OUTCOMES study (discovery cohort, n=5749) and a targeted genotyping panel in the dal-PLAQUE-2 imaging trial (support cohort, n=386). The primary endpoint for the discovery cohort was a composite of cardiovascular events. The change from baseline in carotid intima-media thickness on ultrasonography at 6 and 12 months was evaluated as supporting evidence. A single-nucleotide polymorphism was found to be associated with cardiovascular events in the dalcetrapib arm, identifying the ADCY9 gene on chromosome 16 (rs1967309; P=2.41×10(-8)), with 8 polymorphisms providing P<10(-6) in this gene. Considering patients with genotype AA at rs1967309, there was a 39% reduction in the composite cardiovascular endpoint with dalcetrapib compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.92). In patients with genotype GG, there was a 27% increase in events with dalcetrapib versus placebo. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphism in the ADCY9 gene, the majority in linkage disequilibrium with rs1967309, were associated with the effect of dalcetrapib on intima-media thickness (P<0.05). Marker rs2238448 in ADCY9, in linkage disequilibrium with rs1967309 (r(2)=0.8), was associated with both the effects of dalcetrapib on intima-media thickness in dal-PLAQUE-2 (P=0.009) and events in dal-OUTCOMES (P=8.88×10(-8); hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.78). CONCLUSIONS The effects of dalcetrapib on atherosclerotic outcomes are determined by correlated polymorphisms in the ADCY9 gene. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00658515 and NCT01059682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.).
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Louis-Philippe Lemieux Perreault
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Géraldine Asselin
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Sylvie Provost
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Amina Barhdadi
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - David Rhainds
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Ruchi Upmanyu
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Eric J Niesor
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Renée Benghozi
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Gabriela Suchankova
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Fouzia Laghrissi-Thode
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Anders G Olsson
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Ian Mongrain
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., E.R., L.-P.L.P., J.C.G., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., D.R., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-C.G., I.M., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal (J.-C.T., E.R., J.C.G., P.L.L'., R.I., M.-P.D.), Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics, Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada (L.-P.L.P., Y.F.Z., G.A., S.P., A.B., I.M., M.-P.D.), Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC) (M.-C.G.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G.O.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver (G.G.S.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (R.U., E.J.N., R.B., G.S., F.L.-T.).
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