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Naskar S, Sriraman N, Sarkar A, Mahajan N, Sarkar K. Tumor antigen presentation and the associated signal transduction during carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155485. [PMID: 39088877 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Numerous developments have been achieved in the study and treatment of cancer throughout the decades that it has been common. After decades of research, about 100 different kinds of cancer have been found, each with unique subgroups within certain organs. This has significantly expanded our understanding of the illness. A mix of genetic, environmental, and behavioral variables contribute to the complicated and diverse process of cancer formation. Mutations, or changes in the DNA sequence, are crucial to the development of cancer. These mutations have the ability to downregulate the expression and function of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC I) and MHCII receptors, as well as activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Cancer cells use this tactic to avoid being recognized by cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes, which causes issues with antigen presentation and processing. This review goes into great length into the PI3K pathway, changes to MHC I, and positive impacts of tsMHC-II on disease-free survival and overall survival and the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) in different tumor microenvironments. The vital functions that the PI3K pathway and its link to the mTOR pathway are highlighted and difficulties in developing effective cancer targeted therapies and feedback systems has also been mentioned, where resistance mechanisms include RAS-mediated oncogenic changes and active PI3K signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohom Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Nawaneetan Sriraman
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Nitika Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Anderson CK, Reilly SP, Brossay L. The Invariant NKT Cell Response Has Differential Signaling Requirements during Antigen-Dependent and Antigen-Independent Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:132-140. [PMID: 33229442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are an innate-like population characterized by their recognition of glycolipid Ags and rapid cytokine production upon activation. Unlike conventional T cells, which require TCR ligation, iNKT cells can also be stimulated independently of their TCR. This feature allows iNKT cells to respond even in the absence of glycolipid Ags, for example, during viral infections. Although the TCR-dependent and -independent activation of iNKT cells have been relatively well established, the exact contributions of IL-12, IL-18, and TLRs remain unclear for these two activation pathways. To definitively investigate how these components affect the direct and indirect stimulation of iNKT cells, we used mice deficient for either MyD88 or the IL-12Rβ2 in the T cell lineage. Using these tools, we demonstrate that IL-12, IL-18, and TLRs are completely dispensable for the TCR activation pathway when a strong agonist is used. In contrast, during murine CMV infection, when the TCR is not engaged, IL-12 signaling is essential, and TLR signaling is expendable. Importantly, to our knowledge, we discovered an intrinsic requirement for IL-18 signaling by splenic iNKT cells but not liver iNKT cells, suggesting that there might be diversity, even within the NKT1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Shanelle P Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
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Brutkiewicz RR. Cell Signaling Pathways That Regulate Antigen Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2971-2979. [PMID: 27824592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways regulate much in the life of a cell: from shuttling cargo through intracellular compartments and onto the cell surface, how it should respond to stress, protecting itself from harm (environmental insults or infections), to ultimately, death by apoptosis. These signaling pathways are important for various aspects of the immune response as well. However, not much is known in terms of the participation of cell signaling pathways in Ag presentation, a necessary first step in the activation of innate and adaptive T cells. In this brief review, I discuss the known signaling molecules (and pathways) that regulate how Ags are presented to T cells and the mechanism(s), if identified. Studies in this area have important implications in vaccine development and new treatment paradigms against infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Zamora-Chimal J, Hernández-Ruiz J, Becker I. NKT cells in leishmaniasis. Immunobiology 2017; 222:641-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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Shim JU, Rhee JH, Jeong JU, Koh YI. Flagellin Modulates the Function of Invariant NKT Cells From Patients With Asthma via Dendritic Cells. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:206-15. [PMID: 26922930 PMCID: PMC4773208 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We previously reported the association between circulating Th2-like iNKT cells and lung function in asthma patients and the suppressive effect of Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin B (FlaB) on asthmatic in a mouse model. Thus, we investigated whether FlaB modulates the function of circulating iNKT cells in asthmatic patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with FlaB, and the secreted and intracellular cytokines of iNKT cells were evaluated by using ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively, following stimulation with α-galactosylceramide. Foxp3⁺ iNKT cells were also measured. To determine the effect of FlaB-treated dendritic cells (DCs) on iNKT cells, we co-cultured CD14⁺ monocyte-derived DCs and T cells from patients with house dust mite-sensitive asthma and analyzed intracellular cytokines in iNKT cells. RESULTS A reduction of IL-4 and IL-17 production by iNKT cells in PBMCs after FlaB treatment was alleviated following blocking of IL-10 signaling. A decrease in the frequencies of IL-4⁺ and IL-17⁺ iNKT cells by FlaB-treated DCs was reversed after blocking of IL-10 signaling. Simultaneously, an increase in Foxp3⁺ iNKT cells induced by FlaB treatment disappeared after blocking of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS FlaB may inhibit Th2- and Th17-like iNKT cells and induce Foxp3⁺ iNKT cells by DCs via an IL-10-dependent mechanism in asthmatic patients. In patients with a specific asthma phenotype associated with iNKT cells, FlaB may be an effective immunomodulator for iNKT cell-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Uoong Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Ung Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Il Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
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Schölch S, Rauber C, Tietz A, Rahbari NN, Bork U, Schmidt T, Kahlert C, Haberkorn U, Tomai MA, Lipson KE, Carretero R, Weitz J, Koch M, Huber PE. Radiotherapy combined with TLR7/8 activation induces strong immune responses against gastrointestinal tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4663-76. [PMID: 25609199 PMCID: PMC4467106 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to local cytotoxic activity, radiotherapy may also elicit local and systemic antitumor immunity, which may be augmented by immunotherapeutic agents including Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonists. Here, we investigated the ability of 3M-011 (854A), a TLR7/8 agonist, to boost the antigen-presenting activity of dendritic cells (DC) as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. The combined treatment induced marked local and systemic responses in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. In vitro cytotoxicity assays as well as in vivo depletion experiments with monoclonal antibodies identified NK and CD8 T cells as the cell populations mediating the cytotoxic effects of the treatment, while in vivo depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) in CD11c-DTR transgenic mice revealed DC as the pivotal immune hub in this setting. The specificity of the immune reaction was confirmed by ELISPOT assays. TLR7/8 agonists therefore seem to be potent adjuvants to radiotherapy, inducing strong local and profound systemic immune responses to tumor antigens released by conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,CCU Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Conrad Rauber
- Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tietz
- CCU Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nuh N Rahbari
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bork
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Gastrointestinal and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Rafael Carretero
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- CCU Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Villanueva AI, Haeryfar SMM, Mallard BA, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S. Functions of invariant NK T cells are modulated by TLR ligands and IFN-α. Innate Immun 2014; 21:275-88. [PMID: 24934453 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914527327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells perform numerous immunoregulatory functions. In mice, they express a unique and invariant Vα14-Jα18 rearrangement of α chain in their TCR recognizing glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. This recognition results in the rapid release of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, making them early mediators of the immune response. Owing to their rapid activation and genetic rigidity of their TCR, iNKT cells share characteristics with innate lymphocytes. Therefore, we investigated whether iNKT cells could be induced to express TLRs, a class of pathogen recognition receptor. Mouse iNKT cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal Ab and IFN-α, resulting in an increase in the transcription of TLRs 3, 5, 7 and 9, and increased surface expression of TLR3. These cells were subsequently stimulated with TLR ligands, resulting in an increase in the production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α. Supernatants from these cells also increased macrophage production of IL-6 and prostaglandin E2, and increased their phagocytic activity and CD80 expression. These supernatants also reduced vesicular stomatitis virus-GFP replication in fibroblasts. This study demonstrates the role of IFN-α in iNKT cell activation, as well as the direct modulatory effects of TLR ligands on iNKT cell function, including antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ian Villanueva
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bonnie A Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Costimulatory activation of murine invariant natural killer T cells by toll-like receptor agonists. Cell Immunol 2012; 277:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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