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Smith D, He B, Shi J, Zhu HJ, Wang X. Novel Independent Trans- and Cis-Genetic Variants Associated with CYP2D6 Expression and Activity in Human Livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:143-152. [PMID: 38050015 PMCID: PMC10801631 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a critical hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme in humans, responsible for metabolizing approximately 20%-25% of commonly used medications such as codeine, desipramine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and tamoxifen. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, resulting in substantial interindividual variability in its catalytic function and the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcomes of its substrate drugs. Although many functional CYP2D6 variants have been discovered and validated, a significant portion of the variability in the expression and activity of CYP2D6 remains unexplained. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel variants associated with CYP2D6 protein expression in individual human livers, followed by a conditional analysis to control for the effect of functional CYP2D6 star alleles. We also examined their impact on hepatic CYP2D6 activity. Genotyping on a genome-wide scale was achieved using the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array (MEGA). A data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics method was used to quantify CYP2D6 protein concentrations. CYP2D6 activity was determined by measuring the dextromethorphan O-demethylation in individual human liver s9 fractions. The GWAS identified 44 single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with CYP2D6 protein expressions with a P value threshold of 5.0 × 10-7 After the conditional analysis, five SNPs, including the cis-variants rs1807493 and rs1062753 and the trans-variants rs4073010, rs729559, and rs80274432, emerged as independent variants significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2D6 protein expressions. Notably, four of these SNPs, except for rs80274432, also exhibited a significant association with CYP2D6 activities in human livers, suggesting their potential as novel and independent cis- and trans-variants regulating CYP2D6. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: Using individual human livers, we identified four novel cis- and trans-pQTLs/aQTLs (protein quantitative trait loci/activity quantitative trait loci) of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) that are independent from known functional CYP2D6 star alleles. This study connects the CYP2D6 gene expression and activity, enhancing our understanding of the genetic variants associated with CYP2D6 protein expression and activity, potentially advancing our insight into the interindividual variability in CYP2D6 substrate medication response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (D.S., X.W.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (B.H.); and Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.S.)
| | - Bing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (D.S., X.W.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (B.H.); and Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.S.)
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (D.S., X.W.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (B.H.); and Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.S.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (D.S., X.W.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (B.H.); and Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.S.)
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (D.S., X.W.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.-J.Z.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan (B.H.); and Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.S.)
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2
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Shapoo NS, Masood A, Bhat JR, Bhatia AS, Shah IA, Ganai BA. CYP2D6 rs35742686 and rs3892097 Gene Polymorphisms and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Relation to Disease Susceptibility in Kashmiri Children. J Pediatr Genet 2022; 11:213-220. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CYP2D6 is one of the most widely investigated CYPs in relation to gene polymorphism. This study analyzed the relationship between CYP2D6 rs35742686 and rs3892097 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and potential risk factors in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Kashmiri children. We recruited 300 cases and 600 controls for genotyping and risk factors assessment. Genotypes of rs35742686 and rs3892097 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. CYP2D6 expression analysis was done by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in ALL cases. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). High risk of ALL was observed in cases who carried the mutant genotypes of rs35742686 (OR = 18.15; 95% CI = 4.13–79.66, p < 0.0001) or rs3892097 (OR = 24.06; 95% CI = 10.23–56.53, p < 0.0001). Significant interaction was observed between rs35742686 and rs3892097 SNPs (P interaction = 0.001). The risk associated with the variant genotypes of rs35742686 and rs3892097 was retained in the cases whose fathers were smokers or had maternal X-ray exposure (p < 0.001). Relative messenger ribonucleic acid expression across genotypes was significantly decreased in cases carrying rs357426863 (*3/*3) (n-fold = 0.37 ± 0.156, p < 0.0079) and rs3892097 SNPs (*4/*4) (n-fold = 0.02 ± 0.0075, p < 0.0001) suggesting these two events are independent in ALL cases. The study concluded that rs35742686 and rs3892097 SNPs are significantly associated with ALL risk in Kashmiri children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidha Sadiq Shapoo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Javid R. Bhat
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - A. S. Bhatia
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Idrees A. Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir A. Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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3
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Wielandt NAM, Moreno CM, Ortiz LL. Uso de la farmacogenética como herramienta de precisión en psiquiatría: hacia una medicina personalizada. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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4
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Rodeiro Guerra I, Herrea J, Cuétara E, Garrido G, Reyes E, Martínez I, Pérez CL, Fernández G, Hernández-Balmaseda I, Delgado R, Stingl JC, Berghe WV. Prevalence of ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphism in the Cuban population. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 37:141-148. [PMID: 34860473 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ABCB1 gene polymorphisms can modify P-glycoprotein function with clinical consequences. METHODS The 3435C>T polymorphism prevalence was analyzed using oligonucleotide probes and next-generation sequencing in 421 unrelated healthy individuals living in Cuba. Data were stratified by gender, ethnic background and residence. The genotype and allelic frequencies were determined. RESULTS The genotype distribution met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption. The allelic frequency was 63.5% for the 3435C variant. The genotype frequencies were 41.1% for CC, 44.9% for CT and 14.0% for TT. The allele and genotype distributions differed between individuals living in La Habana and Santiago de Cuba (p<0.05) when ethnic background was analyzed. The allelic distribution was similar among Admixed and Black subjects, and they differed from Caucasians. The CC genotype was equally distributed among Admixed and Black subjects, and they differed from Caucasians. The TT genotype frequency differed between Caucasians and Admixed. The CT genotype was distributed differently among the three groups. Similar distribution was obtained in Brazilians, whereas some similarities were observed in African, Spanish and Chinese populations, consistent with the mixed Cuban ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on allele and genotype frequencies of the 3435C>T polymorphism in Cuba, which may support personalized medicine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Rodeiro Guerra
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICIMAR), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jose Herrea
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, IMRE, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Cuétara
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Gabino Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Reyes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ioanna Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón (ICBP), Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana (UCMH), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carlos L Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón (ICBP), Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana (UCMH), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Gisselle Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas Victoria de Girón (ICBP), Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana (UCMH), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - René Delgado
- Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos (IFAL), Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Julia C Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Sarhan SA, Sherby NA, Raafat N, Alian SM. Association of cytochrome P2D6 gene polymorphism with the susceptibility of Egyptian patients to systemic sclerosis disease. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
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6
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Malki MA, Dawed AY, Haywood C, Doney A, Pearson ER. Utilizing Large Electronic Medical Record Data Sets to Identify Novel Drug-Gene Interactions for Commonly Used Drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:816-825. [PMID: 34213766 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Real-world prescribing of drugs differs from the experimental systems, physiological-pharmacokinetic models, and clinical trials used in drug development and licensing, with drugs often used in patients with multiple comorbidities with resultant polypharmacy. The increasing availability of large biobanks linked to electronic healthcare records enables the potential to identify novel drug-gene interactions in large populations of patients. In this study we used three Scottish cohorts and UK Biobank to identify drug-gene interactions for the 50 most commonly used drugs and 162 variants in genes involved in drug pharmacokinetics. We defined two phenotypes based upon prescribing behavior-drug-stop or dose-decrease. Using this approach, we replicate 11 known drug-gene interactions including, for example, CYP2C9/CYP2C8 variants and sulfonylurea/thiazolidinedione prescribing and ABCB1/ABCG2 variants and statin prescribing. We identify eight novel associations after Bonferroni correction, three of which are replicated or validated in the UK Biobank or have other supporting results: The C-allele at rs4918758 in CYP2C9 was associated with a 25% (15-44%) lower odds of dose reduction of quinine, P = 1.6 × 10-5 ; the A-allele at rs9895420 in ABCC3 was associated with a 46% (24-62%) reduction in odds of dose reduction with doxazosin, P = 1.2 × 10-4 , and altered blood pressure response in the UK Biobank; the CYP2D6*2 variant was associated with a 30% (18-40%) reduction in odds of stopping ramipril treatment, P = 1.01 × 10-5 , with similar results seen for enalapril and lisinopril and with other CYP2D6 variants. This study highlights the scope of using large population bioresources linked to medical record data to explore drug-gene interactions at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Adnan Malki
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adem Y Dawed
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Caroline Haywood
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex Doney
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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7
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Peñas-LLedó E, Terán E, Sosa-Macías M, Galaviz-Hernández C, Gil JP, Nair S, Diwakar S, Hernández I, Lara-Riegos J, Ramírez-Roa R, Verde I, Tarazona-Santos E, Molina-Guarneros J, Moya G, Rägo L, LLerena A. Challenges and Opportunities for Clinical Pharmacogenetic Research Studies in Resource-limited Settings: Conclusions From the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences-Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Meeting. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1595-1610.e5. [PMID: 32782137 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The symposium Health and Medicines in Indigenous Populations of America was organized by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Working Group on Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings (RLSs) and the Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (RIBEF). It was aimed to share and evaluate investigators' experiences on challenges and opportunities on clinical research and pharmacogenetics. METHODS A total of 33 members from 22 countries participated in 2 sessions: RIBEF studies on population pharmacogenetics about the relationship between ancestry with relevant drug-related genetic polymorphisms and the relationship between genotype and phenotype in Native Americans (session 1) and case examples of clinical studies in RLSs from Asia (cancer), America (diabetes and women health), and Africa (malaria) in which the participants were asked to answer in free text their experiences on challenges and opportunities to solve the problems (session 2). Later, a discourse analysis grouping common themes by affinity was conducted. FINDINGS The main result of session 1 was that the pharmacogenetics-related ancestry of the population should be considered when designing clinical studies in RLSs. In session 2, 21 challenges and 20 opportunities were identified. The social aspects represent the largest proportion of the challenges (43%) and opportunities (55%), and some of them seem to be common. IMPLICATIONS The main discussion points were gathered in the Declaration of Mérida/T'Hó and announced on the Parliament of Extremadura during the CIOMS-RIBEF meeting in 4 of the major Latin American autochthonous languages (Náhualth, Mayan, Miskito, and Kichwa). The declaration highlighted the following: (1) the relevance of population pharmacogenetics, (2) the sociocultural contexts (interaction with traditional medicine), and (3) the education needs of research teams for clinical research in vulnerable and autochthonous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Peñas-LLedó
- INUBE Extremadura Biosanitary University Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; University of Conscientiousness Project, Campus PHI, Acebo, Extremadura, Spain
| | | | - Marta Sosa-Macías
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Graciela Moya
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lembit Rägo
- CIOMS Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrián LLerena
- INUBE Extremadura Biosanitary University Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; University of Conscientiousness Project, Campus PHI, Acebo, Extremadura, Spain.
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8
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Valodara AM, SR KJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1154-1166. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191021094906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Sex and gender-based differences are observed well beyond the sex organs and affect several physiological and biochemical processes involved in the metabolism of drug molecules. It is essential to understand not only the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of the drug but also the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of drug metabolism for avoiding sex-related adverse effects of drugs in the human.Method:The articles on the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drug molecules were retrieved from the Pub Med database. The articles were classified into the metabolism of the drug molecule, gene expression regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the effect of sex hormones on the metabolism of drug, expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes, etc.Result:Several drug molecules are known, which are metabolized differently in males and females. These differences in metabolism may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Several other drug molecules still require further evaluation at the molecular level regarding the sex and gender-based differences in their metabolism. Attention is also required at the effect of signaling cascades associated with the metabolism of drug molecules.Conclusion:Sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drugs exist at various levels and it may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Detailed understanding of the effect of sex and related condition on the metabolism of drug molecules will help clinicians to determine the effective therapeutic doses of drugs dependingon the condition of patient and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askhi M. Valodara
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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9
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Kiss ÁF, Tóth K, Juhász C, Temesvári M, Paulik J, Hirka G, Monostory K. Is CYP2D6 phenotype predictable from CYP2D6 genotype? Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Pregnancy: An Observational Study. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 39:197-201. [PMID: 28045861 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An involvement of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in increasing the risk of malformations, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, has been suggested recently. Here, we aimed to investigate the contribution of individual pharmacogenetics of SSRI on infants' outcome. We also estimated the umbilical/maternal plasma SSRI concentration ratio in the pregnant women still on SSRI therapy at the time of delivery. METHODS Thirty-four pregnant women, referred to our hospital from January 2011 to July 2015, who were given SSRIs in the third trimester, and related children, were considered. The umbilical/maternal plasma SSRI concentration ratio was estimated in 15 mothers still on SSRI therapy at the time of delivery. For patients with pharmacokinetic analyses, blood samples were collected for pharmacogenetic analyses. RESULTS Nineteen newborns presented clinical signs possibly related to drug toxicity. A high umbilical/maternal plasma ratio of SSRI was observed in 10 of the 15 evaluated newborns. Five mothers were intermediate metabolizers and 1 a poor metabolizer for the major CYP enzyme involved in pharmacokinetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Individualized psychopharmacologic treatment that takes into account the mother's exposure to SSRI concentrations and eventually her genetic background may become the standard of care to maximize drug benefit and minimize risks to the newborn.
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11
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Antoniazzi S, Tatulli A, Falvella FS, Cigliobianco M, Paoli RA, Cattaneo D, Cheli S, Bernardi FF, Clementi E, Altamura CA. The combination of pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic analyses to optimize clomipramine dosing in major depression: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 42:119-121. [PMID: 27800629 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 can lead to interindividual differences in drug plasma concentrations, affecting clomipramine efficacy. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analyses may improve drug therapy. CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a depressed woman requiring higher doses than standard of clomipramine. Identification of low plasma drug levels led to extensive pharmacogenetic analyses of all genes and major functional polymorphisms reported to affect clomipramine metabolism. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacogenetic analyses may be useful in the investigation and optimization of clomipramine in standard-dose non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Antoniazzi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Scientific Direction, IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tatulli
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Felicia S Falvella
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Cigliobianco
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo A Paoli
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Cheli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca F Bernardi
- Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E. Medea Scientific Institute, Lecco, Italy
| | - Carlo A Altamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Pan X, Ning M, Jeong H. Transcriptional Regulation of CYP2D6 Expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:42-48. [PMID: 27698228 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism exhibits large interindividual variability. Although genetic variations in the CYP2D6 gene are well known contributors to the variability, the sources of CYP2D6 variability in individuals of the same genotype remain unexplained. Accumulating data indicate that transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 may account for part of CYP2D6 variability. Yet, our understanding of factors governing transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 is limited. Recently, mechanistic studies of increased CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism in pregnancy revealed two transcription factors, small heterodimer partner (SHP) and Krüppel-like factor 9, as a transcriptional repressor and an activator, respectively, of CYP2D6. Chemicals that increase SHP expression (e.g., retinoids and activators of farnesoid X receptor) were shown to downregulate CYP2D6 expression in the humanized mice as well as in human hepatocytes. This review summarizes the series of studies on the transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 expression, potentially providing a basis to better understand the large interindividual variability in CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Pan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miaoran Ning
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Céspedes-Garro C, Naranjo MEG, Rodrigues-Soares F, LLerena A, Duconge J, Montané-Jaime LK, Roblejo H, Fariñas H, Campos MDLA, Ramírez R, Serrano V, Villagrán CI, Peñas-LLedó EM. Pharmacogenetic research activity in Central America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1707-1724. [PMID: 27633613 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present review was aimed at analyzing the pharmacogenetic scientific activity in Central America and the Caribbean. MATERIALS & METHODS A literature search for pharmacogenetic studies in each country of the region was conducted on three databases using a list of the most relevant pharmacogenetic biomarkers including 'phenotyping probe drugs' for major drug metabolizing enzymes. The review included 132 papers involving 47 biomarkers and 35,079 subjects (11,129 healthy volunteers and 23,950 patients). RESULTS The country with the most intensive pharmacogenetic research was Costa Rica. The most studied medical therapeutic area was oncology, and the most investigated biomarkers were CYP2D6 and HLA-A/B. Conclusion: Research activity on pharmacogenetics in Central American and the Caribbean populations is limited or absent. Therefore, strategies to promote effective collaborations, and foster interregional initiatives and research efforts among countries from the region could help for the rational clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Céspedes-Garro
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain.,RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Teaching & Research Department, Genetics Section, School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María-Eugenia G Naranjo
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain.,RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain.,RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
| | - Jorge Duconge
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lazara K Montané-Jaime
- Pharmacology Unit Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Hilda Roblejo
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Teaching & Research Department, National Center of Medical Genetics, Havana, Cuba
| | - Humberto Fariñas
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María de Los A Campos
- Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Salud de Centroamérica y República Dominicana, Ciudad Merliot, El Salvador
| | - Ronald Ramírez
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Facultad de Medicina, UNAN Universidad Autónoma Nacional de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Víctor Serrano
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,CIIMET Centro de Investigación e Información de Medicamentos y Tóxicos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Carmen I Villagrán
- RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Dirección de Investigación, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Eva M Peñas-LLedó
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain.,RIBEF Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics
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14
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Xu Q, Wu Z, Yang L, Zhang X, Gai Z, Chen L, He L, Qin S. Functional characterization of CYP2D6 novel allelic variants identified in the Chinese Han population. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 17:119-9. [PMID: 26652007 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was aimed to functionally characterize four novel CYP2D6 alleles identified in Chinese Han population. MATERIALS & METHODS CYP2D6 proteins of wild-type and the four novel variants along with CYP2D6.2 and CYP2D6.10 were heterologously expressed in yeast cells and the kinetic parameters were determined. RESULTS Compared with CYP2D6.1 (frequency in Chinese 24.65%), CYP2D6.X (1.63%), CYP2D6.Y (1.50%), CYP2D6.Z (0.81%), CYP2D6.10 (52.53%) and CYP2D6.75 (0.13%) exhibited low activity at different degrees, whereas the kinetic parameters of CYP2D6.2 (11.06%) were much the same with CYP2D6.1. The novel allele CYP2D6.75 showed decreased enzyme activity. CONCLUSION This is the first study to conduct functional analysis of CYP2D6 four novel alleles in Chinese Han population, which might be helpful for optimizing pharmacotherapy and the design of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhongtao Gai
- Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental & Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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15
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He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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16
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Varela N, Quiñones LA, Stojanova J, Garay J, Cáceres D, Cespedes S, Sasso J, Miranda C. Characterization of the CYP2D6 drug metabolizing phenotypes of the Chilean mestizo population through polymorphism analyses. Pharmacol Res 2015. [PMID: 26211952 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We tested the influence of four polymorphisms and gene duplication in CYP2D6 on in vivo enzyme activity in a Chilean mestizo population in order to identify the most relevant genetic profiles that account for observed phenotypes in this ethnic group. CYP2D6*2 (2850C>T), *3 (2549A>del), *4 (1846G>A), *17 (1023C>T) and gene duplication were determined by PCR-RFLP or PCRL in a group of 321 healthy volunteers. Individuals with different variant alleles were phenotyped by determining debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity as a metabolic ratio (MR) using a validated HPLC assay. Minor allele frequencies were 0.41, 0.01, 0.12 and 0.00 for CYP2D6*2, *3, *4 and *17 variants, respectively, and the duplication frequency was 0.003. Genotype analysis correlated with phenotypes in 18 of 23 subjects (78.3%). 11 subjects were extensive metabolizers (EM), 8 were intermediate metabolizers (IM), 2 were poor metabolizers (PM) and 2 were ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) which is fairly coincident with expected phenotypes metabolic ratios ranged from 0.11 to 126.41. The influence of CYP2D6*3 was particularly notable, although only heterozygote carriers were present in our population. Individuals homozygous for *4 were always PM. As expected, the only subject with gene duplication was UM. In conclusion, there was a clear effect of genotype on observed CYP2D6 activity. Classification of EM, PM and UM through genotyping was useful to characterize CYP2D6 phenotype in the Chilean mestizo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Varela
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Luis A Quiñones
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| | - Jana Stojanova
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Joselyn Garay
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Dante Cáceres
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile; Environmental Health Program, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Silvia Cespedes
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Jaime Sasso
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Carla Miranda
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
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17
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Sosa-Macias M, Moya GE, LLerena A, Ramírez R, Terán E, Peñas-LLedó EM, Tarazona-Santos E, Galaviz-Hernández C, Céspedes-Garro C, Acosta H. Population pharmacogenetics of Ibero-Latinoamerican populations (MESTIFAR 2014). Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:673-6. [PMID: 25929854 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MESTIFAR 2014 28-30 November 2014, Panama City, Panama The CEIBA consortium was created within the Ibero-American network of Pharmacogenetics (RIBEF) to study population pharmacogenetics. The current status of these initiatives and results of the MESTIFAR project were analyzed in Panama, 28-30 November 2014. The MESTIFAR project focused on studying CYPs genetic polymorphisms in populations of different ethnic origin. So far, more than 6000 healthy volunteers have been evaluated, making this one of the largest population pharmacogenomic studies worldwide. Three symposia were organized, 'Pharmacogenetics of indigenous and mestizos populations and its clinical implications', 'Methodological innovation in pharmacogenetics and its application in health', and 'General discussion and concluding remarks', about mechanisms and proposals for training, diffusion of pharmacogenetics for Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking health professionals, and 'bench to bedside' pilot projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald Ramírez
- 5UNAN-León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Enrique Terán
- 6USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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18
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Huo YR, Liu S, Liu S, Wang J, Wang C, Wang J, Ji Y. Influence of the rs1080985 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the CYP2D6 Gene and APOE Polymorphism on the Response to Donepezil Treatment in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in China. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:450-6. [PMID: 25538729 PMCID: PMC4264516 DOI: 10.1159/000367596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Recent data have indicated that the rs1080985 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and the common apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene may affect the response to donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated this association in Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Methods In this prospective cohort study, analyses of CYP2D6 and APOE were conducted in 208 native Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate AD. All patients were treated with donepezil 5 mg/day for 6 months, and the response to treatment was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results No significant differences between responders (68.9%) and nonresponders (31.1%) to donepezil treatment (6 months' duration) were observed in the distribution of the CYP2D6 rs1080985 SNP, common APOE polymorphism or a combination of the two. Conclusions Our results suggest that neither the CYP2D6 nor the APOE polymorphism influences the 6-month response to donepezil treatment in a Chinese population with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya Ruth Huo
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Shuling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Change Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin, China
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19
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LLerena A, Naranjo MEG, Rodrigues-Soares F, Penas-LLedó EM, Fariñas H, Tarazona-Santos E. Interethnic variability ofCYP2D6alleles and of predicted and measured metabolic phenotypes across world populations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1569-83. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.964204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Abstract
José María (“Chema”) Cantú (1938–2007), born in Mexico, was a pioneering, loved and respected leader in medical and human genetics and bioethics in Latin America. He graduated as a physician in Mexico and then trained in medical and human genetics in France and the United States. He was instrumental in developing a first-rate research, training and genetic services program in medical and human genetics in Guadalajara, in northwestern Mexico. He acted forcefully at national, regional and international levels to promote scientific development through collaboration and education in science and humanities, while he simultaneously strived for justice, peace, love and human rights. He attained some of the highest honors a scientist and humanist could aspire to as well as the recognition of the communities he served. Hundreds of disciples throughout Latin America and the world have been inspired by his vision of a better world through the conjunction of science, respect for humankind, ethics and love.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Penchaszadeh
- Department of Health Sciences, National University of La Matanza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adrián Llerena
- Clinical Research Center, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Spain
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