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Resistance to Mupirocin: No Indication of it to Date While Using Mupirocin Ointment for Prevention of Staphylococcus Aureus Exit-Site Infections in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089901900405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Vivoni AM, Santos KRN, de-Oliveira MP, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Ferreira ALP, Riley LW, Moreira BM. Mupirocin for Controlling Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus Aureus: Lessons From a Decade of Use at a University Hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 26:662-7. [PMID: 16092750 DOI: 10.1086/502599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:From 1990 to 1995 at Hospital Universitario dementino Fraga Filho, patients colonized or infected with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) were treated with mupirocin to eliminate MRSA carriage. In 1995, 65% of MRSA patients at this hospital had mupirocin-resistant isolates. Starting in 1996, mupirocin use was restricted to patients colonized, but not infected, with MRSA.Objectives:To describe the use of mupirocin for controlling MRSA over a decade and to analyze the molecular epidemiology of mupirocin-resistant MRSA infections at this hospital.Setting:A 490-bed, tertiary-care university hospital.Methods:The incidence densities of patients with MRSA and acquisition of mupirocin by the hospital were calculated for the period 1992–2001.S. aureusisolates from 1999–2000 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Mupirocin-resistant MRSA isolates from 1994–1995 and 1999–2000 were analyzed forileS-2gene background polymorphisms.Results:The incidence density of MRSA patients increased slightly over time, whereas the purchase of mupirocin decreased dramatically. Mupirocin-resistant MRSA infections decreased from 65% in 1994–1995 to 15% in 1999–2000. The MRSA Brazilian clone, detected in 1992, was still highly prevalent. The sameileS-2 encoding plasmid found in 1994–1995 persisted in three identical MRSA isolates from 1999–2000 belonging to the Brazilian clone.Conclusions:After mupirocin use decreased, theileS-2 encoding plasmid persisted in only a few Brazilian clone isolates. Our data on mupirocin-resistant MRSA incidence and mupirocin use strongly suggested that restricted use was related to decreased rates of mupirocin resistance at our hospital. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:662-667)
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Vivoni
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wootton SH, Arnold K, Hill HA, McAllister S, Ray M, Kellum M, LaMarre M, Lane ME, Chaitram J, Lance-Parker S, Kuehnert MJ. Intervention to Reduce the Incidence of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusSkin Infections in a Correctional Facility in Georgia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 25:402-7. [PMID: 15188846 DOI: 10.1086/502413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Objective:In August 2001, a cluster of MRSA skin infections was detected in a correctional facility. An investigation was conducted to determine its cause and to prevent further MRSA infections.Design:Case-control study.Setting:A 200-bed detention center.Patients:A case was defined as a detainee with a skin lesion from which MRSA was cultured from July 24 through December 31, 2001. Case-patients were identified by review of laboratory culture results and by skin lesion screening through point-prevalence survey and admission examination. Controls were randomly selected from an alphabetized list of detainees.Intervention:Medical staff implemented measures to improve skin disease screening, personal hygiene, wound care, and antimicrobial therapy.Results:Sixteen cases were identified: 11, 5, and 0 in the preintervention, peri-intervention, and postintervention periods, respectively. Seven case-patients and 19 controls were included in the case-control study. On multivariable analysis, working as a dormitory orderly (OR, 9.8; CI95, 0.74-638;P= .10) and a stay of longer than 36 days (OR, 6.9; CI95, 0.65-128.2;P= .14) were the strongest predictors for MRSA skin infection. The preintervention, peri-intervention, and postintervention MRSA infection rates were 11.6, 8.8, and 0 per 10,000 detainee-days, respectively. The rate of MRSA skin infections declined significantly between both the preintervention and peri-intervention periods and the postintervention period (P< .01 for both comparisons).Conclusions:MRSA skin disease can become an emergent problem in a correctional facility. Interventions targeted at skin disease screening, appropriate antimicrobial treatment, and hygiene may decrease the risk of acquiring MRSA infection in correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Wootton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology Program Office, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemic Intelligence Service Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Jernigan JA. Is the Burden ofStaphylococcus aureusAmong Patients With Surgical-Site Infections Growing? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 25:457-60. [PMID: 15242191 DOI: 10.1086/502421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Evaluation of disc diffusion methods and Vitek 2 automated system for testing susceptibility to mupirocin in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1018-23. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Impact of preoperative screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by real-time polymerase chain reaction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Hosp Infect 2008; 69:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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[Prevention of postoperative surgical wound infection: recommendations of the Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention Committee of the Robert Koch Institute]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:377-93. [PMID: 17340231 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nascimento JS, Ceotto H, Nascimento SB, Giambiagi-Demarval M, Santos KRN, Bastos MCF. Bacteriocins as alternative agents for control of multiresistant staphylococcal strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:215-21. [PMID: 16478507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the activity of seven staphylococcins, bacteriocins produced by staphylococci, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) involved in human infections. METHODS AND RESULTS Four bacteriocins produced by Staph. epidermidis (Pep5, epidermin, epilancin K7 and epicidin 280) and three produced by Staph. aureus (aureocins A70, A53 and 215FN) were tested. Sixteen Staph. aureus strains, including a representative strain of the endemic Brazilian methicillin-resistant clone (MRSA), and 57 CNS strains were used as indicators. Among the staphylococcins used, Pep5 was able to inhibit 77.2% of the CNS strains and 87.5% of the Staph. aureus strains tested, including the Brazilian MRSA endemic clone, responsible for a large number of hospital-acquired infections in Brazil. On the other hand, aureocin A53 and epidermin presented a high antagonistic activity only against the Staph. aureus strains, being able to inhibit, respectively, 87.5% and 81.3% of them, including also the Brazilian MRSA endemic clone. The remaining bacteriocins inhibited only a low percentage of the nosocomial staphylococcal strains tested. CONCLUSIONS Aureocin A53 and epidermin have potential applications against MRSA, whereas Pep5 seems to be an attractive agent against both MRSA and CNS, including mupirocin-resistant strains and the Brazilian endemic clone of MRSA, which is also found disseminated in other countries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Bacteriocins may represent alternative agents to control important nosocomial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nascimento
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Schuenck RP, Dadalti P, Silva MG, Fonseca LS, Santos KRN. Oxacillin- and mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro activity of silver sulphadiazine and cerium nitrate in hospital strains. J Chemother 2005; 16:453-8. [PMID: 15565911 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.5.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Nasal carriage is an important reservoir of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). Mupirocin is a topical drug used to remove S. aureus from nares. However, isolates resistant to mupirocin have been reported all over the world. Silver sulphadiazine (SSD) is a topical agent, which when associated with cerium nitrate (CN), has been shown to be useful in the treatment of burn infections and could be an alternative drug for patient decolonization. Susceptibility to oxacillin in 203 S. aureus isolates was evaluated by the agar diffusion test, while the agar diffusion and agar dilution methods were used for mupirocin. A PCR-multiplex method was performed to detect the mecA and ileS-2 genes. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) to SSD and CN, used alone or in association, were determined by the agar dilution method. One hundred and sixty-three (80.3%) strains were oxacillin-resistant, and 37 (18.2%) were mupirocin resistant. The MIC of SSD alone or in association with CN was 64 microg/mL, while for CN alone was 2048 microg/mL for all isolates. SSD presented anti-staphylococcal activity at concentrations (64 microg/mL) much lower than those commonly used in commercial preparations (10 mg/g) and had good activity against mupirocin-resistant strains, showing that this drug could be used for nasal decolonization in ORSA carries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Schuenck
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Troidle L, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger A, Finkelstein FO. Continuous peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a review and current concepts. Semin Dial 2004; 16:428-37. [PMID: 14629601 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2003.16095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The percentage of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the United States maintained on continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) therapy is decreasing. Complications from CPD therapy, including peritonitis, may be the reason for the decline. Improvements in CPD technology and a better understanding of the risk factors that predispose patients to the development of peritonitis have been responsible for a decline in the rate of peritonitis. Yet peritonitis remains a significant cause of patient morbidity and mortality and the overall outcome of peritonitis is not acceptable. Factors that have limited our ability to lessen the impact of peritonitis include a lack of data on dosing antibiotics in patients on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) therapy, a lack of knowledge concerning the biology of bacterial biofilm, and the development of resistance to the current prophylactic antibiotic protocols. Further studies are needed concerning the optimal management of the peritoneal catheter and whether it is feasible to resume CPD therapy after catheter removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Troidle
- New Haven CAPD, Renal Research Institute, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Lepelletier D, Richet H. Surveillance and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in French hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:677-82. [PMID: 11842986 DOI: 10.1086/501844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the way French hospitals conduct surveillance for, and control infections caused by, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to evaluate the incidence of these infections. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of sample surveillance data. SETTING Representative sample of French hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Representative sample of 38 French public hospitals. METHODS Hospitals were selected randomly in 1996, taking into account their location and number of beds. Administrative data, surveillance denominators used, antimicrobial resistance rates, and infection control practices were analyzed for the period 1990 to 1995. The same 38 centers were contacted 3 years later, in 1998, to reassess their surveillance and control activities. RESULTS French hospitals were slow to implement MRSA surveillance programs; only 5% had such programs in 1990, when the median incidence per admission (0.37%) and per patient-days (0.04%) of MRSA infections was already high. Despite the implementation of surveillance programs in 66% of French hospitals in 1995 and 87% in 1998, the MRSA infection rates remained stable from 1990 to 1995 and increased from 1995 to 1998. The proportion of French hospitals having a policy for the transfer of MRSA-infected patients to other hospitals increased from 47% in 1995 to 61% in 1998, whereas screening for MRSA colonization (42%-53%) and isolation for colonized or infected patients (87%-89%) remained stable. CONCLUSIONS This first national survey showed that French hospitals probably were not optimally prepared to control and prevent MRSA infections, since they were slow to respond to the growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lepelletier
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie et Hygiène Hopitalière, Institut de Biologie des hĵspitaux de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, France
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Cimochowski GE, Harostock MD, Brown R, Bernardi M, Alonzo N, Coyle K. Intranasal mupirocin reduces sternal wound infection after open heart surgery in diabetics and nondiabetics. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:1572-8; discussion 1578-9. [PMID: 11383802 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine whether decreasing nasal bacterial colonization by applying Mupirocin (MPN) intranasally decreases sternal wound infections. METHODS We prospectively followed 992 consecutive open heart surgery (OHS) patients who did not receive MPN prophylaxis (group I) from January 1, 1995 to October 31, 1996. Group II consisted of 854 consecutive patients followed prospectively from December 1, 1997 to March 31, 1999 treated with intranasal MPN given on the evening before, the morning of OHS, and twice daily for 5 days postoperatively. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the rate of overall sternal wound infections between the untreated (group I) and the treated group (group II): 2.7% (27 of 992) versus 0.9% (8 of 854) (p = 0.005). The difference was also significant in the diabetic subgroup: 5.1% (14 of 277) (group I) versus 1.9% (5 of 266) (group II) (p = 0.04) and the nondiabetic group: 1.8% (13 of 715) (group I) versus 0.5% (3 of 588) (group II) (p = 0.03). The cost of MPN treatment was $12.47 per patient compared with $81,018 +/- $41,567 for a deep wound infection with no antibiotic-related complications recorded. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic intranasal MPN is safe, inexpensive, and very effective in reducing the overall sternal wound infections by 66.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Cimochowski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Wilkes-Barre General Hospital, Pennsylvania, USA
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Harbarth S, Liassine N, Dharan S, Herrault P, Auckenthaler R, Pittet D. Risk factors for persistent carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1380-5. [PMID: 11096006 DOI: 10.1086/317484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Revised: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined risk factors associated with persistent carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among 102 patients enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nasally administered mupirocin ointment. MRSA decolonization was unsuccessful in 77 (79%) of 98 patients who met the criteria for evaluation. By univariate analysis, 4 variables were found to be associated with persistent MRSA colonization (P < .1 for all 4): absence of mupirocin treatment, previous fluoroquinolone therapy, > or = 2 MRSA-positive body sites, and low-level mupirocin resistance. After multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, the presence of > or = 2 positive body sites (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.9) and previous receipt of a fluoroquinolone (AHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.3) were independently associated with MRSA persistence, whereas nasal mupirocin tended to confer protection (AHR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-1.0). Low-level mupirocin resistance was observed in 9 genotypically different MRSA strains and was not independently associated with chronic MRSA carriage (AHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9-2.5). Our findings suggest that multisite MRSA carriage and previous receipt of a fluoroquinolone are independent risk factors for persistent MRSA colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Roth VR, Murphy C, Perl TM, DeMaria A, Sohn AH, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Jarvis WR. Should we routinely use mupirocin to prevent staphylococcal infections? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:745-9. [PMID: 11089665 DOI: 10.1086/501720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Routine use of mupirocin to prevent staphylococcal infections is controversial. We assessed attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals attending the Fourth Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections regarding mupirocin prophylaxis. Eighty percent of participants did not use mupirocin routinely. At the end of the session, 58% indicated they would consider increased use of mupirocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Roth
- Division of Applied Public Health Training, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Mylotte JM, Kahler L, Jackson E. "Pulse" nasal mupirocin maintenance regimen in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:741-5. [PMID: 10580624 DOI: 10.1086/501575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine, among patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who were Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers, if periodic brief "pulses" of nasal mupirocin calcium ointment 2% after completion of a mupirocin eradication protocol would maintain these patients free of carriage. DESIGN Noncomparative, nonblinded study with historical controls. SETTING A county medical center. PATIENTS Patients in a CAPD program during the period April 1996 to May 1998. METHODS All patients in the CAPD program had monthly nasal cultures for S. aureus. After informed consent, S. aureus nasal carriers were administered mupirocin to the nares twice a day for 5 days followed by nasal mupirocin twice monthly. Peritonitis and exit-site infection rates were monitored independently by CAPD nursing staff. Patients were monitored monthly for adverse effects of mupirocin and compliance with the maintenance regimen. RESULTS Twenty-four patients in the CAPD program were enrolled in the study and had a median duration of follow-up of 8.5 months. Fifteen (63%) of the 24 patients remained free of nasal carriage on follow-up cultures. Of the 9 patients with positive nasal cultures during the study, 8 had only one positive culture. There was no significant difference in the mean yearly peritonitis rate or S. aureus peritonitis rate (January 1995-May 1998). However, there was a significant decrease in the mean yearly exit-site infection rates both overall (from 8.8 episodes per 100 patients dialyzed per month in 1995 to 4.0 in 1998; P = .008) and due to S. aureus (from 5.6 in 1995 to 0.9 in 1998; P = .03). Adverse effects of nasal mupirocin were mild overall; 1 patient was removed from the study due to an allergic reaction to mupirocin. CONCLUSIONS Among CAPD patients who were S. aureus nasal carriers, periodic brief treatment with nasal mupirocin after an initial eradication regimen kept them free of carriage, for the most part, with few adverse effects. The pulse mupirocin regimen offers simplicity and possibly better compliance, as well as minimizing exposure to this agent, thereby possibly reducing the risk of resistance. Further studies are warranted to compare this regimen to other commonly used mupirocin maintenance regimens in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Mylotte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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Edmiston CE, Sinski S, Seabrook GR, Simons D, Goheen MP. Airborne particulates in the OR environment. AORN J 1999; 69:1169-72, 1175-7, 1179 passim. [PMID: 10376089 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-2092(06)61884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraoperative sampling of airborne particulates is rarely performed in the OR environment because of technical difficulties associated with sampling methodologies and because of the common belief that airborne contamination is infrequently associated with surgical site infections (SSIs). In this study, investigators recovered non-viable (i.e., lint) and viable (i.e., microorganisms) particulates during vascular surgery using a personal cascade impactor sampling device. The predominant nonviable particulates recovered during intraoperative sampling were wood pulp fibers from disposable gowns and drapes. Several potential nosocomial pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and other drug-resistant isolates frequently were recovered from an area adjacent to the surgical field. The widespread presence of airborne particulates during surgery suggests that further studies are warranted to assess the role these particles may play in the development of SSIs or in dissemination of nosocomial pathogens within the OR and hospital environment.
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Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20:250-78; quiz 279-80. [PMID: 10219875 DOI: 10.1086/501620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2736] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The “Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999” presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s recommendations for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs), formerly called surgical wound infections. This two-part guideline updates and replaces previous guidelines.Part I, “Surgical Site Infection: An Overview,” describes the epidemiology, definitions, microbiology, pathogenesis, and surveillance of SSIs. Included is a detailed discussion of the pre-, intra-, and postoperative issues relevant to SSI genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mangram
- Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Campbell JR, Zaccaria E, Mason EO, Baker CJ. Epidemiological Analysis Defining Concurrent Outbreaks of Serratia marcescens and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/30142020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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