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Ma ZW, Mou JY, Yuan Q, Wang ZY, Liu QH, Deng B, Zhang YD, Tang DQ, Wang L. Molecular exploration of the diurnal alteration of glycogen structural fragility and stability in time-restricted-feeding mouse liver. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134225. [PMID: 39074710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The structure of glycogen α particles in healthy mouse liver has two states: stability and fragility. In contrast, glycogen α particles in diabetic liver present consistent fragility, which may exacerbate hyperglycemia. Currently, the molecular mechanism behind glycogen structural alteration is still unclear. In this study, we characterized the fine molecular structure of liver glycogen α particles in healthy mice under time-restricted feeding (TRF) mode during a 24-h cycle. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver during daytime and nighttime were revealed via transcriptomics, which identified that the key downregulated DEGs were mainly related to insulin secretion in daytime. Furthermore, GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment found that negative regulation of the glycogen catabolic process and insulin secretion process were significantly downregulated in the daytime. Therefore, transcriptomic analyses indicated that the structural stability of glycogen α particles might be correlated with the glycogen degradation process via insulin secretion downregulation. Further molecular experiments confirmed the significant upregulation of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), phosphorylated PYGL (p-PYGL), and glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) at the protein level during the daytime. Overall, we concluded that the downregulation of insulin secretion in the daytime under TRF mode facilitated glycogenolysis, contributing to the structural stability of glycogen α-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Wen Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jing-Yi Mou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
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Pons-Muzzo L, de Cid R, Obón-Santacana M, Straif K, Papantoniou K, Santonja I, Kogevinas M, Palomar-Cros A, Lassale C. Sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns and association with body weight in a general population in Spain (GCAT study). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 39267095 PMCID: PMC11396659 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered meal timing patterns can disrupt the circadian system and affect metabolism. Our aim was to describe sex-specific chrono-nutritional patterns, assess their association with body mass index (BMI) and investigate the role of sleep in this relationship. METHODS We used the 2018 questionnaire data from the population-based Genomes for Life (GCAT) (n = 7074) cohort of adults aged 40-65 in Catalonia, Spain, for cross-sectional analysis and its follow-up questionnaire data in 2023 (n = 3128) for longitudinal analysis. We conducted multivariate linear regressions to explore the association between mutually adjusted meal-timing variables (time of first meal, number of eating occasions, nighttime fasting duration) and BMI, accounting for sleep duration and quality, and additional relevant confounders including adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Finally, cluster analysis was performed to identify chrono-nutritional patterns, separately for men and women, and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were compared across clusters and analyzed for associations with BMI. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analysis, a later time of first meal (β 1 h increase = 0.32, 95% CI 0.18, 0.47) and more eating occasions (only in women, β 1 more eating occasion = 0.25, 95% CI 0.00, 0.51) were associated with a higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration with a lower BMI (β 1 h increase=-0.27, 95% CI -0.41, -0.13). These associations were particularly evident in premenopausal women. Longitudinal analyses corroborated the associations with time of first meal and nighttime fasting duration, particularly in men. Finally, we obtained 3 sex-specific clusters, that mostly differed in number of eating occasions and time of first meal. Clusters defined by a late first meal displayed lower education and higher unemployment in men, as well as higher BMI for both sexes. A clear "breakfast skipping" pattern was identified only in the smallest cluster in men. CONCLUSIONS In a population-based cohort of adults in Catalonia, we found that a later time of first meal was associated with higher BMI, while longer nighttime fasting duration associated with a lower BMI, both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pons-Muzzo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life -GCAT lab Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Obón-Santacana
- Genomes for Life -GCAT lab Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Unit of Biomarkers and Suceptibility (UBS), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Straif
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyriaki Papantoniou
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Santonja
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Palomar-Cros
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camille Lassale
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Stutz B, Goletzke J, Krueger B, Jankovic N, Alexy U, Herder C, Jakobsmeyer R, Reinsberger C, Buyken AE. Association between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger in a dietary intervention study among students with early and late chronotype-secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial. Appetite 2024; 200:107569. [PMID: 38901765 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of foods with high glycaemic index (GI) can cause hyperglycemia, thus increasing postprandial hunger. Since circadian rhythm differs inter-individually, we describe glucose dips after breakfast/dinner with high/medium estimated meal GI among students with early (n = 22) and late chronotype (n = 23) and examine their relation to the feeling of hunger in a secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial. Glucose dips reflect the difference between the lowest glucose value recorded 2-3 h postprandially and baseline, presented as percentage of average baseline level. Associations between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger were analyzed using multilevel linear models. Glucose dips were lower after medium GI meals than after high GI meals among both chronotype groups (p = 0.03). Among early chronotypes, but not among late chronotypes, glucose dip values were lower after breakfast than after dinner (-4.9 % vs. 5.5 %, p = 0.001). Hunger increased throughout the day among both chronotypes but glucose dips were not related to the feeling of hunger at the meal following breakfast. Interestingly, lower glucose dip values 2-3 h postprandially occurred particularly after medium GI meals and were seen after breakfast among early chronotypes. These glucose dips did not predict hunger at meals after breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stutz
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - J Goletzke
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - B Krueger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - N Jankovic
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, DONALD Study Centre, Heinstueck 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany
| | - U Alexy
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, DONALD Study Centre, Heinstueck 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 44225, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 44225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Jakobsmeyer
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - C Reinsberger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - A E Buyken
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
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Xie X, Zhang M, Luo H. Regulation of metabolism by circadian rhythms: Support from time-restricted eating, intestinal microbiota & omics analysis. Life Sci 2024; 351:122814. [PMID: 38857654 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Circadian oscillatory system plays a key role in coordinating the metabolism of most organisms. Perturbation of genetic effects and misalignment of circadian rhythms result in circadian dysfunction and signs of metabolic disorders. The eating-fasting cycle can act on the peripheral circadian clocks, bypassing the photoperiod. Therefore, time-restricted eating (TRE) can improve metabolic health by adjusting eating rhythms, a process achieved through reprogramming of circadian genomes and metabolic programs at different tissue levels or remodeling of the intestinal microbiota, with omics technology allowing visualization of the regulatory processes. Here, we review recent advances in circadian regulation of metabolism, focus on the potential application of TRE for rescuing circadian dysfunction and metabolic disorders with the contribution of intestinal microbiota in between, and summarize the significance of omics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China.
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5
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Stutz B, Krueger B, Goletzke J, Jankovic N, Alexy U, Herder C, Dierkes J, Berg-Beckhoff G, Jakobsmeyer R, Reinsberger C, Buyken AE. Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with early or late chronotype. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1593-1604. [PMID: 38605233 PMCID: PMC11329680 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycemic response to the same meal depends on daytime and alignment of consumption with the inner clock, which has not been examined by individual chronotype yet. This study examined whether the 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic response to a meal with high glycemic index (GI) differ when consumed early or late in the day among students with early or late chronotype. METHODS From a screening of 327 students aged 18-25 years, those with early (n = 22) or late (n = 23) chronotype participated in a 7-day randomized controlled cross-over intervention study. After a 3-day observational phase, standardized meals were provided on run-in/washout (days 4 and 6) and intervention (days 5 and 7), on which participants received a high GI meal (GI = 72) in the morning (7 a.m.) or in the evening (8 p.m.). All other meals had a medium GI. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to measure 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic responses and their variability. RESULTS Among students with early chronotype 2-h postprandial glucose responses to the high GI meal were higher in the evening than in the morning (iAUC: 234 (± 92) vs. 195 (± 91) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.042). Likewise, mean and lowest 2-h postprandial glucose values were higher when the high GI meal was consumed in the evening (p < 0.001; p = 0.017). 24-h glycemic responses were similar irrespective of meal time. Participants with late chronotype consuming a high GI meal in the morning or evening showed similar 2-h postprandial (iAUC: 211 (± 110) vs. 207 (± 95) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.9) and 24-h glycemic responses at both daytimes. CONCLUSIONS Diurnal differences in response to a high GI meal are confined to those young adults with early chronotype, whilst those with a late chronotype seem vulnerable to both very early and late high GI meals. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04298645; 22/01/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stutz
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Bettina Krueger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Janina Goletzke
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Nicole Jankovic
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, DONALD Study Centre, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ute Alexy
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, DONALD Study Centre, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Department of Clinical Medicine Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jakobsmeyer
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Anette E Buyken
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany.
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Gale JT, Haszard JJ, Wei DL, Taylor RW, Peddie MC. Evening regular activity breaks extend subsequent free-living sleep time in healthy adults: a randomised crossover trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001774. [PMID: 39027425 PMCID: PMC11256039 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine if performing regular 3-min bouts of resistance exercise spread over 4 hours in an evening will impact subsequent sleep quantity and quality, sedentary time and physical activity compared with prolonged uninterrupted sitting. Methods In this randomised crossover trial, participants each completed two 4-hour interventions commencing at approximately 17:00 hours: (1) prolonged sitting and (2) sitting interrupted with 3 min of bodyweight resistance exercise activity breaks every 30 min. On completion, participants returned to a free-living setting. This paper reports secondary outcomes relating to sleep quality and quantity, physical activity and sedentary time which were assessed using wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3+ accelerometers paired with a sleep and wear time diary. Results A total of 28 participants (women, n=20), age 25.6±5.6 years, body mass index 29.5±6.7 kg/m2 (mean±SD) provided data for this analysis. Compared with prolonged sitting, regular activity breaks increased mean sleep period time and time spent asleep by 29.3 min (95% CI: 1.3 to 57.2, p=0.040) and 27.7 min (95% CI: 2.3 to 52.4, p=0.033), respectively, on the night of the intervention. There was no significant effect on mean sleep efficiency (mean: 0.2%, 95% CI: -2.0 to 2.4, p=0.857), wake after sleep onset (1.0 min, 95% CI: -9.6 to 11.7, p=0.849) and number of awakenings (0.8, 95% CI: -1.8 to 3.3, p=0.550). Subsequent 24-hour and 48-hour physical activity patterns were not significantly different. Conclusions Performing bodyweight resistance exercise activity breaks in the evening has the potential to improve sleep period and total sleep time and does not disrupt other aspects of sleep quality or subsequent 24-hour physical activity. Future research should explore the longer-term impact of evening activity breaks on sleep. Trial registration number Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000250831).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Gale
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Dorothy L Wei
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Meredith C Peddie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Dualib PM, Dib SA, Augusto GA, Truzzi AC, de Paula MA, Réa RR. Effect of switching from twice-daily basal insulin to once-daily insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) in Brazilian people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38982528 PMCID: PMC11232174 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low adherence to the number of insulin injections and glycemic variability are among the challenges of insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The TOP1 study investigated the effect of switching from twice-daily (BID) basal insulin to once daily (OD) insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) on glycemic control and quality of life. METHODS In this 28-week, phase 4 trial, people with T1D aged ≥ 18 years, who were treated with BID basal insulin in combination with prandial rapid-acting insulin for at least 1 year, and had HbA1c between 7.5% and 10.0%, were switched to Gla-300 OD as basal insulin. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of this change on HbA1c, glycemic profile, treatment satisfaction and safety. The change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 24 was the primary endpoint. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-three people with T1D (mean age 37 ± 11 years; 54.5% female) were studied. The disease duration was 20.0 ± 9.8 years, baseline HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were 8.6 ± 0.7% and 201 ± 80.3 mg/dL, respectively. After switching from BID to OD insulin regimen, no significant change in HbA1c was observed from baseline to Week 24 (p = 0.873). There were significant reductions in fasting self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) from baseline to Week 24 (175 ± 42 vs. 156 ± 38 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), and in glycemic profile (8-point SMBG) at several time points. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of patients with at least one hypoglycemic event (p = 0.025), in numbers of hypoglycemic events per patient-years of any type (p = 0.036), symptomatic (p = 0.007), and confirmed ≤ 70 mg/dL events (p = 0.049) from run-in to the last 4 weeks on treatment. There were significant improvements in treatment satisfaction (p < 0.0001), perceived hyperglycemia (p < 0.0001) scores and satisfaction with the number of injections between post-run-in and Week 24, and a significant decrease in fear of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Switch from BID basal insulin to OD Gla-300 as part of basal bolus therapy in T1D resulted in similar glycemic control as measured by HbA1c, but provided significant improvements in SMBG, daily glucose profile, a lower incidence of hypoglycemia and increased patient satisfaction. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03406000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Medici Dualib
- Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Diabetes Center of the Endocrinology Division, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Estado de Israel 639, São Paulo, 04022-001, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Atala Dib
- Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rosângela Roginski Réa
- Serviço de Endocrinologia (SEMPR) do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Hiemstra FW, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A, de Jonge E, van Westerloo DJ, Kervezee L. Daily variation in blood glucose levels during continuous enteral nutrition in patients on the intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105169. [PMID: 38821022 PMCID: PMC11177052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian timing system coordinates daily cycles in physiological functions, including glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Here, the aim was to characterise the 24-h variation in glucose levels in critically ill patients during continuous enteral nutrition after controlling for potential sources of bias. METHODS Time-stamped clinical data from adult patients who stayed in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for at least 4 days and received enteral nutrition were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database. Linear mixed-effects and XGBoost modelling were used to determine the effect of time of day on blood glucose values. FINDINGS In total, 207,647 glucose measurements collected during enteral nutrition were available from 6,929 ICU patients (3,948 males and 2,981 females). Using linear mixed-effects modelling, time of day had a significant effect on blood glucose levels (p < 0.001), with a peak of 9.6 [9.5-9.6; estimated marginal means, 95% CI] mmol/L at 10:00 in the morning and a trough of 8.6 [8.5-8.6] mmol/L at 02:00 at night. A similar impact of time of day on glucose levels was found with the XGBoost regression model. INTERPRETATION These results revealed marked 24-h variation in glucose levels in ICU patients even during continuous enteral nutrition. This 24-h pattern persists after adjustment for potential sources of bias, suggesting it may be the result of endogenous biological rhythmicity. FUNDING This work was supported by a VENI grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), an institutional project grant, and by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor W Hiemstra
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands; Group of Circadian Medicine, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Jonge
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - David J van Westerloo
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Kervezee
- Group of Circadian Medicine, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands.
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Marhefkova N, Sládek M, Sumová A, Dubsky M. Circadian dysfunction and cardio-metabolic disorders in humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1328139. [PMID: 38742195 PMCID: PMC11089151 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1328139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The topic of human circadian rhythms is not only attracting the attention of clinical researchers from various fields but also sparking a growing public interest. The circadian system comprises the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks in various tissues that are interconnected; together they coordinate many daily activities, including sleep and wakefulness, physical activity, food intake, glucose sensitivity and cardiovascular functions. Disruption of circadian regulation seems to be associated with metabolic disorders (particularly impaired glucose tolerance) and cardiovascular disease. Previous clinical trials revealed that disturbance of the circadian system, specifically due to shift work, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review is intended to provide clinicians who wish to implement knowledge of circadian disruption in diagnosis and strategies to avoid cardio-metabolic disease with a general overview of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marhefkova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Sládek
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Sumová
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Dubsky
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Longo-Silva G, Lima MDO, Pedrosa AKP, Serenini R, Marinho PDM, Menezes RCED. Association of largest meal timing and eating frequency with body mass index and obesity. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:179-186. [PMID: 38479908 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The circadian pattern of eating behaviors has garnered increasing interest as a strategy for obesity prevention and weight loss. It is believed that the benefits stem from aligning food intake with the body's natural daily rhythms. However, the existing body of evidence is limited in scale and scope and there has been insufficient evaluation of temporal eating behaviors, such as the specific time of day in which the highest calorie consumption occurs, meal frequency, and distribution. This research aims to explore the association between the timing of the largest meal of the day and eating frequency with Body Mass Index (BMI) and obesity. METHODS Participants (n = 2050, 18-65y) were part of an exploratory cross-sectional and population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. Linear regression analyses and restricted cubic splines evaluated differences in BMI associated with independent eating variables [timing of the largest meal, number of meals/day (as continuous and categorical: ≤3 or >3/day), and each largest meal of the day (breakfast/lunch/dinner)]. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess Odds Ratios (OR) and 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI) of obesity associated with the same independent variables. RESULTS Our main findings were that the timing of the largest meal and reporting dinner as the largest meal were associated with higher values of BMI (respectively, 0.07 kg/m2 and 0.85 kg/m2) and increased odds of obesity [respectively OR(95%CI):1.04(1.01,1.08), and OR(95%CI):1.67(1.18,2.38)]. Those who realized more than 3 meals/day presented lower values of BMI (-0.14 kg/m2) and 32 % lower odds of having obesity [OR(95%CI):0.68(0.52,0.89)]. Reporting lunch as the largest meal also protected against obesity [OR(95%CI):0.71(0.54,0.93)]. These associations were statistically significant and independent of sex, age, marital status, education level, diet quality, sleep duration, and weekly frequency of physical exercise. CONCLUSION Having the largest meal earlier in the day, concentrating the majority of caloric intake during lunch, and consuming more than three meals a day, may present a promising intervention for preventing and treating obesity/overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Longo-Silva
- Research Group 'Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Health', Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Márcia de Oliveira Lima
- Research Group 'Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Health', Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Anny Kariny Pereira Pedrosa
- Research Group 'Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Health', Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Renan Serenini
- European Ph.D. in Socio-Economic and Statistical Studies, Faculty of Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Patricia de Menezes Marinho
- Research Group 'Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Health', Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Risia Cristina Egito de Menezes
- Research Group 'Chronobiology, Nutrition, and Health', Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
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11
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Rastogi S, Verma N, Raghuwanshi GS, Atam V, Kumar Verma D. The Impact of Time-Restricted Meal Intake on Glycemic Control and Weight Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: An 18-Month Longitudinal Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53680. [PMID: 38455801 PMCID: PMC10918388 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the impact of time-restricted meal intake (TRM) on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 400 patients diagnosed with T2DM were selected from the Endocrinology Department at King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines and specific criteria. A total of 127 patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in 273 patients who completed the study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the TRM group (consenting to have an early dinner at 7 pm) and the control group (non-TRM/late-night eater group). Baseline data were recorded, and follow-up assessments were conducted at six months, 12 months, and 18 months. Informed consent was obtained, and a diet chart was regularly maintained and updated. RESULTS The TRM group experienced a significant weight loss of 3.88 kg (5.45%) and a substantial reduction in BMI by 1.5 units (5.26%). In contrast, the non-TRM/control group had smaller reductions in weight (1.36 kg, 1.77%) and BMI (0.5 units, 1.65%). TRM group showed significant reductions in fasting blood sugar levels by 33.9 mg/dl (21.17%), postprandial blood sugar levels by 94.6 mg/dl (38.88%), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels by 1.37 (15.87%). These improvements were significantly greater than the reductions observed in the control group, which had decreases of 29.3 mg/dl (17.85%) in fasting blood sugar levels, 41.6 mg/dl (16.84%) in postprandial blood sugar levels, and 0.59 (6.89%) in HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the potential of TRM as an effective strategy for weight management and glycemic control in patients with T2DM, even in a long-term context. These results support time-restricted eating as a sustainable lifestyle modification for managing chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Rastogi
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Narsingh Verma
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Gourav S Raghuwanshi
- Physiology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
| | - Virendra Atam
- Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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12
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Bender RHF, O’Donnell BT, Shergill B, Pham BQ, Tahmouresie S, Sanchez CN, Juat DJ, Hatch MMS, Shirure VS, Wortham M, Nguyen-Ngoc KV, Jun Y, Gaetani R, Christman KL, Teyton L, George SC, Sander M, Hughes CCW. A vascularized 3D model of the human pancreatic islet for ex vivostudy of immune cell-islet interaction. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025001. [PMID: 38128127 PMCID: PMC10782895 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad17d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is an essential regulator of blood glucose homeostasis that is produced exclusively byβcells within the pancreatic islets of healthy individuals. In those affected by diabetes, immune inflammation, damage, and destruction of isletβcells leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Current efforts to understand the mechanisms underlyingβcell damage in diabetes rely onin vitro-cultured cadaveric islets. However, isolation of these islets involves removal of crucial matrix and vasculature that supports islets in the intact pancreas. Unsurprisingly, these islets demonstrate reduced functionality over time in standard culture conditions, thereby limiting their value for understanding native islet biology. Leveraging a novel, vascularized micro-organ (VMO) approach, we have recapitulated elements of the native pancreas by incorporating isolated human islets within a three-dimensional matrix nourished by living, perfusable blood vessels. Importantly, these islets show long-term viability and maintain robust glucose-stimulated insulin responses. Furthermore, vessel-mediated delivery of immune cells to these tissues provides a model to assess islet-immune cell interactions and subsequent islet killing-key steps in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Together, these results establish the islet-VMO as a novel,ex vivoplatform for studying human islet biology in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamen T O’Donnell
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Bhupinder Shergill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brittany Q Pham
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Sima Tahmouresie
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Celeste N Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Damie J Juat
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Michaela M S Hatch
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Venktesh S Shirure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kim-Vy Nguyen-Ngoc
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Yesl Jun
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Maike Sander
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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13
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Lee DY, Jung I, Park SY, Yu JH, Seo JA, Kim KJ, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Kim SG, Choi KM, Baik SH, Kim NH. Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:37-52. [PMID: 38173377 PMCID: PMC10850272 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies are required to reduce the risk of developing diabetes and/or clinical outcomes and complications of diabetes. In this regard, the role of the circadian system may be a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes. We reviewed evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies linking the circadian system to various aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of diabetes. The circadian clock governs genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral signals in anticipation of cyclic 24-hour events through interactions between a "central clock" in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and "peripheral clocks" in the whole body. Currently, circadian rhythmicity in humans can be subjectively or objectively assessed by measuring melatonin and glucocorticoid levels, core body temperature, peripheral blood, oral mucosa, hair follicles, rest-activity cycles, sleep diaries, and circadian chronotypes. In this review, we summarized various circadian misalignments, such as altered light-dark, sleep-wake, rest-activity, fasting-feeding, shift work, evening chronotype, and social jetlag, as well as mutations in clock genes that could contribute to the development of diabetes and poor glycemic status in patients with diabetes. Targeting critical components of the circadian system could deliver potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inha Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Park MS, Lee S, Baek Y, Lee J, Park SS, Cho JH, Jin HJ, Yoo HR. Characteristics of insulin resistance in Korean adults from the perspective of circadian and metabolic sensing genes. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1475-1487. [PMID: 37768516 PMCID: PMC10682234 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological clock allows an organism to anticipate periodic environmental changes and adjust its physiology and behavior accordingly. OBJECTIVE This retrospective cross-sectional study examined circadian gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics associated with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS We analyzed data from 1,404 Korean adults aged 30 to 55 with no history of cancer and cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The population was classified according to sex and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. Demographics, anthropometric and clinical characteristics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed with respect to sex, age, and HOMA-IR values. We used association rule mining to identify sets of SNPs from circadian and metabolic sensing genes that may be associated with IR. RESULTS Among the subjects, 15.0% of 960 women and 24.3% of 444 men had HOMA-IR values above 2. Most of the parameters differed significantly between men and women, as well as between the groups with high and low insulin sensitivity. Body fat mass of the trunk, which was significantly higher in insulin-resistant groups, had a higher correlation with high sensitivity C-reactive protein and hemoglobin levels in women, and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in men. Homozygous minor allele genotype sets of SNPs rs17031578 and rs228669 in the PER3 gene could be more frequently found among women with HOMA-IR values above 2 (p = .014). CONCLUSION Oxidative stress enhanced by adiposity and iron overload, which may also be linked to NRF2 and PER3-related pathways, is related to IR in adulthood. However, due to the small population size in this study, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso S Park
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea.
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Siwoo Lee
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Younghwa Baek
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Juho Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Park
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jin
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Ho-Ryong Yoo
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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Wang Z, Cui S, Zhang T, Wang W, Li J, Chen YQ, Zhu SL. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation improves glucose tolerance in intestinal Ffar4 knockout mice during the daily light to dark transition. mSystems 2023; 8:e0057323. [PMID: 37787527 PMCID: PMC10654094 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00573-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alterations in the intestinal environment are associated with various diseases, and FFAR4 is abundantly enriched in the intestine, where it has been shown to have the ability to regulate intestinal hormone secretion and intestinal microbiota; here, we confirmed previous reports. Meanwhile, we found that intestinal FFAR4 regulates glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion by decreasing Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and show that such change is associated with the level of glucose utilization at ZT12 in mice. Intestinal FFAR4 deficiency leads to severely impaired glucose tolerance at the ZT12 moment in mice, and Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation ameliorates the abnormal glucose utilization at the ZT12 moment caused by FFAR4 deficiency, which is very similar to the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients. Collectively, our data suggest that intestinal Ffar4 deteriorates glucose tolerance at the daily light to dark transition by affecting Akkermansia muciniphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Siyuan Cui
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - TingTing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - JiaYu Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y. Q. Chen
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sheng long Zhu
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Palomar-Cros A, Srour B, Andreeva VA, Fezeu LK, Bellicha A, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S, Romaguera D, Kogevinas M, Touvier M. Associations of meal timing, number of eating occasions and night-time fasting duration with incidence of type 2 diabetes in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1486-1497. [PMID: 37328450 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food intake plays a pivotal role in regulating circadian rhythms, which modulate glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, studies investigating the association of meal timing and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence are lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal associations of meal timing, number of eating occasions and night-time fasting duration with incidence of T2D. METHODS In total, 103 312 adults [79% women, mean age at baseline = 42.7 (SD = 14.6)] from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009-21) were included. Participants' meal timings and frequency were assessed using repeated 24-h dietary records and averaged from the first 2 years of follow-up (5.7 records/participant). Associations of meal timing, number of eating occasions and night-time fasting duration with incidence of T2D were assessed by using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 963 new cases of T2D were ascertained. Compared with participants habitually having a first meal before 8AM, those eating after 9AM had a higher incidence of T2D (HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.30-1.94). Time of last meal was not associated with T2D incidence. Each additional eating episode was associated with a lower incidence of T2D (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-0.99). Night-time fasting duration was not associated with T2D incidence, except in participants having breakfast before 8AM and fasting for >13 h overnight (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.27-0.82). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, a later first meal was associated with a higher incidence of T2D. If confirmed in other large-scale studies, an early breakfast should be considered in preventing T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palomar-Cros
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Non-Communicable Diseases Programme, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernard Srour
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
- Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe Network), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Valentina A Andreeva
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Léopold K Fezeu
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Alice Bellicha
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
- Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe Network), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
- Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe Network), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
- Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe Network), Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Non-Communicable Diseases Programme, Barcelona, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Non-Communicable Diseases Programme, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
- Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe Network), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Lucidi P, Perriello G, Porcellati F, Pampanelli S, De Fano M, Tura A, Bolli GB, Fanelli CG. Diurnal Cycling of Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence for Deviation From Physiology at an Early Stage. Diabetes 2023; 72:1364-1373. [PMID: 37440717 PMCID: PMC10866740 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the contribution of insulin resistance to the morning (a.m.) versus afternoon (p.m.) lower glucose tolerance of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eleven subjects with T2D (mean [SD] diabetes duration 0.79 [0.23] years, BMI 28.3 [1.8] kg/m2, A1C 6.6% [0.26%] [48.9 (2.9) mmol/mol]), treatment lifestyle modification only) and 11 matched control subjects without diabetes were monitored between 5:00 and 8:00 a.m. and p.m. (in random order) on one occasion (study 1), and on a subsequent occasion, they underwent an isoglycemic clamp (a.m. and p.m., both between 5:00 and 8:00, insulin infusion rate 10 mU/m2/min) (study 2). In study 1, plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon were higher and insulin clearance lower in subjects with T2D a.m. versus p.m. and versus control subjects (P < 0.05), whereas free fatty acid, glycerol, and β-hydroxybutyrate were lower a.m. versus p.m. However, in study 2 at identical hyperinsulinemia a.m. and p.m. (∼150 pmol/L), glucose Ra and glycerol Ra were both less suppressed a.m. versus p.m. (P < 0.05) in subjects with T2D. In contrast, in control subjects, glucose Ra was more suppressed a.m. versus p.m. Leucine turnover was no different a.m. versus p.m. In conclusion, in subjects with T2D, insulin sensitivity for glucose (liver) and lipid metabolism has diurnal cycles (nadir a.m.) opposite that of control subjects without diabetes already at an early stage, suggesting a marker of T2D. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS In people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), fasting hyperglycemia is greater in the morning (a.m.) versus the afternoon (p.m.), and insulin sensitivity for glucose and lipid metabolism is lower a.m. versus p.m. This pattern is the reverse of the physiological diurnal cycle of people without diabetes who are more insulin sensitive a.m. versus p.m. These new findings have been observed in the present study in people without obesity but with recent-onset T2D, with good glycemic control, and in the absence of confounding pharmacological treatment. It is likely that the findings represent a specific marker of T2D, possibly present even in prediabetes before biochemical and clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lucidi
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Perriello
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Porcellati
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Pampanelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michelantonio De Fano
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Geremia B. Bolli
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine G. Fanelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Kanaley JA, Porter JW, Winn NC, Lastra G, Chockalingam A, Pettit-Mee RJ, Petroski GF, Cobelli C, Schiavon M, Parks EJ. Temporal optimization of exercise to lower fasting glucose levels. J Physiol 2023:10.1113/JP285069. [PMID: 37732475 PMCID: PMC10954586 DOI: 10.1113/jp285069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates glucose uptake and increases insulin sensitivity acutely. Temporally optimizing exercise timing may minimize the nocturnal rise in glucose levels. This study examined the effect of exercise timing on evening and overnight glucose concentrations in individuals who were non-obese with normal fasting glucose levels (Non-Ob; n = 18) and individuals with obesity (OB) with impaired fasting glucose levels (OB+IFG) and without (n = 16 and n = 18, respectively). Subjects were studied on three occasions (no exercise (NOEX)), morning exercise (AMEX; 0700 h) and evening exercise (PMEX; 2000 h). The evening meal was provided (1800 h) and blood samples were taken from 1740 to 0700 h and morning endogenous glucose production (EGP) was measured. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased with the dinner meal with peak concentrations being higher in OB+IFG than in OB and Non-Ob (P = 0.04). In OB+IFG, evening glucose concentrations rose above baseline levels at about 2300 h, with the glucose concentrations staying somewhat lower with AMEX and PMEX until ∼0500 h than with NOEX. In OB+IFG, insulin concentrations decreased following the dinner meal and waned throughout the night, despite the rising glucose concentrations. In the OB and Non-Ob individuals following the dinner meal, no increase in glucose concentrations occurred in the evening period and insulin levels mirrored this. No difference was observed in the morning fasting glucose levels between study days or between groups. Regardless of time of day, exercise delays the evening rise in glucose concentrations in adults with OB+IFG but does not lower morning fasting glucose levels or improve the synchrony between glucose and insulin concentrations. KEY POINTS: Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have been linked to disturbances of the core clock, and glucose tolerance demonstrates a diurnal rhythm in healthy humans with better glucose tolerance in the morning than in the afternoon and evening. Skeletal muscle is a primary site for insulin resistance in people with impaired glucose tolerance. In individuals with obesity and impaired fasting glucose levels (OB+IFG), following a dinner meal, glucose concentrations started to rise and continues throughout the night, resulting in elevated glucose levels, while concomitantly, insulin levels are waning. Exercise, regardless of the time of day, suppressed the rise in glucose levels in OB+IFG for many hours during the night but did not lower morning fasting glucose levels. Morning exercise was not quite as effective as evening exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - J W Porter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - N C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - G Lastra
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - A Chockalingam
- Department of Cardiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - R J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - G F Petroski
- Office of Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - C Cobelli
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Schiavon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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BaHammam AS, Pirzada A. Timing Matters: The Interplay between Early Mealtime, Circadian Rhythms, Gene Expression, Circadian Hormones, and Metabolism-A Narrative Review. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:507-535. [PMID: 37754352 PMCID: PMC10528427 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving synchronization between the central and peripheral body clocks is essential for ensuring optimal metabolic function. Meal timing is an emerging field of research that investigates the influence of eating patterns on our circadian rhythm, metabolism, and overall health. This narrative review examines the relationship between meal timing, circadian rhythm, clock genes, circadian hormones, and metabolic function. It analyzes the existing literature and experimental data to explore the connection between mealtime, circadian rhythms, and metabolic processes. The available evidence highlights the importance of aligning mealtime with the body's natural rhythms to promote metabolic health and prevent metabolic disorders. Specifically, studies show that consuming meals later in the day is associated with an elevated prevalence of metabolic disorders, while early time-restricted eating, such as having an early breakfast and an earlier dinner, improves levels of glucose in the blood and substrate oxidation. Circadian hormones, including cortisol and melatonin, interact with mealtimes and play vital roles in regulating metabolic processes. Cortisol, aligned with dawn in diurnal mammals, activates energy reserves, stimulates appetite, influences clock gene expression, and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Consuming meals during periods of elevated melatonin levels, specifically during the circadian night, has been correlated with potential implications for glucose tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms of central and peripheral clock synchronization, including genetics, interactions with chronotype, sleep duration, and hormonal changes, provides valuable insights for optimizing dietary strategies and timing. This knowledge contributes to improved overall health and well-being by aligning mealtime with the body's natural circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. BaHammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrouf Pirzada
- North Cumbria Integrated Care (NCIC), National Health Service (NHS), Carlisle CA2 7HY, UK;
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20
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Phillips NE, Collet TH, Naef F. Uncovering personalized glucose responses and circadian rhythms from multiple wearable biosensors with Bayesian dynamical modeling. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100545. [PMID: 37671030 PMCID: PMC10475794 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors and smartphone applications can measure physiological variables over multiple days in free-living conditions. We measure food and drink ingestion, glucose dynamics, physical activity, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) in 25 healthy participants over 14 days. We develop a Bayesian inference framework to learn personal parameters that quantify circadian rhythms and physiological responses to external stressors. Modeling the effects of ingestion events on glucose levels reveals that slower glucose decay kinetics elicit larger postprandial glucose spikes, and we uncover a circadian baseline rhythm for glucose with high amplitudes in some individuals. Physical activity and circadian rhythms explain as much as 40%-65% of the HR variance, whereas the variance explained for HRV is more heterogeneous across individuals. A more complex model incorporating activity, HR, and HRV explains up to 15% of additional glucose variability, highlighting the relevance of integrating multiple biosensors to better predict glucose dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Phillips
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Naef
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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GALE JENNIFERT, WEI DOROTHYL, HASZARD JILLIANJ, BROWN RACHELC, TAYLOR RACHAELW, PEDDIE MEREDITHC. Breaking Up Evening Sitting with Resistance Activity Improves Postprandial Glycemic Response: A Randomized Crossover Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1471-1480. [PMID: 36921112 PMCID: PMC10348652 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interrupting sedentary time during the day reduces postprandial glycemia (a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease). However, it is not known if benefits exist for postprandial glucose, insulin and triglyceride responses in the evening, and if these benefits differ by body mass index (BMI) category. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 30 participants (25.4 ± 5.4 yr old; BMI 18.5-24.9: n = 10, BMI 25-29.9: n = 10, BMI ≥30: n = 10) completed two intervention arms, beginning at ~1700 h: prolonged sitting for 4 h, and sitting with regular activity breaks of 3 min of resistance exercises every 30 min. Plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were measured in response to two meals fed at baseline and 120 min. Four-hour incremental area under the curve was compared between interventions. Moderation by BMI status was explored. RESULTS Overall, when compared with prolonged sitting, regular activity breaks lowered plasma glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve by 31.5% (95% confidence interval = -49.3% to -13.8%) and 26.6% (-39.6% to -9.9%), respectively. No significant differences were found for plasma triglyceride area under the curve. Interactions between BMI status and intervention was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that interrupt sedentary time in the evening may improve cardiometabolic health by some magnitude in all participants regardless of bodyweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- JENNIFER T. GALE
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND
| | - DOROTHY L. WEI
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND
| | | | - RACHEL C. BROWN
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND
| | | | - MEREDITH C. PEDDIE
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, NEW ZEALAND
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22
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Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Morari V, Champion RB, Bailey DP, Ferrandino LE, Jones RL. Acute Cardiometabolic and Exercise Responses to Breakfast Omission Versus Breakfast Consumption in Adolescent Girls: A Randomised Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:3210. [PMID: 37513628 PMCID: PMC10386247 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Girls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 ± 0.7 years) completed two 5.5 h conditions in a randomised crossover design: breakfast omission (BO) and standardised breakfast consumption (BC). A standardised lunch was provided at 3 h. Incremental cycling exercise was performed at 5 h. Blood and expired gas samples were taken at regular intervals. Whilst pre-lunch plasma glucose, insulin, and Metabolic Load Index incremental area under the curve (IAUC) were significantly lower in BO versus BC, post-lunch differences were reversed and larger in magnitude. Peak plasma glucose and insulin were significantly higher in BO versus BC. Pre-lunch perceived fullness and hunger were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in BO versus BC. Perceived energy and concentration were lower, and tiredness was higher, in BO versus BC. Exercise peak fat oxidation and Fatmax were unaffected. The lower physical activity enjoyment in BO versus BC approached significance. To conclude, acutely omitting breakfast adversely affects cardiometabolic risk markers and exercise enjoyment among adolescent girls who habitually consume breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Victoria Morari
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Rachael B Champion
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Louise E Ferrandino
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jones
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
- Health Advancement Research Team (HART), School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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23
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Smith K, Taylor GS, Walker M, Brunsgaard LH, Bowden Davies KA, Stevenson EJ, West DJ. Pre-Meal Whey Protein Alters Postprandial Insulinemia by Enhancing β-Cell Function and Reducing Insulin Clearance in T2D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e603-e612. [PMID: 36734166 PMCID: PMC10807909 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Treatments that reduce postprandial glycemia (PPG) independent of stimulating insulin secretion are appealing for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Consuming pre-meal whey protein (WP) reduces PPG by delaying gastric emptying and increasing plasma insulin concentrations. However, its effects on β-cell function and insulin kinetics remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the PPG-regulatory effects of pre-meal WP by modeling insulin secretion rates (ISR), insulin clearance, and β-cell function. METHODS This was a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design study in 18 adults with T2D (HbA1c, 56.7 ± 8.8 mmol/mol) who underwent 2 240-minute mixed-meal tolerance tests. Participants consumed WP (15 g protein) or placebo (0 g protein) 10 minutes before a mixed-macronutrient breakfast meal. PPG, pancreatic islet, and incretin hormones were measured throughout. ISR was calculated by C-peptide deconvolution. Estimates of insulin clearance and β-cell function were modeled from glucose, insulin, and ISR. Changes in PPG incremental area under the curve (iAUC; prespecified) and insulin clearance (post hoc) were measured. RESULTS β-cell function was 40% greater after WP (P = .001) and was accompanied with a -22% reduction in postprandial insulin clearance vs placebo (P < .0001). Both the peak change and PPG iAUC were reduced by WP (-1.5 mmol/L and -16%, respectively; both P < .05). Pre-meal WP augmented a 5.9-fold increase in glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 iAUC (both P < .0001), and a 1.5-fold increase in insulin iAUC (P < .001). Although the plasma insulin response was greater following WP, ISR was unaffected (P = .133). CONCLUSION In adults with T2D, pre-meal WP reduced PPG by coordinating an enhancement in β-cell function with a reduction in insulin clearance. This enabled an efficient postprandial insulinemic profile to be achieved without requiring further β-cell stimulation.Trial registry ISRCTN ID: ISRCTN17563146 Website link: www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN17563146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Smith
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Guy S Taylor
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lise H Brunsgaard
- Health and Performance Nutrition, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J 8260, Denmark
| | - Kelly A Bowden Davies
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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24
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Stenlid R, Manell H, Seth R, Cerenius SY, Chowdhury A, Roa Cortés C, Nyqvist I, Lundqvist T, Halldin M, Bergsten P. Low Fasting Concentrations of Glucagon in Patients with Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Metabolites 2023; 13:780. [PMID: 37512487 PMCID: PMC10386500 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Deficiencies of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) define a subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism, with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) being two of the most common. Hypoketotic hypoglycemia is a feared clinical complication and the treatment focuses on avoiding hypoglycemia. In contrast, carnitine uptake deficiency (CUD) is treated as a mild disease without significant effects on FAO. Impaired FAO has experimentally been shown to impair glucagon secretion. Glucagon is an important glucose-mobilizing hormone. If and how glucagon is affected in patients with VLCAD or MCAD remains unknown. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with plasma hormone concentrations quantified after four hours of fasting. Patients with VLCAD (n = 10), MCAD (n = 7) and CUD (n = 6) were included. (3) Results: The groups were similar in age, sex, weight, and height. The glucagon and insulin levels were significantly lower in the VLCAD group compared to the CUD group (p < 0.05, respectively). The patients with CUD had glucagon concentrations similar to the normative data. No significant differences were seen in GLP-1, glicentin, glucose, amino acids, or NEFAs. (4) Conclusions: Low fasting concentrations of glucagon are present in patients with VLCAD and cannot be explained by altered stimuli in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Stenlid
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannes Manell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Seth
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Y Cerenius
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Azazul Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Roa Cortés
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Nyqvist
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundqvist
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, SE17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Halldin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, SE17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Anderson ST, Meng H, Brooks TG, Tang SY, Lordan R, Sengupta A, Nayak S, Mřela A, Sarantopoulou D, Lahens NF, Weljie A, Grant GR, Bushman FD, FitzGerald GA. Sexual dimorphism in the response to chronic circadian misalignment on a high-fat diet. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabo2022. [PMID: 37196066 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies associate shiftwork with cardiometabolic disorders but do not establish causation or elucidate mechanisms of disease. We developed a mouse model based on shiftwork schedules to study circadian misalignment in both sexes. Behavioral and transcriptional rhythmicity were preserved in female mice despite exposure to misalignment. Females were protected from the cardiometabolic impact of circadian misalignment on a high-fat diet seen in males. The liver transcriptome and proteome revealed discordant pathway perturbations between the sexes. Tissue-level changes were accompanied by gut microbiome dysbiosis only in male mice, biasing toward increased potential for diabetogenic branched chain amino acid production. Antibiotic ablation of the gut microbiota diminished the impact of misalignment. In the United Kingdom Biobank, females showed stronger circadian rhythmicity in activity and a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome than males among job-matched shiftworkers. Thus, we show that female mice are more resilient than males to chronic circadian misalignment and that these differences are conserved in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán T Anderson
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hu Meng
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas G Brooks
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Soon Yew Tang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Soumyashant Nayak
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonijo Mřela
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dimitra Sarantopoulou
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas F Lahens
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim Weljie
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory R Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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de Almeida RS, Marot LP, Latorraca CDOC, Oliveira RDÁ, Crispim CA. Is Evening Carbohydrate Intake in Healthy Individuals Associated with Higher Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia When Compared to Morning Intake? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Crossover Studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:349-360. [PMID: 35512764 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2043199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to summarize randomized clinical trials that compared the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic metabolic response after eating isocaloric and standardized carbohydrate meals consumed at two moments: morning versus night, in healthy individuals who were not shift workers. The search strategy consisted of an electronic search using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Elsevier), LILACs (Virtual Health Library - VHL), Cochrane Registers of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL, via Wiley) and gray literature (Opengray.eu). The PICO strategy was used to define the search terms (P: healthy adults, I: nocturnal intake, C: morning intake, O: area under the curve (AUC) of the postprandial glucose and insulin response). This review was reported according to the PRISMA statement. From the 3757 articles found, 412 were duplicates and excluded, totaling 3345 that had their titles and abstracts read. A total of 42 articles met the inclusion criteria and were read in full, and eight studies were included in the systematic review. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. The results showed, with moderate quality of evidence, a postprandial response with higher glycemic values in the evening compared to the morning (SMD = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.59; I2 = 0%; p < 0.00001; 8 studies and 116 participants). No differences were found between insulin values at night and in the morning (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.49; 6 studies and 90 participants). We concluded that the intake of carbohydrates at night leads to higher glycemic, but not insulinemic, postprandial values. Revision Record: PROSPERO number CRD42019137862 available at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019137862 Key teaching points and nutritional relevanceThis systematic review summarized randomized clinical trials that compared the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response after eating carbohydrate meals in the morning versus at night.A total of eight studies were included in the systematic review; the results showed a postprandial response with higher glycemic values in the evening compared to the morning.No differences were found between insulin values at night and in the morning;• The intake of carbohydrates at night leads to higher glycemic, but not insulinemic, postprandial values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Pereira Marot
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Jakubowicz D, Rosenblum RC, Wainstein J, Twito O. Influence of Fasting until Noon (Extended Postabsorptive State) on Clock Gene mRNA Expression and Regulation of Body Weight and Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087154. [PMID: 37108316 PMCID: PMC10138720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The trend of fasting until noon (omission or delayed breakfast) is increasingly prevalent in modern society. This eating pattern triggers discordance between endogenous circadian clock rhythms and the feeding/fasting cycle and is associated with an increased incidence of obesity and T2D. Although the underlying mechanism of this association is not well understood, growing evidence suggests that fasting until noon, also known as an "extended postabsorptive state", has the potential to cause a deleterious effect on clock gene expression and to disrupt regulation of body weight, postprandial and overall glycemia, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and appetite, and may also lead to lower energy expenditure. This manuscript overviews the clock gene-controlled glucose metabolism during the active and resting phases and the consequences of postponing until noon the transition from postabsorptive to fed state on glucose metabolism, weight control, and energy expenditure. Finally, we will discuss the metabolic advantages of shifting more energy, carbohydrates (CH), and proteins to the early hours of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jakubowicz
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon 58100, Israel
| | - Rachel Chava Rosenblum
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon 58100, Israel
| | - Julio Wainstein
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon 58100, Israel
| | - Orit Twito
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Holon 58100, Israel
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Teixeira BS, Silva CM, Silva ATF, Santos LLD, de Paiva Maia YC, Pedrazzoli M, Wright KP, Crispim CA. Influence of fasting during the night shift on next day eating behavior, hunger, and glucose and insulin levels: a randomized, three-condition, crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1281-1293. [PMID: 36526739 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of fasting during the night shift on eating behavior, hunger, glucose and insulin levels the following day. METHODS Study with 10 male police officers who have been working at night. Participants were tested under three different conditions separated by at least 6 days of washout in a randomized, crossover design: "Night Shift Fasting" (NSF)-two nights of fasting during the night shift; "Night Shift Eating" (NSE)-two nights with the consumption of a standardized meal during the night shift (678 ± 42 kcal consumed at ~ 0200 h); and "Nighttime Sleep" (NS)-two nights of sleep. The morning after, blood glucose and insulin and hunger ratings were assessed, and food intake was assessed with an ad libitum test meal. Food intake was also assessed throughout the remainder of the day using a food record. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to analyze the effect of experimental condition. RESULTS Food intake during the test meal, especially of proteins and fats, was higher after fasting during the night shift compared to the other conditions (p < 0.05), whereas desire to eat scores were lower after the NSF compared to NSE condition (p = 0.043). Hunger levels were lower after the NSF compared to the NS condition (p = 0.012). Insulin and HOMA-IR were also lower in the morning after NSF (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fasting during the night shift leads to not only a higher intake of energy and macronutrients both in the early morning after work and throughout the next day, but also lower insulin levels and HOMA-IR in the morning. REGISTRATION NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIAL NCT03800732. Initial release: 01/09/2019. Last release: 02/23/2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Simão Teixeira
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Para, 1720, Bloco 2U, Sala 20. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Catarina Mendes Silva
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Para, 1720, Bloco 2U, Sala 20. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Alinne Tatiane Faria Silva
- Molecular Biology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Letícia Lopes Dantas Santos
- Molecular Biology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Yara Cristina de Paiva Maia
- Molecular Biology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Mario Pedrazzoli
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Cibele Aparecida Crispim
- Chrononutrition Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Para, 1720, Bloco 2U, Sala 20. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil.
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Zhao W, Liu Z, Fan Z, Wu Y, Lou X, Liu A, Lu X. Apple preload increased postprandial insulin sensitivity of a high glycemic rice meal only at breakfast. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1427-1439. [PMID: 36631706 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The possible impact of preload food on insulin sensitivity has yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effect of an apple preload before breakfast, lunch and early supper, based on high glycemic index (GI) rice meals. METHODS Twenty-three healthy participants in Group 1 and 14 participants in Group 2 were served with the reference meal (white rice containing 50 g of available carbohydrate) or experimental meals (apple preload and rice, each containing 15 and 35 g of available carbohydrate). The meals were either served at 8:00 for breakfast, 12:30 for lunch or 17:00 for early supper to explore the possible effect of time factor. The group 1 assessed the postprandial and subsequent-meal glycemic effect of the test meals by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), along with subjective appetite; The group 2 further investigated the glycemic and insulin effect by blood collection. RESULTS The apple preload lowered the blood glucose peak value by 33.5%, 31.4% and 31.0% in breakfast, lunch and supper, respectively, while increased insulin sensitivity by 40.5% only at breakfast, compared with the rice reference. The early supper resulted significantly milder glycemic response than its breakfast and lunch counterparts did. The result of CGM tests was consistent with that of the fingertip blood tests. CONCLUSION Apple preload performed the best at breakfast in terms of enhancing the insulin sensitivity. The preload treatment could effectively attenuate postprandial GR without increasing the area under insulin response curve in any of the three meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhenyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhihong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yixue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinling Lou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Anshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuejiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Yadav Y, Romeres D, Cobelli C, Dalla Man C, Carter R, Basu A, Basu R. Impaired Diurnal Pattern of Meal Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes: Implications for Therapy. Diabetes 2023; 72:223-232. [PMID: 36346619 PMCID: PMC9871193 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To assess the diurnal patterns of postprandial glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, 19 subjects with type 2 diabetes (8 women; 60 ± 11 years; BMI 32 ± 5 kg/m2) and 19 anthropometrically matched subjects with no diabetes (ND; 11 women; 53 ± 12 years; BMI 29 ± 5 kg/m2) were studied during breakfast (B), lunch (L), and dinner (D) with identical mixed meals (75 g carbohydrates) on 3 consecutive days in a randomized Latin square design. Three stable isotopes of glucose were ustilized to estimate meal fluxes, and mathematical models were used in estimating indices of insulin action and β-cell function. Postmeal glucose excursions were higher at D versus B and at D versus L in type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05), while in ND they were higher at D versus B (P = 0.025) and at L versus B (P = 0.04). The insulin area under the curve was highest at B compared with L and D in type 2 diabetes, while no differences were observed in ND. Disposition index (DI) was higher at B than at L (P < 0.01) and at D (P < 0.001) in ND subjects, whereas DI was low with unchanging pattern across B-L-D in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, between-meal differences in β-cell responsivity to glucose (F) and insulin sensitivity (SI) were concurrent with changes in the DI within groups. Fasting and postmeal glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations, along with estimates of endogenous glucose production (EGP), Rd, SI, F, hepatic extraction of insulin, insulin secretion rate, extracted insulin, and DI, were altered in type 2 diabetes compared with ND (P < 0.011 for all). The data show a diurnal pattern of postprandial glucose tolerance in overweight otherwise glucose-tolerant ND individuals that differs from overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes. The results not only provide valuable insight into management strategies for better glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes, but also improved understanding of daytime glucose metabolism in overweight individuals without impaired glucose tolerance or overt diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Davide Romeres
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Woman and Child’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Bohn MK, Wilson S, Schneider R, Massamiri Y, Randell EW, Adeli K. Pediatric reference interval verification for 17 specialized immunoassays and cancer markers on the Abbott Alinity i system in the CALIPER cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:123-132. [PMID: 36117243 PMCID: PMC9691267 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical laboratory investigation of autoimmune, metabolic, and oncologic disorders in children and adolescents relies on appropriateness of reference intervals (RIs). The Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) previously established comprehensive pediatric RIs for specialized immunoassays on the Abbott ARCHITECT system. Herein, we aim to verify performance on new Alinity i assays by evaluating sera collected from healthy children as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP-28A3C guidelines. METHODS Precision, linearity, and method comparison experiments were completed for 17 specialized Alinity immunoassays, including cancer antigens, autoimmune peptides, and hormones. Sera collected from healthy children and adolescents (birth-18 years, n=100) were evaluated. CLSI-based verification was completed using previously established CALIPER RIs for ARCHITECT assays as the reference. RESULTS Of 17 specialized immunoassays assays, only anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) did not meet acceptable verification criterion (i.e., ≥90% of results within ARCHITECT reference CI). Anti-thyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase, and carcinoembryonic antigen did not require age-specific consideration beyond one year of age, with 63, 91, and 80% of samples equalling the limit of detection, respectively. Estimates were separated by sex for relevant assays (e.g., sex hormone binding globulin, total and free prostate specific antigen). CONCLUSIONS Findings support transferability of pediatric RIs on ARCHITECT system to the Alinity system for 16 specialized immunoassays in the CALIPER cohort and will be a useful resource for pediatric clinical laboratories using Alinity assays. Further work is needed to establish evidence-based interpretative recommendations for anti-CCP and continue to evaluate pediatric RI acceptability for newly available assay technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Bohn
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Siobhan Wilson
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Youssef Massamiri
- Clinical Biochemistry, Eastern Health Authority, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Edward W. Randell
- Clinical Biochemistry, Eastern Health Authority, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- CALIPER Program, Molecular Medicine, Research Institute and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Magkos F, Reeds DN, Mittendorfer B. Evolution of the diagnostic value of "the sugar of the blood": hitting the sweet spot to identify alterations in glucose dynamics. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:7-30. [PMID: 35635320 PMCID: PMC9576168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we provide an overview of the evolution of the definition of hyperglycemia during the past century and the alterations in glucose dynamics that cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. We discuss how extensive mechanistic, physiological research into the factors and pathways that regulate the appearance of glucose in the circulation and its uptake and metabolism by tissues and organs has contributed knowledge that has advanced our understanding of different types of hyperglycemia, namely prediabetes and diabetes and their subtypes (impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, combined impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus), their relationships with medical complications, and how to prevent and treat hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Girsh YV, Kiyaev AV, Slovak MA, Korneva IV, Promin IA, Yusupova NA, Savelyev LI. Comparative assessment of modern parameters of glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes after switching to fast-acting insulin aspart using Flash Glucose Monitoring in real clinical practice. DIABETES MELLITUS 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/dm12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Postprandial hyperglycaemia contributes significantly to the lack of glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). At least a quarter of patients forget to inject insulin before meals once a week, and more than 40% of them inject bolus insulin immediately before meals, which does not correspond to the pharmacokinetic effects of ultrashort insulins and determines the need to use insulins with better imitations of physiological insulin secretion.AIM: To assess the effect of fast acting insulin aspart (FIAsp) on the current parameters of glycaemic control in children with DM1 after switching from insulin Asp (iAsp) using continuous glucose monitoring.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter observational 12-week prospective open-label uncontrolled comparative study was initiated. A group of insufficiently controlled patients were identified (n = 48) including a group on multiple insulin injections therapy (MII) (insulin degludec and IAsp) and a group on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of iAsp. Three 14-day flash glucose monitoring (FMG) were performed: before transferring patients to FiAsp and after 2 and 12 weeks of the transfer. Key endpoints: HbA1c after 2 and 12 weeks on FiAsp relative to baseline, analysis of 5 FMG target glucose ranges, presented as an ambulatory glycemic profile. Additional indicators: dynamics of insulin daily dose, frequency of glucose self- monitoring, the number of severe hypoglycemia, adverse events that occurred during treatment.RESULTS: 2 weeks after the transfer from IAsp to FIAsp, TIR increased in the entire group of patients: from 53% [44.3; 66.5] to 57% [47.4; 71.0] (p-value = 0.010) and TAR decreased from 38% [24.8; 50.2] to 30.5% [22.0; 45, 0] (p-value = 0.0124). Maintaining and increase time spent in the target glucose ranges during a 12-week observation period, in parallel with a significant decrease in hypoglycemic episodes <3.9 mmol / L per week, on FIAsp therapy naturally leads to an improvement in diabetes control: a decrease in HbA1c from 8.15% up to 7.75% (p-value = 0.0224), more pronounced in the group of patients on CSII — from 7.9% to 7.5% (p-value = 0.028).CONCLUSION: Switching from IAsp to BDIAsp in routine clinical practice in the MII and CSII regimen in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes allows achieving better glycemic control compared to the previous generation prandial insulin analog Iasp. The better diabetes control is associated with an increase or a trend towards an increase in TIR and a decrease or a trend towards a decrease in TAR and TBR, as well as a significant decrease in episodes of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. V. Kiyaev
- Ural State Medical University; Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - L. I. Savelyev
- Ural State Medical University; Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital
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Petersen MC, Gallop MR, Flores Ramos S, Zarrinpar A, Broussard JL, Chondronikola M, Chaix A, Klein S. Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1991-2034. [PMID: 35834774 PMCID: PMC9423781 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that limits food consumption to a specific time window each day. The effect of TRE on body weight and physiological functions has been extensively studied in rodent models, which have shown considerable therapeutic effects of TRE and important interactions among time of eating, circadian biology, and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the effect of TRE in people because of the heterogeneity in results, TRE regimens, and study populations. In this review, we 1) provide a background of the history of meal consumption in people and the normal physiology of eating and fasting; 2) discuss the interaction between circadian molecular metabolism and TRE; 3) integrate the results of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of TRE on body weight and physiological functions; 4) summarize other time-related dietary interventions that have been studied in people; and 4) identify current gaps in knowledge and provide a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Departments of Nutrition and Radiology, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lu X, Fan Z, Liu A, Liu R, Lou X, Hu J. Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173617. [PMID: 36079874 PMCID: PMC9460893 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of lunch timing based on a fixed feeding window, and the effects of apple preload on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after nutrient-balanced lunch and the subsequent high-fat dinner in healthy participants. Twenty-six participants completed four randomized, crossover experimental trials: (1) early standardized lunch at 12:00 (12S); (2) apple preload to 12S (12A+S); (3) late standardized lunch at 14:00 (14S); and (4) apple preload to 14S (14A+S); wherein twenty participants’ blood samples were collected for insulin analysis following the lunch trails. In each experimental trial, each participant equipped with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was provided with a standardized breakfast and a high-fat dinner to be consumed at 8:00 and 18:00, respectively. The late lunch (14S) resulted in significantly elevated glucose peak, delayed insulin peak time, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin resistance following the lunch; also decreased glycemic response following the subsequent dinner and larger blood glucose fluctuation over the 24-h period compared with the 12S. The 14A+S significantly reduced the glucose peak, the insulin peak time and the glycemic variability following the lunch, also the 24-h glycemic variability compared with the 14S. The insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in the 12A+S, compared with that of the 12S. In conclusion, the present study found that an extra 2-h inter-meal fasting before and after lunch resulted in elevated glycemic response in both macronutrient-balanced meal and high-fat meal in healthy subjects. The negative impact of a late lunch could be partly reversed by the apple preload, without a trade-off of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihong Fan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62737717
| | - Anshu Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinling Lou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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36
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The Circadian Axis and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Circadian rhythm refers to the daily physiologically fluctuating patterns of systemic processes that occur within a circa 24-hour timeframe, independently of external factors. There is evidence that in time, external and internal cycle misalignment leads to severe health consequences, resulting in the development of cardiometabolic disturbances. Desynchronized hormonal fluctuations along with daily specific macronutrient utilization patterns are also discussed, which by consequence, are all predictors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper is to provide insight on the circadian clock’s organization throughout the human body and to explain the underlying genetic background. By understanding these well-established molecular mechanisms and processes, we believe this paper will provide accuracy regarding the importance of the circadian clock’s integrity and will highlight its role in the etiopathology of cardiometabolic syndrome.
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Cobelli C, Dalla Man C. Minimal and Maximal Models to Quantitate Glucose Metabolism: Tools to Measure, to Simulate and to Run in Silico Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1270-1298. [PMID: 34032128 PMCID: PMC9445339 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211015268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several models have been proposed to describe the glucose system at whole-body, organ/tissue and cellular level, designed to measure non-accessible parameters (minimal models), to simulate system behavior and run in silico clinical trials (maximal models). Here, we will review the authors' work, by putting it into a concise historical background. We will discuss first the parametric portrait provided by the oral minimal models-building on the classical intravenous glucose tolerance test minimal models-to measure otherwise non-accessible key parameters like insulin sensitivity and beta-cell responsivity from a physiological oral test, the mixed meal or the oral glucose tolerance tests, and what can be gained by adding a tracer to the oral glucose dose. These models were used in various pathophysiological studies, which we will briefly review. A deeper understanding of insulin sensitivity can be gained by measuring insulin action in the skeletal muscle. This requires the use of isotopic tracers: both the classical multiple-tracer dilution and the positron emission tomography techniques are discussed, which quantitate the effect of insulin on the individual steps of glucose metabolism, that is, bidirectional transport plasma-interstitium, and phosphorylation. Finally, we will present a cellular model of insulin secretion that, using a multiscale modeling approach, highlights the relations between minimal model indices and subcellular secretory events. In terms of maximal models, we will move from a parametric to a flux portrait of the system by discussing the triple tracer meal protocol implemented with the tracer-to-tracee clamp technique. This allows to arrive at quasi-model independent measurement of glucose rate of appearance (Ra), endogenous glucose production (EGP), and glucose rate of disappearance (Rd). Both the fast absorbing simple carbs and the slow absorbing complex carbs are discussed. This rich data base has allowed us to build the UVA/Padova Type 1 diabetes and the Padova Type 2 diabetes large scale simulators. In particular, the UVA/Padova Type 1 simulator proved to be a very useful tool to safely and effectively test in silico closed-loop control algorithms for an artificial pancreas (AP). This was the first and unique simulator of the glucose system accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a substitute to animal trials for in silico testing AP algorithms. Recent uses of the simulator have looked at glucose sensors for non-adjunctive use and new insulin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Woman and Child’s Health University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Begemann K, Oster H. Snack timing affects tissue clock and metabolic responses in male mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:956641. [PMID: 36034915 PMCID: PMC9410699 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.956641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Snacking of small quantities of palatable food items throughout the day is common in modern societies and is promoted by 24/7 lifestyles. Long-term mistimed high-caloric food intake disrupts endogenous circadian rhythms and supports the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. However, less is known about the time-of-day dependent effects of snacking. We hypothesized that already a single snacking episode may affect the circadian regulation of metabolic parameters, in particular when the snack is consumed during the daily rest phase. We performed an acute snack experiment in mice by providing access to chow or chocolate either at day- or nighttime and assessed snack effects on core body temperature, locomotor activity, and gene expression in metabolic tissues. Our results show that daytime chocolate snacking leads to a higher body temperature and locomotor activity increase compared to chow and nighttime intake. This goes along with altered clock and metabolic gene expression in peripheral tissues. Changes in nutrient uptake transporter gene expression in the small intestine suggest increased glucose resorption after daytime snacking. Our results indicate an early mechanism for the adipogenic effect of mistimed high-calorie snacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Begemann
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Maikawa CL, Nguyen LT, Mann JL, Appel EA. Formulation Excipients and Their Role in Insulin Stability and Association State in Formulation. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2721-2728. [PMID: 35978148 PMCID: PMC9633423 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
While excipients are often overlooked as the "inactive" ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations, they often play a critical role in protein stability and absorption kinetics. Recent work has identified an ultrafast absorbing insulin formulation that is the result of excipient modifications. Specifically, the insulin monomer can be isolated by replacing zinc and the phenolic preservative metacresol with phenoxyethanol as an antimicrobial agent and an amphiphilic acrylamide copolymer excipient for stability. A greater understanding is needed of the interplay between excipients, insulin association state, and stability in order to optimize this formulation. Here, we formulated insulin with different preservatives and stabilizing excipient concentrations using both insulin lispro and regular human insulin and assessed the insulin association states using analytical ultracentrifugation as well as formulation stability. We determined that phenoxyethanol is required to eliminate hexamers and promote a high monomer content even in a zinc-free lispro formulation. There is also a concentration dependent relationship between the concentration of polyacrylamide-based copolymer excipient and insulin stability, where a concentration greater than 0.1 g/mL copolymer is required for a mostly monomeric zinc-free lispro formulation to achieve stability exceeding that of Humalog in a stressed aging assay. Further, we determined that under the formulation conditions tested zinc-free regular human insulin remains primarily hexameric and is not at this time a promising candidate for rapid-acting formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Maikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA
| | - Leslee T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L Mann
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA. .,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA. .,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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40
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Brito LC, Marin TC, Azevêdo L, Rosa-Silva JM, Shea SA, Thosar SS. Chronobiology of Exercise: Evaluating the Best Time to Exercise for Greater Cardiovascular and Metabolic Benefits. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3621-3639. [PMID: 35766829 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physiological function fluctuates across 24 h due to ongoing daily patterns of behaviors and environmental changes, including the sleep/wake, rest/activity, light/dark, and daily temperature cycles. The internal circadian system prepares the body for these anticipated behavioral and environmental changes, helping to orchestrate optimal cardiovascular and metabolic responses to these daily changes. In addition, circadian disruption, caused principally by exposure to artificial light at night (e.g., as occurs with night-shift work), increases the risk for both cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and mortality. Regular exercise is a countermeasure against cardiovascular and metabolic risk, and recent findings suggest that the cardiovascular benefits on blood pressure and autonomic control are greater with evening exercise compared to morning exercise. Moreover, exercise can also reset the timing of the circadian system, which raises the possibility that appropriate timing of exercise could be used to counteract circadian disruption. This article introduces the overall functional relevance of the human circadian system and presents the evidence surrounding the concepts that the time of day that exercise is performed can modulate the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Further work is needed to establish exercise as a tool to appropriately reset the circadian system following circadian misalignment to preserve cardiovascular and metabolic health. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3621-3639, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C Brito
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Chronobiology Applied & Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Thais C Marin
- Chronobiology Applied & Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luan Azevêdo
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia M Rosa-Silva
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven A Shea
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Saurabh S Thosar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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41
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The Fasting and Shifted Timing (FAST) of Eating Study: A pilot feasibility randomized crossover intervention assessing the acceptability of three different fasting diet approaches. Appetite 2022; 176:106135. [PMID: 35716852 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability of following three different fasting protocols [Early Time-restricted Feeding (eTRF; eating majority of kcals before 5pm), Time-restricted Feeding (TRF; restricting feeding window to 8 h/d), or Alternate Day Fasting (ADF; complete fasting every other day)]. METHODS In this remotely delivered six-week crossover intervention, participants were randomly assigned to follow either an eTRF, TRF, or ADF diet for one week, followed by a one-week washout period. Participants followed all three diets and completed questionnaires assessing self-reported weight, energy intake, dietary acceptability (Food Acceptability Questionnaire), and facilitators and barriers to adhering to each diet. Differences in main outcomes (e.g., dietary acceptability and weight loss) were assessed via repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS A total of 32 of participants began the study (mean BMI of 32.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2). There were no differences in kcals or weight loss among the three diets. Dietary acceptability was higher on the TRF diet (54.1 ± 8.2) than the eTRF (50.2 ± 6.6, p = 0.02) or ADF (48.0 ± 7.9, p = 0.004) diets. The majority of participants (71%) indicated the TRF diet was the easiest to follow and 75% said that ADF was the most difficult. Participants cited having a mobile app to track their diet and being provided with menu plans would help facilitate adherence with their diets. CONCLUSIONS This study found that acceptability was highest for an TRF diet and lowest for ADF, with no differences in weight loss or change in energy intake among the TRF, ADF, or eTRF groups. CLINICAL TRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT04527952.
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Ansu Baidoo VY, Zee PC, Knutson KL. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Eating Duration and Meal Timing: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018. Nutrients 2022; 14:2428. [PMID: 35745157 PMCID: PMC9230009 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In addition to quantity and quality, meal timing and eating duration are additional dietary characteristics that impact cardiometabolic health. Given that cardiometabolic health disparities exist among racial and ethnic groups, we examined whether meal timing and eating duration are additional diet-related differences among racial and ethnic groups. Methods: Participants (n = 13,084) were adults (≥20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES, 2011−2018) Survey. Times of first and last meal and the interval between them (eating duration) were derived from two 24-h dietary recalls. Multiple linear regression analyses compared these variables among race and ethnicity after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Compared to non-Hispanic White adults, the first mealtime was significantly later for Mexican American (23 min), Non-Hispanic Asian (15 min), Non-Hispanic Black (46 min), and Other Hispanic (20 min) and Other Racial (14 min) adults (all p < 0.05). Mexican American and Non-Hispanic Asian adults had a significantly different last mealtime by 13 min earlier and 25 min later, respectively, compared to Non-Hispanic White adults. Compared to Non-Hispanic White adults, the mean eating duration was shorter for other Hispanic (20 min), Mexican American (36 min), and Non-Hispanic Black (49 min) adults. Conclusions: Meal timing and eating duration are additional dietary characteristics that vary significantly among racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen L. Knutson
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.Y.A.B.); (P.C.Z.)
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Circadian clock, diurnal glucose metabolic rhythm, and dawn phenomenon. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:471-482. [PMID: 35466006 PMCID: PMC9117496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock provides cue-independent anticipatory signals for diurnal rhythms of baseline glucose levels and glucose tolerance. The central circadian clock is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which comprises primarily GABAergic neurons. The SCN clock regulates physiological diurnal rhythms of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and hepatic insulin sensitivity through neurohumoral mechanisms. Disruption of the molecular circadian clock is associated with the extended dawn phenomenon (DP) in type 2 diabetes (T2D), referring to hyperglycemia in the early morning without nocturnal hypoglycemia. The DP affects nearly half of patients with diabetes, with poorly defined etiology and a lack of targeted therapy. Here we review neural and secreted factors in physiological diurnal rhythms of glucose metabolism and their pathological implications for the DP.
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Renuse S, Benson LM, Vanderboom PM, Ruchi FNU, Yadav YR, Johnson KL, Brown BC, Peterson JA, Basu R, McCormick DJ, Pandey A, Basu A. 13C 15N: glucagon-based novel isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for measurement of glucagon metabolism in humans. Clin Proteomics 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35590248 PMCID: PMC9118570 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-022-09344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon serves as an important regulatory hormone for regulating blood glucose concentration with tight feedback control exerted by insulin and glucose. There are critical gaps in our understanding of glucagon kinetics, pancreatic α cell function and intra-islet feedback network that are disrupted in type 1 diabetes. This is important for translational research applications of evolving dual-hormone (insulin + glucagon) closed-loop artificial pancreas algorithms and their usage in type 1 diabetes. Thus, it is important to accurately measure glucagon kinetics in vivo and to develop robust models of glucose-insulin-glucagon interplay that could inform next generation of artificial pancreas algorithms. Methods Here, we describe the administration of novel 13C15N heavy isotope-containing glucagon tracers—FF glucagon [(Phe 6 13C9,15N; Phe 22 13C9,15N)] and FFLA glucagon [(Phe 6 13C9,15N; Phe 22 13C9,15N; Leu 14 13C6,15N; Ala 19 13C3)] followed by anti-glucagon antibody-based enrichment and LC–MS/MS based-targeted assays using high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine levels of infused glucagon in plasma samples. The optimized assay results were applied for measurement of glucagon turnover in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes infused with isotopically labeled glucagon tracers. Results The limit of quantitation was found to be 1.56 pg/ml using stable isotope-labeled glucagon as an internal standard. Intra and inter-assay variability was < 6% and < 16%, respectively, for FF glucagon while it was < 5% and < 23%, respectively, for FFLA glucagon. Further, we carried out a novel isotope dilution technique using glucagon tracers for studying glucagon kinetics in type 1 diabetes. Conclusions The methods described in this study for simultaneous detection and quantitation of glucagon tracers have clinical utility for investigating glucagon kinetics in vivo in humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12014-022-09344-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Renuse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Linda M Benson
- Mayo Genomics Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Patrick M Vanderboom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - F N U Ruchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Center of Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Yogesh R Yadav
- Division of Endocrinology, Center of Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Kenneth L Johnson
- Mayo Genomics Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin C Brown
- Mayo Genomics Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jane A Peterson
- Mayo Genomics Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Center of Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Daniel J McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Mayo Genomics Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Center of Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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Fujimoto R, Ohta Y, Masuda K, Taguchi A, Akiyama M, Yamamoto K, Nakabayashi H, Nagao Y, Matsumura T, Hiroshige S, Kajimura Y, Akashi M, Tanizawa Y. Metabolic state switches between morning and evening in association with circadian clock in non‐diabetic humans. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1496-1505. [PMID: 35429128 PMCID: PMC9434593 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Understanding morning–evening variation in metabolic state is critical for managing metabolic disorders. We aimed to characterize this variation from the viewpoints of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, including their relevance to the circadian rhythm. Materials and Methods A total of 14 and 10 people without diabetes were enrolled, and underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp study, respectively. Participants completed the OGTT or hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp at 08.00 hours and 20.00 hours in random order. Before each study, hair follicles were collected. In mice, phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B were examined in the liver and muscle by western blotting. Results Glucose tolerance was better at 08 .00 hours, which was explained by the higher 1‐h insulin secretion on OGTT and increased skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity on hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Hepatic insulin sensitivity, estimated by the hepatic insulin resistance index on OGTT, was better at 20.00 hours. The 1‐h insulin secretion and hepatic insulin resistance index correlated significantly with Per2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression. The change (evening value – morning value) in the glucose infusion rate correlated significantly with the change in non‐esterified fatty acid, but not with clock gene expressions. The change in non‐esterified fatty acid correlated significantly with E4bp4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and the change in cortisol. In mice, phosphorylation of protein kinase B was decreased in the liver and increased in muscle in the beginning of the active period as, expected from the human study. Conclusions Glucose metabolism in each tissue differed between the morning and evening, partly reflecting lipid metabolism, clock genes and cortisol levels. Deeper knowledge of these associations might be useful for ameliorating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruriko Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Ysuharu Ohta
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
- Department of Diabetes Research Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Konosuke Masuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Masaru Akiyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamamoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakabayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Yuko Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Takuro Matsumura
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Syunsuke Hiroshige
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Yasuko Kajimura
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Makoto Akashi
- The Research Institute for Time Studies Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Yukio Tanizawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Yamaguchi Japan
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Davis R, Rogers M, Coates AM, Leung GKW, Bonham MP. The Impact of Meal Timing on Risk of Weight Gain and Development of Obesity: a Review of the Current Evidence and Opportunities for Dietary Intervention. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:147-155. [PMID: 35403984 PMCID: PMC9010393 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this short review is to provide an updated commentary on the current literature examining the impact of meal timing on obesity and weight gain in adults. The potential mechanisms, including novel and emerging factors, behind timing of food intake across the 24-h period in the development of obesity, and dietary strategies manipulating meal timing to ameliorate weight gain are also explored. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary patterns that feature meal timing outside of the regular daytime hours can contribute to circadian disruption as food is metabolised in opposition to internal daily rhythms and can feedback on the timekeeping mechanisms setting these rhythms. Epidemiological evidence examining the impact of late meal timing patterns is beginning to suggest that eating at night increases the risk of weight gain over time. Mechanisms contributing to this include changes to the efficiency of metabolism across the day, and dysregulation of appetite hormone and gut microbiota by mis-timed meals. When meals are eaten, in relation to the time of day, is increasingly considered of importance when implementing dietary change in order to address the growing burden of obesity, although further research is required in order to determine optimal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Davis
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Michelle Rogers
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity Research Concentration, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity Research Concentration, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Gloria K. W. Leung
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Maxine P. Bonham
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
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Santos HO, Genario R, Tinsley GM, Ribeiro P, Carteri RB, Coelho-Ravagnani CDF, Mota JF. A scoping review of intermittent fasting, chronobiology, and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:991-1004. [PMID: 34978321 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronobiology plays a crucial role in modulating many physiologic systems in which there is nutritional synergism with meal timing. Given that intermittent fasting (IF) has grown as a flexible dietary method consisting of delayed or early eating windows, this scoping review addresses the effects of IF protocols on metabolism as they relate to clinical nutrition and the circadian system. Although nocturnal habits are associated with circadian misalignments and impaired cardiometabolic profile-and nutritional physiology is better orchestrated during the day-most findings are based on animal experiments or human studies with observational designs or acute meal tests. Well-controlled randomized clinical trials employing IF protocols of delayed or early eating windows have sometimes demonstrated clinical benefits, such as improved glycemic and lipid profiles, as well as weight loss. However, IF does not appear to be more effective than traditional diets at the group level, and its effects largely depend on energy restriction. Thus, efforts must be made to identify patient biological rhythms, preferences, routines, and medical conditions before individual dietary prescription in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Poliana Ribeiro
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Randhall B Carteri
- Methodist University Center-Porto Alegre Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - João F Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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48
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Tsereteli N, Vallat R, Fernandez-Tajes J, Delahanty LM, Ordovas JM, Drew DA, Valdes AM, Segata N, Chan AT, Wolf J, Berry SE, Walker MP, Spector TD, Franks PW. Impact of insufficient sleep on dysregulated blood glucose control under standardised meal conditions. Diabetologia 2022; 65:356-365. [PMID: 34845532 PMCID: PMC8741723 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sleep, diet and exercise are fundamental to metabolic homeostasis. In this secondary analysis of a repeated measures, nutritional intervention study, we tested whether an individual's sleep quality, duration and timing impact glycaemic response to a breakfast meal the following morning. METHODS Healthy adults' data (N = 953 [41% twins]) were analysed from the PREDICT dietary intervention trial. Participants consumed isoenergetic standardised meals over 2 weeks in the clinic and at home. Actigraphy was used to assess sleep variables (duration, efficiency, timing) and continuous glucose monitors were used to measure glycaemic variation (>8000 meals). RESULTS Sleep variables were significantly associated with postprandial glycaemic control (2 h incremental AUC), at both between- and within-person levels. Sleep period time interacted with meal type, with a smaller effect of poor sleep on postprandial blood glucose levels when high-carbohydrate (low fat/protein) (pinteraction = 0.02) and high-fat (pinteraction = 0.03) breakfasts were consumed compared with a reference 75 g OGTT. Within-person sleep period time had a similar interaction (high carbohydrate: pinteraction = 0.001, high fat: pinteraction = 0.02). Within- and between-person sleep efficiency were significantly associated with lower postprandial blood glucose levels irrespective of meal type (both p < 0.03). Later sleep midpoint (time deviation from midnight) was found to be significantly associated with higher postprandial glucose, in both between-person and within-person comparisons (p = 0.035 and p = 0.051, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Poor sleep efficiency and later bedtime routines are associated with more pronounced postprandial glycaemic responses to breakfast the following morning. A person's deviation from their usual sleep pattern was also associated with poorer postprandial glycaemic control. These findings underscore sleep as a modifiable, non-pharmacological therapeutic target for the optimal regulation of human metabolic health. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03479866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Tsereteli
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Raphael Vallat
- Center for Human Sleep Science, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Juan Fernandez-Tajes
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Linda M Delahanty
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- JM-USDA-Human Nutrition Research Diabetes Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- IMDEA-Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana M Valdes
- NIHR Nottingham BRC at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Oncology Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Research, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew P Walker
- Center for Human Sleep Science, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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49
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Smith HA, Betts JA. Nutrient timing and metabolic regulation symposium review from "Novel dietary approaches to appetite regulation, health and performance (2021)". J Physiol 2022; 600:1299-1312. [PMID: 35038774 PMCID: PMC9305539 DOI: 10.1113/jp280756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily (circadian) rhythms coordinate our physiology and behaviour with regular environmental changes. Molecular clocks in peripheral tissues (e.g. liver, skeletal muscle and adipose) give rise to rhythms in macronutrient metabolism, appetite regulation and the components of energy balance such that our bodies can align the periodic delivery of nutrients with ongoing metabolic requirements. The timing of meals both in absolute terms (i.e. relative to clock time) and in relative terms (i.e. relative to other daily events) is therefore relevant to metabolism and health. Experimental manipulation of feeding–fasting cycles can advance understanding of the effect of absolute and relative timing of meals on metabolism and health. Such studies have extended the overnight fast by regular breakfast omission and revealed that morning fasting can alter the metabolic response to subsequent meals later in the day, whilst also eliciting compensatory behavioural responses (i.e. reduced physical activity). Similarly, restricting energy intake via alternate‐day fasting also has the potential to elicit a compensatory reduction in physical activity, and so can undermine weight‐loss efforts (i.e. to preserve body fat stores). Interrupting the usual overnight fast (and therefore also the usual sleep cycle) by nocturnal feeding has also been examined and further research is needed to understand the importance of this period for either nutritional intervention or nutritional withdrawal. In summary, it is important for dietary guidelines for human health to consider nutrient timing (i.e. when we eat) alongside the conventional focus on nutrient quantity and nutrient quality (i.e. how much we eat and what we eat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Smith
- Centre for Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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50
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Nakata M, Kumari P, Kita R, Katsui N, Takeuchi Y, Kawaguchi T, Yamazaki T, Zhang B, Shimba S, Yada T. Circadian Clock Component BMAL1 in the Paraventricular Nucleus Regulates Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13:4487. [PMID: 34960038 PMCID: PMC8707417 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is suggested that clock genes link the circadian rhythm to glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the role of the clock gene Bmal1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in glucose metabolism. The Sim1-Cre-mediated deletion of Bmal1 markedly reduced insulin secretion, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance. The pancreatic islets' responses to glucose, sulfonylureas (SUs) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) were well maintained. To specify the PVN neuron subpopulation targeted by Bmal1, the expression of neuropeptides was examined. In these knockout (KO) mice, the mRNA expression of Avp in the PVN was selectively decreased, and the plasma AVP concentration was also decreased. However, fasting suppressed Avp expression in both KO and Cre mice. These results demonstrate that PVN BMAL1 maintains Avp expression in the PVN and release to the circulation, possibly providing islet β-cells with more AVP. This action helps enhance insulin release and, consequently, glucose tolerance. In contrast, the circadian variation of Avp expression is regulated by feeding, but not by PVN BMAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Parmila Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Plac Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Rika Kita
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Nanako Katsui
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yuriko Takeuchi
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Tomoki Kawaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Toshiya Yamazaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Wakaba 2-11-1, Kumatoricho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0482, Japan;
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Kimiidare 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (R.K.); (N.K.); (Y.T.); (T.K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Shigeki Shimba
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan;
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Center for Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan;
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunokicho 7-5-1, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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