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Cetin E, Pedersen B, Porter LM, Adler GK, Burak MF. Protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial using pure palmitoleic acid to ameliorate insulin resistance and lipogenesis in overweight and obese subjects with prediabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306528. [PMID: 38313838 PMCID: PMC10835623 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (POA), a nonessential, monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid (C16:1n7), is a lipid hormone secreted from adipose tissue and has beneficial effects on distant organs, such as the liver and muscle. Interestingly, POA decreases lipogenesis in toxic storage sites such as the liver and muscle, and paradoxically increases lipogenesis in safe storage sites, such as adipose tissue. Furthermore, higher POA levels in humans are correlated with better insulin sensitivity, an improved lipid profile, and a lower incidence of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular pathologies, such as myocardial infarction. In preclinical animal models, POA improves glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and steatosis of the muscle and liver, while improving insulin sensitivity and secretion. This double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial tests the hypothesis that POA increases insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic lipogenesis in overweight and obese adult subjects with pre-diabetes. Important to note, that this is the first study ever to use pure (>90%) POA with < 0.3% palmitic acid (PA), which masks the beneficial effects of POA. The possible positive findings may offer a therapeutic and/or preventative pathway against diabetes and related immunometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecesu Cetin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian Pedersen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lindsey M. Porter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gail K. Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehmet Furkan Burak
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Sabri Ulker Center, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Dai H, Hou T, Wang T, Zhao Z, Li M, Miao W, Yang J, Lu J, Xu Y, Chen Y, Ning G, Zheng J, Bi Y, Xu M, Wang W. Sex-specific causality of MRI-derived body compositions on glycaemic traits: Mendelian randomization and observational study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:373-384. [PMID: 37920887 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the sex-specific causality of body compositions in type 2 diabetes and related glycaemic traits using Mendelian randomization (MR). MATERIALS AND METHODS We leveraged sex-specific summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies for three adipose deposits adjusted for body mass index and height, including abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue (VATadj) and gluteofemoral adipose tissue (GFATadj), measured by MRI (20 038 women; 19 038 men), and fat mass-adjusted appendicular lean mass (ALMadj) (244 730 women; 205 513 men) in the UK Biobank. Sex-specific statistics of type 2 diabetes were from the Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis Consortium and those for fasting glucose and insulin were from the Meta-analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related Traits Consortium. Univariable and multivariable MR (MVMR) were performed. We also performed MR analyses of anthropometric traits and genetic association analyses using individual-level data of body composition as validation. RESULTS Univariable MR analysis showed that, in women, higher GFATadj and ALMadj exerted a causally protective effect on type 2 diabetes (GFATadj: odds ratio [OR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.50, 0.69]; ALMadj: OR 0.84, 95% CI [0.77, 0.91]) and VATadj to be riskier in glycaemic traits. MVMR showed that GFATadj retained a robust effect on type 2 diabetes (OR 0.57, 95% CI [0.42, 0.77]; P = 2.6 × 10-4 ) in women, while it was nominally significant in men (OR 0.58, 95% CI [0.35, 0.96]; P = 3.3 × 10-2 ), after adjustment for ASATadj and VATadj. MR analyses of anthropometric measures and genetic association analyses of glycaemic traits confirmed the results. CONCLUSIONS Body composition has a sex-specific effect on type 2 diabetes, and higher GFATadj has an independent protective effect on type 2 diabetes in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajie Dai
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhichao Hou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Miao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huang B, DePaolo J, Judy RL, Shakt G, Witschey WR, Levin MG, Gershuni VM. Relationships between body fat distribution and metabolic syndrome traits and outcomes: A mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293017. [PMID: 37883456 PMCID: PMC10602264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although it is frequently assessed using BMI, many epidemiological studies have shown links between body fat distribution and obesity-related outcomes. This study examined the relationships between body fat distribution and metabolic syndrome traits using Mendelian Randomization (MR). METHODS/FINDINGS Genetic variants associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT), and gluteofemoral adipose tissue (GFAT), as well as their relative ratios, were identified from a genome wide association study (GWAS) performed with the United Kingdom BioBank. GWAS summary statistics for traits and outcomes related to metabolic syndrome were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS Project. Two-sample MR and BMI-controlled multivariable MR (MVMR) were performed to examine relationships between each body fat measure and ratio with the outcomes. Increases in absolute GFAT were associated with a protective cardiometabolic profile, including lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (β: -0.19, [95% CI: -0.28, -0.10], p < 0.001), higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol (β: 0.23, [95% CI: 0.03, 0.43], p = 0.025), lower triglycerides (β: -0.28, [95% CI: -0.45, -0.10], p = 0.0021), and decreased systolic (β: -1.65, [95% CI: -2.69, -0.61], p = 0.0019) and diastolic blood pressures (β: -0.95, [95% CI: -1.65, -0.25], p = 0.0075). These relationships were largely maintained in BMI-controlled MVMR analyses. Decreases in relative GFAT were linked with a worse cardiometabolic profile, with higher levels of detrimental lipids and increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSION A MR analysis of ASAT, GFAT, and VAT depots and their relative ratios with metabolic syndrome related traits and outcomes revealed that increased absolute and relative GFAT were associated with a favorable cardiometabolic profile independently of BMI. These associations highlight the importance of body fat distribution in obesity and more precise means to categorize obesity beyond BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Huang
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John DePaolo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Renae L. Judy
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Shakt
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Walter R. Witschey
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Gershuni
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Torres AN, Tavares L, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW, Jones JG. Positional and compositional analysis of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue triglyceride by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4632. [PMID: 34676601 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and turnover of triglyceride in adipose tissue involves enzymes with preferences for specific fatty acid classes and/or regioselectivity regarding the fatty acid position within the glycerol moiety. The focus of the current study was to characterize both the composition of fatty acids and their positional distribution in triglycerides of biopsied human subcutaneous adipose tissue, from subjects with wide ranges of body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity, using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The triglyceride sn2 position was significantly more enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of sn1,3, while the abundance of saturated fatty acids was significantly lower in the sn2 position compared with that of sn1,3. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the total fraction of palmitoleic acid with both BMI and insulin sensitivity scores (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index). Additionally, we established that 13 C NMR chemical shifts for ω-3 signals, centered at 31.9 ppm, provided superior resolution of the most abundant fatty acid species, including palmitoleate, compared with the ω-2 signals that were used previously. 13 C NMR spectroscopy reveals for the first time a highly nonhomogenous distribution of fatty acids in the glycerol sites of human adipose tissue triglyceride, and that these distributions are correlated with different phenotypes, such as BMI and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Torres
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ludgero Tavares
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama - EUVG, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John G Jones
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
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Gradidge PJL, Jaff NG, Norris SA, Toman M, Crowther NJ. The negative association of lower body fat mass with cardiometabolic disease risk factors is partially mediated by adiponectin. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220156. [PMID: 36169024 PMCID: PMC9641776 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gluteofemoral fat correlates negatively with a number of cardiometabolic disease risk factors, but the mechanisms involved in these relationships are unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gluteofemoral fat attenuates the risk of cardiometabolic disease by increasing blood adiponectin levels. This was a cross-sectional study in which arm, leg, gluteofemoral, abdominal s.c. and visceral fat levels were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 648 African females. Fasting serum adiponectin, lipid, insulin and plasma glucose levels and blood pressure were measured. Relationships between variables were analysed using multivariable linear regression and structural equation modelling. Adiponectin correlated positively (β = 0.45, P < 0.0001) with gluteofemoral fat in a multivariable regression model that included age, height, and arm, s.c. and visceral fat levels. In further regression models, there was a negative correlation of gluteofemoral fat with fasting glucose (β = -0.28; P < 0.0001) and triglyceride levels (β = -0.29; P < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (HOMA; β = -0.26; P < 0.0001). Structural equation modelling demonstrated that adiponectin mediated 20.7% (P < 0.01) of the association of gluteofemoral fat with insulin resistance and 16.1% (P < 0.01) of the association with triglyceride levels but only 6.67% (P = 0.31) of the association with glucose levels. These results demonstrate that gluteofemoral and leg fat are positively associated with adiponectin levels and that the negative association of lower body fat with insulin resistance and triglyceride levels may partially be mediated by this adipokine. Further studies are required to determine other factors that mediate the effect of lower body fat on cardiometabolic disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole G Jaff
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marketa Toman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The Role of Palmitoleic Acid in Regulating Hepatic Gluconeogenesis through SIRT3 in Obese Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071482. [PMID: 35406095 PMCID: PMC9003329 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a crucial process to maintain glucose level during starvation. However, unabated glucose production in diabetic patients is a major contributor to hyperglycemia. Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n7) that is available from dietary sources. Palmitoleic acid exhibits health beneficial effects on diabetes, insulin resistance, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanism by which palmitoleate reduces blood glucose is still unclear. SIRT3 is a key metabolism-regulating NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase. It is known that fasting elevates the expression of SIRT3 in the liver and it regulates many aspects of liver’s response to nutrient deprivation, such as fatty acid oxidation and ketone body formation. However, it is unknown whether SIRT3 also regulates gluconeogenesis. Our study revealed that palmitoleic acid reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and the expression of SIRT3 under high-fat diet conditions. Overexpression of SIRT3 in the liver and hepatocytes enhanced gluconeogenesis. Further study revealed that SIRT3 played a role in enhancing the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes, such as PEPCK, PC, and MDH2. Therefore, our study indicated that under a high-fat diet, palmitoleic acid decreased gluconeogenesis by reducing enzymatic activities of PEPCK, PC, and MDH2 by down-regulating the expression of SIRT3.
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Wretlind A, Zobel EH, de Zawadzki A, Ripa RS, Curovic VR, von Scholten BJ, Mattila IM, Hansen TW, Kjær A, Vestergaard H, Rossing P, Legido-Quigley C. Liraglutide Lowers Palmitoleate Levels in Type 2 Diabetes. A Post Hoc Analysis of the LIRAFLAME Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:856485. [PMID: 36992761 PMCID: PMC10012104 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.856485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundLiraglutide is a glucose-lowering medication used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with downstream metabolic changes beyond the incretin system, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications. The understanding of these changes is critical for improving treatment outcomes. Herein, we present a post hoc experimental analysis using metabolomic phenotyping to discover molecular mecphanisms in response to liraglutide.MethodPlasma samples were obtained from The LiraFlame Study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03449654), a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 102 participants with type 2 diabetes randomized to either liraglutide or placebo treatment for 26 weeks. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses were carried out on samples from baseline and the end of the trial. Metabolites (n=114) were categorized into pathways and linear mixed models were constructed to evaluate the association between changes in metabolites and liraglutide treatment.ResultsWe found the free fatty acid palmitoleate was significantly reduced in the liraglutide group compared to placebo (adjusted for multiple testing p-value = 0.04). The activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), the rate limiting enzyme for converting palmitate into palmitoleate, was found significantly downregulated by liraglutide treatment compared to placebo (p-value = 0.01). These metabolic changes have demonstrated to be linked to insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asger Wretlind
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rasmus Sejersten Ripa
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Cristina Legido-Quigley,
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Gallegos-Cabriales EC, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Laviada-Molina HA, Nava-Gonzalez EJ, Salinas-Osornio RA, Orozco L, Leal-Berumen I, Castillo-Pineda JC, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Escudero-Lourdes C, Cornejo-Barrera J, Escalante-Araiza F, Huerta-Avila EE, Buenfil-Rello FA, Peschard VG, Silva E, Veloz-Garza RA, Martinez-Hernandez A, Barajas-Olmos FM, Molina-Segui F, Gonzalez-Ramirez L, Arjona-Villicaña RD, Hernandez-Escalante VM, Gaytan-Saucedo JF, Vaquera Z, Acebo-Martinez M, Murillo-Ramirez A, Diaz-Tena SP, Figueroa-Nuñez B, Valencia-Rendon ME, Garzon-Zamora R, Viveros-Paredes JM, Valdovinos-Chavez SB, Comuzzie AG, Haack K, Thorsell AA, Han X, Cole SA, Bastarrachea RA. Replication of Integrative Data Analysis for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Low-Grade Inflammation, Postprandial Responses and OMICs Signatures in Symptom-Free Adults. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1342. [PMID: 34943258 PMCID: PMC8698545 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative data replication of previous findings from an increased number of GEMM symptom-free (SF) adults (N = 124) to improve characterization of early biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV)/immunometabolic risk in SF adults with AT dysfunction. We achieved this goal by taking advantage of the rich set of GEMM F/P 5 h time course data and three tissue samples collected at the same time and frequency on each adult participant (F/P blood, biopsies of SQAT and skeletal muscle (SKM)). We classified them with the presence/absence of AT dysfunction: low (<1) or high (>1) ALR. We also examined the presence of metabolically healthy (MH)/unhealthy (MUH) individuals through low-grade chronic subclinical inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), whole body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) and Metabolic Syndrome criteria in people with/without AT dysfunction. Molecular data directly measured from three tissues in a subset of participants allowed fine-scale multi-OMIC profiling of individual postprandial responses (RNA-seq in SKM and SQAT, miRNA from plasma exosomes and shotgun lipidomics in blood). Dynamic postprandial immunometabolic molecular endophenotypes were obtained to move towards a personalized, patient-defined medicine. This study offers an example of integrative translational research, which applies bench-to-bedside research to clinical medicine. Our F/P study design has the potential to characterize CV/immunometabolic early risk detection in support of precision medicine and discovery in SF individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C. Gallegos-Cabriales
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.C.G.-C.); (R.A.V.-G.); (S.B.V.-C.)
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez-Ayala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Lomas Anahuac 52786, Mexico; (E.R.-A.); (F.E.-A.); (V.-G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Hugo A. Laviada-Molina
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Mexico; (H.A.L.-M.); (F.M.-S.); (L.G.-R.); (R.D.A.-V.); (V.M.H.-E.)
| | | | - Rocío A. Salinas-Osornio
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Zapopan 45050, Mexico; (R.A.S.-O.); (L.G.-L.); (M.E.V.-R.); (R.G.-Z.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.E.H.-A.); (A.M.-H.); (F.M.B.-O.)
| | - Irene Leal-Berumen
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico;
| | - Juan Carlos Castillo-Pineda
- Departamento de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Latina de América, Morelia 58170, Mexico; (J.C.C.-P.); (A.M.-R.); (S.P.D.-T.)
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lopez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Zapopan 45050, Mexico; (R.A.S.-O.); (L.G.-L.); (M.E.V.-R.); (R.G.-Z.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Claudia Escudero-Lourdes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi 78240, Mexico; (C.E.-L.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Judith Cornejo-Barrera
- Departamento de Enseñanza, Postgrado e Investigación, Hospital Infantil de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87150, Mexico;
| | - Fabiola Escalante-Araiza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Lomas Anahuac 52786, Mexico; (E.R.-A.); (F.E.-A.); (V.-G.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.E.H.-A.); (A.M.-H.); (F.M.B.-O.)
| | - Eira E. Huerta-Avila
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.E.H.-A.); (A.M.-H.); (F.M.B.-O.)
| | - Fatima A. Buenfil-Rello
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Vanessa-Giselle Peschard
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Lomas Anahuac 52786, Mexico; (E.R.-A.); (F.E.-A.); (V.-G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Eliud Silva
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Lomas Anahuac 52786, Mexico; (E.R.-A.); (F.E.-A.); (V.-G.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Rosa A. Veloz-Garza
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.C.G.-C.); (R.A.V.-G.); (S.B.V.-C.)
| | - Angelica Martinez-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.E.H.-A.); (A.M.-H.); (F.M.B.-O.)
| | - Francisco M. Barajas-Olmos
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.E.H.-A.); (A.M.-H.); (F.M.B.-O.)
| | - Fernanda Molina-Segui
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Mexico; (H.A.L.-M.); (F.M.-S.); (L.G.-R.); (R.D.A.-V.); (V.M.H.-E.)
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Ramirez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Mexico; (H.A.L.-M.); (F.M.-S.); (L.G.-R.); (R.D.A.-V.); (V.M.H.-E.)
| | - Ruy D. Arjona-Villicaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Mexico; (H.A.L.-M.); (F.M.-S.); (L.G.-R.); (R.D.A.-V.); (V.M.H.-E.)
| | - Victor M. Hernandez-Escalante
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Mexico; (H.A.L.-M.); (F.M.-S.); (L.G.-R.); (R.D.A.-V.); (V.M.H.-E.)
| | - Janeth F. Gaytan-Saucedo
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Zoila Vaquera
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Monica Acebo-Martinez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi 78240, Mexico; (C.E.-L.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Areli Murillo-Ramirez
- Departamento de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Latina de América, Morelia 58170, Mexico; (J.C.C.-P.); (A.M.-R.); (S.P.D.-T.)
| | - Sara P. Diaz-Tena
- Departamento de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Latina de América, Morelia 58170, Mexico; (J.C.C.-P.); (A.M.-R.); (S.P.D.-T.)
| | - Benigno Figueroa-Nuñez
- Clínica de Enfermedades Crónicas y Procedimientos Especiales (CECYPE), Morelia 58249, Mexico;
| | - Melesio E. Valencia-Rendon
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Zapopan 45050, Mexico; (R.A.S.-O.); (L.G.-L.); (M.E.V.-R.); (R.G.-Z.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Rafael Garzon-Zamora
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Zapopan 45050, Mexico; (R.A.S.-O.); (L.G.-L.); (M.E.V.-R.); (R.G.-Z.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), Zapopan 45050, Mexico; (R.A.S.-O.); (L.G.-L.); (M.E.V.-R.); (R.G.-Z.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Salvador B. Valdovinos-Chavez
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (E.C.G.-C.); (R.A.V.-G.); (S.B.V.-C.)
| | | | - Karin Haack
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Raul A. Bastarrachea
- Population Health Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA; (F.A.B.-R.); (J.F.G.-S.); (Z.V.); (K.H.); (S.A.C.)
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA;
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9
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Glaves A, Díaz-Castro F, Farías J, Ramírez-Romero R, Galgani JE, Fernández-Verdejo R. Association Between Adipose Tissue Characteristics and Metabolic Flexibility in Humans: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:744187. [PMID: 34926544 PMCID: PMC8678067 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.744187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue total amount, distribution, and phenotype influence metabolic health. This may be partially mediated by the metabolic effects that these adipose tissue characteristics exert on the nearby and distant tissues. Thus, adipose tissue may influence the capacity of cells, tissues, and the organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability, i.e., their metabolic flexibility (MetF). Our aim was to systematically review the evidence for an association between adipose tissue characteristics and MetF in response to metabolic challenges in human adults. We searched in PubMed (last search on September 4, 2021) for reports that measured adipose tissue characteristics (total amount, distribution, and phenotype) and MetF in response to metabolic challenges (as a change in respiratory quotient) in humans aged 18 to <65 years. Any study design was considered, and the risk of bias was assessed with a checklist for randomized and non-randomized studies. From 880 records identified, 22 remained for the analysis, 10 of them measured MetF in response to glucose plus insulin stimulation, nine in response to dietary challenges, and four in response to other challenges. Our main findings were that: (a) MetF to glucose plus insulin stimulation seems inversely associated with adipose tissue total amount, waist circumference, and visceral adipose tissue; and (b) MetF to dietary challenges does not seem associated with adipose tissue total amount or distribution. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adipose tissue may directly or indirectly influence MetF to glucose plus insulin stimulation, an effect probably explained by skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO [CRD42020167810].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Glaves
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Díaz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Farías
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Romero
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose E. Galgani
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Akazawa Y, Morisaki T, Fukuda H, Norimatsu K, Shiota J, Hashiguchi K, Tabuchi M, Kitayama M, Matsushima K, Yamaguchi N, Kondo H, Fujita F, Takeshita H, Nakao K, Takeshima F. Significance of serum palmitoleic acid levels in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16260. [PMID: 34376800 PMCID: PMC8355139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic intestinal diseases of unknown etiology that present with variable disease extents and outcomes. The use of biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of IBDs is considered beneficial. Palmitoleic acid (PO) is an adipose tissue-derived mono-unsaturated free fatty acid that potentially serves as a lipokine in metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of PO levels in the serum of patients with UC and CD. The study included patients with UC (n = 22), patients with CD (n = 35), and controls (n = 22). The levels of serum PO were analyzed using gas chromatography. The association of serum PO levels with the clinical features and disease outcomes in IBD was examined. Serum PO levels were significantly higher in patients with CD than in controls, whereas no difference in these levels was observed between patients with UC and controls. Serum PO levels were significantly associated with the CD activity index. Additionally, high serum PO levels were associated with an increased risk of surgical intervention requirement during follow-up. In a pilot study with a few patients, high PO levels were observed in the mesenteric tissue in the active disease site of patients with CD (n = 7) compared with those with colon cancer (n = 6). Elevated serum PO levels might serve as a marker for local inflammation and prognosis in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akazawa
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kiyuu Norimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Shiota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hashiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Maiko Tabuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Moto Kitayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kondo
- Biostatistics Section, Division of Scientific Data Registry, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuminao Takeshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Nagasaki Goto Chuoh Hospital, Goto, Japan
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11
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Raajendiran A, Krisp C, Souza DPD, Ooi G, Burton PR, Taylor RA, Molloy MP, Watt MJ. Proteome analysis of human adipocytes identifies depot-specific heterogeneity at metabolic control points. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1068-E1084. [PMID: 33843278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a primary regulator of energy balance and metabolism. The distribution of adipose tissue depots is of clinical interest because the accumulation of upper-body subcutaneous (ASAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, whereas lower-body glutealfemoral adipose tissue (GFAT) appears to be protective. There is heterogeneity in morphology and metabolism of adipocytes obtained from different regions of the body, but detailed knowledge of the constituent proteins in each depot is lacking. Here, we determined the human adipocyte proteome from ASAT, VAT, and GFAT using high-resolution Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical (SWATH) mass spectrometry proteomics. We quantified 4,220 proteins in adipocytes, and 2,329 proteins were expressed in all three adipose depots. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences between adipocytes from different regions (6% and 8% when comparing VAT vs. ASAT and GFAT, 3% when comparing the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, ASAT and GFAT), with marked differences in proteins that regulate metabolic functions. The VAT adipocyte proteome was overrepresented with proteins of glycolysis, lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The GFAT adipocyte proteome predicted the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), fatty acid, and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation, enhanced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, and oxidative phosphorylation, which was supported by metabolomic data obtained from adipocytes. Together, this proteomic analysis provides an important resource and novel insights that enhance the understanding of metabolic heterogeneity in the regional adipocytes of humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Adipocyte metabolism varies depending on anatomical location and the adipocyte protein composition may orchestrate this heterogeneity. We used SWATH proteomics in patient-matched human upper- (visceral and subcutaneous) and lower-body (glutealfemoral) adipocytes and detected 4,220 proteins and distinguishable regional proteomes. Upper-body adipocyte proteins were associated with glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, whereas lower-body adipocyte proteins were associated with enhanced PPARα activation, fatty acid, and BCAA oxidation, TCA cycle flux, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine Ooi
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R Burton
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Kearney J, Knutsen HK, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Titz A, Turck D. Statement on additional scientific evidence in relation to the essential composition of total diet replacement for weight control. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06494. [PMID: 33889217 PMCID: PMC8048769 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to revise the Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control (TDRs) regarding the minimum content of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the maximum content of magnesium (Mg). Through a comprehensive literature search, human studies were retrieved reporting on LA and ALA concentrations in adipose tissue (AT), on weight loss and gallstone formation following TDR consumption and on diarrhoea after supplemental Mg intake. The distribution of the amount of LA and ALA release from AT during weight loss when consuming TDRs was estimated using statistical simulations. Using the fifth percentile, the coverage of the adequate intake (AI) for both FA was estimated. For the risk of developing diarrhoea when consuming TDRs with an Mg content of 350 mg/day, four cross-over studies using 360-368 mg Mg/day were reviewed. The Panel concludes that (1) there is no need to add LA to TDRs, as the amount released from AT during weight loss when consuming TDRs is sufficient to cover the AI for LA; (2) a minimum of 0.8 g/day ALA is needed in TDRs in order to meet the AI for ALA; (3) the minimum fat content of TDRs of 20 g/day as derived in the Panel's previous opinion is proposed to be maintained until the availability of further evidence, given the considerable uncertainty as to the amount of fat required for reducing the risk of gallstone formation; and (4) the likelihood that Mg-induced diarrhoea occurs at a severity that may be considered of concern for overweight and obese individuals consuming TDRs is low when the total maximum Mg content in TDRs is 350 mg/day.
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13
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Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:47-66. [PMID: 33173188 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, such as an increased cardiometabolic risk. Despite higher adiposity for a given BMI, premenopausal women are at lower risk of cardiometabolic disease than men of the same age. This cardiometabolic advantage in women seems to disappear after the menopause or when type 2 diabetes mellitus develops. Sexual dimorphism in substrate supply and utilization, deposition of excess lipids and mobilization of stored lipids in various key metabolic organs (such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver) are associated with differences in tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic risk profiles between men and women. Moreover, lifestyle-related factors and epigenetic and genetic mechanisms seem to affect metabolic complications and disease risk in a sex-specific manner. This Review provides insight into sexual dimorphism in adipose tissue distribution, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver substrate metabolism and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in humans, as well as the underlying mechanisms, and addresses the effect of these sex differences on cardiometabolic health. Additionally, this Review highlights the implications of sexual dimorphism in the pathophysiology of obesity-related cardiometabolic risk for the development of sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Johan W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Dadson P, Rebelos E, Honka H, Juárez-Orozco LE, Kalliokoski KK, Iozzo P, Teuho J, Salminen P, Pihlajamäki J, Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P. Change in abdominal, but not femoral subcutaneous fat CT-radiodensity is associated with improved metabolic profile after bariatric surgery. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2363-2371. [PMID: 32919861 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Computed tomography (CT)-derived adipose tissue radiodensity represents a potential noninvasive surrogate marker for lipid deposition and obesity-related metabolic disease risk. We studied the effects of bariatric surgery on CT-derived adipose radiodensities in abdominal and femoral areas and their relationships to circulating metabolites in morbidly obese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 23 morbidly obese women who underwent CT imaging before and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Fifteen healthy non-obese women served as controls. Radiodensities of the abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and the femoral SAT, adipose tissue masses were measured in all participants. Circulating metabolites were measured by NMR. At baseline, radiodensities of abdominal fat depots were lower in the obese patients as compared to the controls. Surprisingly, radiodensity of femoral SAT was higher in the obese as compared to the controls. In the abdominal SAT depot, radiodensity strongly correlated with SAT mass (r = -0.72, p < 0.001). After surgery, the radiodensities of abdominal fat increased significantly (both p < 0.01), while femoral SAT radiodensity remained unchanged. Circulating ApoB/ApoA-I, leucine, valine, and GlycA decreased, while glycine levels significantly increased as compared to pre-surgical values (all p < 0.05). The increase in abdominal fat radiodensity correlated negatively with the decreased levels of ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, leucine and GlycA (all p < 0.05). The increase in abdominal SAT density was significantly correlated with the decrease in the fat depot mass (r = -0.66, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Higher lipid content in abdominal fat depots, and lower content in femoral subcutaneous fat, constitute prominent pathophysiological features in morbid obesity. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of non-abdominal subcutaneous fat in the pathogenesis of obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01373892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleni Rebelos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Honka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jarmo Teuho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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15
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Ramos P, Bush NC, Jensen MD. Sex and Depot Differences in Palmitoleic Acid Content of Human Blood and Fat. Lipids 2020; 55:63-72. [PMID: 31944322 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid has been classified as an insulin-sensitizing lipokine, but evidence for this from human studies has been inconsistent. We hypothesized that this is related to either the types of samples or conditions under which samples are collected. We measured plasma palmitoleic acid and total free fatty acids (FFA) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography in blood samples collected from 34 adults under a variety of conditions. We collected duplicate samples of adipose (n = 10), FFA (n = 9), and very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG) (n = 7) to measure the palmitoleic acid as a percentage of total fatty acids. We tested whether the percentage of palmitoleic acid was correlated with insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipose stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1) protein was measured by capillary Western blotting. FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage increased as a function of total FFA and was greater (p < 0.005) in females than males. Adipose palmitoleic acid percentage was greater in females than males (p < 0.001), as was adipose SCD-1. Palmitoleic acid was greater in femoral fat than in abdominal fat in both females and males (p < 0.001), and correlated positively with HOMA-IR only in females. The test-retest reliability values for percentage palmitoleic acid were 7 ± 10% for adipose, 24 ± 26% for VLDL, and 53 ± 31% for FFA. Because FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage varies as a function of total FFA, investigators should re-evaluate how palmitoleic acid data is presented. The positive relationship between adipose palmitoleic acid and HOMA-IR in females suggests that it is not a potent insulin-sensitizing lipokine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ramos
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nikki C Bush
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rm 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Nesti L, Hatunic M, Gabriel Sanchez R, Konrad T, Lalić K, Lalić NM, Mari A, Natali A. Circulating palmitoleic acid is an independent determinant of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals: a longitudinal analysis. Diabetologia 2020; 63:206-218. [PMID: 31676981 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Experimental studies suggest that the fatty acid palmitoleate may act as an adipocyte-derived lipid hormone (or 'lipokine') to regulate systemic metabolism. We investigated the relationship of circulating palmitoleate with insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in humans. METHODS Plasma NEFA concentration and composition were determined in non-diabetic individuals from the Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease (RISC) study cohort at baseline (n = 1234) and after a 3 year follow-up (n = 924). Glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and beta cell function were assessed during an OGTT. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (M/I) and OGTT (oral glucose insulin sensitivity index [OGIS]). The liver insulin resistance index was calculated using clinical and biochemical data. Body composition including fat mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS Circulating palmitoleate was proportional to fat mass (r = 0.21, p < 0.0001) and total NEFA levels (r = 0.19, p < 0.0001). It correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity (M/I: standardised regression coefficient [std. β] = 0.16, p < 0.0001), liver insulin resistance (std. β = -0.14, p < 0.0001), beta cell function (potentiation: std. β = 0.08, p = 0.045) and glucose tolerance (2 h glucose: std. β = -0.24, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, adiposity and other NEFA. High palmitoleate concentrations prevented the decrease in insulin sensitivity associated with excess palmitate (p = 0.0001). In a longitudinal analysis, a positive independent relationship was observed between changes in palmitoleate and insulin sensitivity over time (std. β = 0.07, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrated that plasma palmitoleate is an independent determinant of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals. These results support the role of palmitoleate as a beneficial lipokine released by adipose tissue to prevent the negative effects of adiposity and excess NEFA on systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nesti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mensud Hatunic
- Department of Endocrinology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Thomas Konrad
- Institute for Metabolic Research, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katarina Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša M Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Hu W, Fitzgerald M, Topp B, Alam M, O'Hare TJ. A review of biological functions, health benefits, and possible de novo biosynthetic pathway of palmitoleic acid in macadamia nuts. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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18
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Davidson FE, Matsha TE, Erasmus RT, Kengne AP, Goedecke JH. Associations between body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in mixed-ancestry South African women and men. Cardiovasc J Afr 2019; 30:321-330. [PMID: 31528978 PMCID: PMC8802353 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2019-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in mixed-ancestry South African (SA) men and women, and to explore the effect of menopausal status on these relationships in women. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 207 mixed-ancestry SA women and 46 men underwent measurement of body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, oral glucose tolerance, lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein determination. The associations between different body fat compartments and associated cardiometabolic risk factors were explored. RESULTS Men had less percentage fat mass ( %FM) [26.5% (25-75th percentiles: 19.9-32.5) vs 44.0%(39.8-48.6), p ≤ 0.001], but more central and less peripheral fat (both p <0.001) than women. Post-menopausal women had greater %FM, waist and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and less gynoid %FM than pre-menopausal women (all p ≤ 0.004). After adjusting for age and gender, VAT accounted for the greatest variance in insulin resistance (R2 = 0.27), while trunk %FM and leg %FM accounted for the greatest variance in triglyceride (R2 = 0.13) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (R2 = 0.14). The association between fat mass and regional subcutaneous adipose tissue and cardiometabolic risk factors differed by gender and menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS Central fat was the most significant correlate of cardiometabolic risk and lower body fat was associated with reduced risk. These relationships were influenced by gender and menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E Davidson
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tandi E Matsha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology; South African Medical Research Council; Cardiometabolic Health, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Stanford KI. The Regulation of Lipokines by Environmental Factors. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2422. [PMID: 31614481 PMCID: PMC6835582 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly metabolically-active tissue that senses and secretes hormonal and lipid mediators that facilitate adaptations to metabolic tissues. In recent years, the role of lipokines, which are lipid species predominantly secreted from adipose tissue that act as hormonal regulators in many metabolic tissues, has been an important area of research for obesity and diabetes. Previous studies have identified that these secreted lipids, including palmitoleate, 12,13-diHOME, and fatty acid-hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFA) species, are important regulators of metabolism. Moreover, environmental factors that directly affect the secretion of lipokines such as diet, exercise, and exposure to cold temperatures constitute attractive therapeutic strategies, but the mechanisms that regulate lipokine stimulation have not been thoroughly reviewed. In this study, we will discuss the chemical characteristics of lipokines that position them as attractive targets for chronic disease treatment and prevention and the emerging roles of lipokines as regulators of inter-tissue communication. We will define the target tissues of lipokines, and explore the ability of lipokines to prevent or delay the onset and development of chronic diseases. Comprehensive understanding of the lipokine synthesis and lipokine-driven regulation of metabolic outcomes is instrumental for developing novel preventative and therapeutic strategies that harness adipose tissue-derived lipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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20
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Nie X, Xu Y, Ma X, Shen Y, Wang Y, Bao Y. Trunk fat and leg fat in relation to free triiodothyronine in euthyroid postmenopausal women. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1425-1432. [PMID: 31581130 PMCID: PMC6826169 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of free triiodothyronine (FT3) within the reference range may be a potential metabolic risk marker. However, the relationship between different fat depots and FT3 has remained unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the relationships between segmental fat distribution and FT3 in euthyroid middle-aged and elderly men and postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 891 subjects (394 men and 497 women) were enrolled. A bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to measure total, trunk, arm and leg fat mass (FM) and fat percentage (fat%). The leg fat mass to trunk fat mass ratio (LTR) was calculated to evaluate the relative distribution of leg fat compared with that of trunk fat. Thyroid hormones were measured by electrochemical luminescence immunoassay. RESULTS FT3 in men did not change significantly with increases in LTR quartiles, while FT3 in women decreased significantly (P for trend = 0.004). In multivariate linear regression analysis, multiple metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors were adjusted. The LTR was negatively related to FT3 in women (P < 0.05). After further mutual adjustment for trunk fat and leg fat parameters, trunk FM and fat% were positively related to FT3, while leg FM and fat% were negatively related to FT3 in women (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In euthyroid postmenopausal women, trunk fat was positively correlated with FT3, whereas leg fat was negatively correlated with FT3. Our findings supported that a high level of FT3 within the reference range was related to adverse fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Nie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Ma or Y Bao: or
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Ma or Y Bao: or
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21
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Hilton C, Neville MJ, Wittemans LBL, Todorcevic M, Pinnick KE, Pulit SL, Luan J, Kulyté A, Dahlman I, Wareham NJ, Lotta LA, Arner P, Lindgren CM, Langenberg C, Karpe F. MicroRNA-196a links human body fat distribution to adipose tissue extracellular matrix composition. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:467-475. [PMID: 31151930 PMCID: PMC6607082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal fat mass is associated with metabolic risk whilst gluteal femoral fat is paradoxically protective. MicroRNAs are known to be necessary for adipose tissue formation and function but their role in regulating human fat distribution remains largely unexplored. METHODS An initial microarray screen of abdominal subcutaneous and gluteal adipose tissue, with validatory qPCR, identified microRNA-196a as being strongly differentially expressed between gluteal and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. FINDINGS We found that rs11614913, a SNP within pre-miR-196a-2 at the HOXC locus, is an eQTL for miR-196a expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT). Observations in large cohorts showed that rs11614913 increased waist-to-hip ratio, which was driven specifically by an expansion in ASAT. In further experiments, rs11614913 was associated with adipocyte size. Functional studies and transcriptomic profiling of miR-196a knock-down pre-adipocytes revealed a role for miR-196a in regulating pre-adipocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix pathways. INTERPRETATION These data identify a role for miR-196a in regulating human body fat distribution. FUND: This work was supported by the Medical Research Council and Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation (G1001959) and Swedish Research Council. We acknowledge the OBB-NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (RG/17/1/32663). Work performed at the MRC Epidemiology Unit was funded by the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council through grants MC_UU_12015/1, MC_PC_13046, MC_PC_13048 and MR/L00002/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marijana Todorcevic
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital - Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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22
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Knebel B, Fahlbusch P, Poschmann G, Dille M, Wahlers N, Stühler K, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Schiller M, Jacob S, Kettel U, Müller-Wieland D, Kotzka J. Adipokinome Signatures in Obese Mouse Models Reflect Adipose Tissue Health and Are Associated with Serum Lipid Composition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102559. [PMID: 31137678 PMCID: PMC6567124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte and hepatic lipid metabolism govern whole-body metabolic homeostasis, whereas a disbalance of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in fat and liver might lead to obesity, with severe co-morbidities. Nevertheless, some obese people are metabolically healthy, but the “protective” mechanisms are not yet known in detail. Especially, the adipocyte-derived molecular mediators that indicate adipose functionality are poorly understood. We studied transgenic mice (alb-SREBP-1c) with a “healthy” obese phenotype, and obob mice with hyperphagia-induced “sick” obesity to analyze the impact of the tissue-specific DNL on the secreted proteins, i.e., the adipokinome, of the primary adipose cells by label-free proteomics. Compared to the control mice, adipose DNL is reduced in both obese mouse models. In contrast, the hepatic DNL is reduced in obob but elevated in alb-SREBP-1c mice. To investigate the relationship between lipid metabolism and adipokinomes, we formulated the “liver-to-adipose-tissue DNL” ratio. Knowledge-based analyses of these results revealed adipocyte functionality with proteins, which was involved in tissue remodeling or metabolism in the alb-SREBP-1c mice and in the control mice, but mainly in fibrosis in the obob mice. The adipokinome in “healthy” obesity is similar to that in a normal condition, but it differs from that in “sick” obesity, whereas the serum lipid patterns reflect the “liver-to-adipose-tissue DNL” ratio and are associated with the adipokinome signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Knebel
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Pia Fahlbusch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Dille
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Natalie Wahlers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Martina Schiller
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jacob
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Kettel
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Müller-Wieland
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kotzka
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research; 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Mika A, Sledzinski T, Stepnowski P. Current Progress of Lipid Analysis in Metabolic Diseases by Mass Spectrometry Methods. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:60-103. [PMID: 28971757 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with lipid alterations, and they affect the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease. A reliable analytical instrument to detect changes in the composition or structures of lipids and the tools allowing to connect changes in a specific group of lipids with a specific disease and its progress, is constantly lacking. Lipidomics is a new field of medicine based on the research and identification of lipids and lipid metabolites present in human organism. The primary aim of lipidomics is to search for new biomarkers of different diseases, mainly civilization diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review studies reporting the application of mass spectrometry for lipid analysis in metabolic diseases. METHOD Following an extensive search of peer-reviewed articles on the mass spectrometry analysis of lipids the literature has been discussed in this review article. RESULTS The lipid group contains around 1.7 million species; they are totally different, in terms of the length of aliphatic chain, amount of rings, additional functional groups. Some of them are so complex that their complex analyses are a challenge for analysts. Their qualitative and quantitative analysis of is based mainly on mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Mass spectrometry techniques are excellent tools for lipid profiling in complex biological samples and the combination with multivariate statistical analysis enables the identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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24
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Karpe F, Vasan SK, Humphreys SM, Miller J, Cheeseman J, Dennis AL, Neville MJ. Cohort Profile: The Oxford Biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:21-21g. [PMID: 29040543 PMCID: PMC5837504 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford
| | - Sandy M Humphreys
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Miller
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Cheeseman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A Louise Dennis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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25
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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26
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de Souza CO, Vannice GK, Rosa Neto JC, Calder PC. Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders? Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28980402 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although dietary fatty acids can modulate metabolic and immune responses, the effects of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) remain unclear. Since this monounsaturated fatty acid is described as a lipokine, studies with cell culture and rodent models have suggested it enhances whole body insulin sensitivity, stimulates insulin secretion by β cells, increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation, improves the blood lipid profile, and alters macrophage differentiation. However, human studies report elevated blood levels of palmitoleic acid in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings might be reflection of the level or activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, which synthesizes palmitoleate and is enhanced in liver and adipose tissue of obese patients. The aim of this review is to describe the immune-metabolic effects of palmitoleic acid observed in cell culture, animal models, and humans to answer the question of whether palmitoleic acid is a plausible nonpharmacological strategy to prevent, control, or ameliorate chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Despite the beneficial effects observed in cell culture and in animal studies, there are insufficient human intervention studies to fully understand the physiological effects of palmitoleic acid. Therefore, more human-based research is needed to identify whether palmitoleic acid meets the promising therapeutic potential suggested by the preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila O de Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José C Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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27
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Leeners B, Geary N, Tobler PN, Asarian L. Ovarian hormones and obesity. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:300-321. [PMID: 28333235 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE. SEARCH METHODS Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review. OUTCOMES We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lori Asarian
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Zeman M, Vecka M, Burda M, Tvrzická E, Staňková B, Macášek J, Žák A. Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Determines Body Fat Parameters in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome-Related Traits. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:371-378. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Zeman
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Burda
- Institute for Research and Applications of Fuzzy Modelling, Centre of Excellence IT4Innovations, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Staňková
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Macášek
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Žák
- 4th Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight in Humans. Cell Metab 2017; 26:292-300. [PMID: 28768170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A BMI in the normal range associates with a decreased risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality. However, not all subjects in this BMI range have this low risk. Compared to people who are of normal weight and metabolically healthy, subjects who are of normal weight but metabolically unhealthy (∼20% of the normal weight adult population) have a greater than 3-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality and/or cardiovascular events. Here we address to what extent major risk phenotypes determine metabolic health in lean compared to overweight and obese people and provide support for the existence of a lipodystrophy-like phenotype in the general population. Furthermore, we highlight the molecular mechanisms that induce this phenotype. Finally, we propose strategies as to how this knowledge could be implemented in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases in different stages of adiposity in routine clinical practice.
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30
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Han E, Lee YH, Lee BW, Kang ES, Lee IK, Cha BS. Anatomic fat depots and cardiovascular risk: a focus on the leg fat using nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 28441953 PMCID: PMC5405479 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although central fat is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiometabolic disorders, the effect of other regional fats or muscle distribution on CVD risk has not been fully investigated. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study using nationally representative samples of 15,686 subjects from the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individual CVD risk was evaluated in adults aged ≥20 without prior CVD, using atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk equations according to the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Body composition was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Ratio of leg fat to total fat (LF/TF ratio) was the most predictive for CVD among body fat or muscle distribution parameters (AUC = 0.748, 95% CI 0.741-0.755). ASCVD risk score was gradually increased with decreased LF/TF ratio (P < 0.001), and individuals whose LF/TF ratio in lowest tertile tended to belong to the high-risk (10-year risk >10%) group compared to those in the highest tertile (OR = 6.25, 95% CI 5.60-6.98). Subjects in the lowest tertile showed increased risk of cardiometabolic risk factor components including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and albuminuria (OR range 2.57-11.24, all P < 0.001). In addition, a higher LF/TF ratio was associated with decreased ASCVD risk, even in subjects with multiple CVD risk factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses also demonstrated this association (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.36-2.52). CONCLUSIONS Among various body composition parameters, LF/TF ratio was superior in predicting higher CVD risk and a higher LF/TF ratio was independently associated with decreased risk of CVD and each cardiometabolic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Han
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea. .,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Institue of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institue of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institue of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institue of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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31
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Lu J, Varghese RT, Zhou L, Vella A, Jensen MD. Glucose tolerance and free fatty acid metabolism in adults with variations in TCF7L2 rs7903146. Metabolism 2017; 68:55-63. [PMID: 28183453 PMCID: PMC5308561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of TCF7L2 variant rs7903146 and glucose tolerance on free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 120 individuals, half homozygous for the major CC allele and half homozygous for the minor TT allele at rs7903146; each underwent a 2-h, 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations were measured on blood collected before and during the OGTT. RESULTS Total FFA concentrations and percent FA species during OGTT were not different in CC and TT carriers when males and females were considered together. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations and percentages were greater in TT than CC females during the OGTT. TT carriers with high HOMA-IR had significantly greater fasting FFA concentrations, lower disposition index (DI) and greater AUC of glucose than high HOMA-IR CC carriers, whereas no such differences were observed in the low HOMA-IR group. We found that fasting (826±25 vs. 634±22μmol/L, P<0.0001) and OGTT plasma FFA concentrations were greater in IGT than NGT subjects, and the difference remained after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, and genotype. Finally, IGT subjects had greater MUFA concentrations and percentages than NGT subjects during OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Despite similar fasting insulin and glucose, fasting plasma FFA are greater in IGT than NGT adults. Insulin resistance and sex influence plasma FFA responses amongst carriers of the minor T allele of TCF7L2 rs7903146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Ron T Varghese
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Lianzhen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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32
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Passaro A, Miselli MA, Sanz JM, Dalla Nora E, Morieri ML, Colonna R, Pišot R, Zuliani G. Gene expression regional differences in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:202. [PMID: 28231762 PMCID: PMC5324328 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is clearly associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases and all-cause mortality, whereas gluteal subcutaneous fat accumulation (g-SAT) is associated with a lower risk. The relative contribution, in term of cardiovascular risk, of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (a-SAT) is still controversial with studies showing both a detrimental effect and a protective role. Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated that adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous depots have distinct morphological, metabolic and functional characteristics. These regional differences have a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases. There is recent evidence that differentiation between upper-body and lower-body adipose tissues might be under control of site-specific sets of developmental genes, such as Homebox (HOX) genes, a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the anterior-posterior axis. However, the possible heterogeneity between different subcutaneous regions has not been extensively investigated. Here we studied global mRNA expression in g-SAT and a-SAT with a microarray approach. RNA was isolated from g-SAT and a-SAT biopsy, from eight healthy subjects, and hybridized on RNA microarray chips in order to detect regional differences in gene expression. RESULTS A total of 131 genes are significantly and differently (>1.5 fold change, p < 0.05) expressed in a-SAT and g-SAT. Expression profiling reveals significant differences in expression of several HOX genes. Interestingly, two molecular signature of visceral adipocyte lineage, homebox genes HOXA5 and NR2F1, are up-regulated in a-SAT versus g-SAT by a 2.5 fold change. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that g-SAT and a-SAT have distinct expression profiles. The finding of a different expression of HOX genes, fundamental during the embryo development, suggests an early regional differentiation of subcutaneous adipose depots. Moreover, the higher expression of HOXA5 and NR2F1, two molecular signatures of visceral adipocytes, in a-SAT suggests that this subcutaneous adipose depot could be more similar to VAT than g-SAT. Our data suggest that we should look at SAT as composed of distinct depots with possibly different impact in obesity associated metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Passaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Agata Miselli
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juana Maria Sanz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edoardo Dalla Nora
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rossella Colonna
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, 6000, Slovenia
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and CardioRespiratory, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Mika A, Sledzinski T. Alterations of specific lipid groups in serum of obese humans: a review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:247-272. [PMID: 27899022 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major contributor to the dysfunction of liver, cardiac, pulmonary, endocrine and reproductive system, as well as a component of metabolic syndrome. Although development of obesity-related disorders is associated with lipid abnormalities, most previous studies dealing with the problem in question were limited to routinely determined parameters, such as serum concentrations of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Many authors postulated to extend the scope of analysed lipid compounds and to study obesity-related alterations in other, previously non-examined groups of lipids. Comprehensive quantitative, structural and functional analysis of specific lipid groups may result in identification of new obesity-related alterations. The review summarizes available evidence of obesity-related alterations in various groups of lipids and their impact on health status of obese subjects. Further, the role of diet and endogenous lipid synthesis in the development of serum lipid alterations is discussed, along with potential application of various lipid compounds as risk markers for obesity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - T Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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34
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Ross JS, Russo SB, Chavis GC, Cowart LA. Sphingolipid regulators of cellular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systems overview. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2017; 9:553-569. [PMID: 29643939 PMCID: PMC5891157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climbing obesity rates have contributed to worldwide increases in obesity-associated diseases, including the metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sphingolipids, an important class of structural and signaling lipids, have emerged as key players in the development and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. More specifically, sphingolipids have been demonstrated to play integral roles in lipotoxicity and other aspects of pathogenesis in T2DM, although the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs and by which sphingolipid metabolism is dysregulated in T2DM remain under investigation. This review summarizes current knowledge of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in key organs and tissues affected by T2DM, including the pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system and liver, and highlights areas that ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Ross
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Sarah B Russo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Georgia C Chavis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Lauren A Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
- Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Todorčević M, Hilton C, McNeil C, Christodoulides C, Hodson L, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. A cellular model for the investigation of depot specific human adipocyte biology. Adipocyte 2017; 6:40-55. [PMID: 28452592 PMCID: PMC5358705 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1277052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper-body adiposity is associated with increased metabolic disease risk, while lower-body adiposity is paradoxically protective. Efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms require appropriate and reproducible in vitro culture models. We have therefore generated immortalised (im) human preadipocyte (PAD) cell lines derived from paired subcutaneous abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. These cell lines, denoted imAPAD and imGPAD display enhanced proliferation and robust adipogenic capacities. Differentiated imAPAD and imGPAD adipocytes synthesize triglycerides de novo and respond lipolytically to catecholamine-stimulation. Importantly the cells retain their depot-of-origin 'memory' as reflected by inherent differences in fatty acid metabolism and expression of depot-specific developmental genes. These features make these cell lines an invaluable tool for the in vitro investigation of depot-specific human adipocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catriona McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Constantinos Christodoulides
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E. Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Frigolet ME, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:173S-181S. [PMID: 28096141 PMCID: PMC5227969 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate (palmitoleic acid) is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissues, particularly adipose tissue and liver. Its endogenous production by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gives rise to its cis isoform, cis-palmitoleate. Although trans-palmitoleate is also synthesized in humans, it is mainly found as an exogenous source in ruminant fat and dairy products. Recently, palmitoleate was considered to be a lipokine based on evidence demonstrating its release from adipose tissue and its metabolic effects on distant organs. After this finding, research has been performed to determine whether palmitoleate has beneficial effects on metabolism and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the current status of knowledge about palmitoleate, its metabolism, and its influence on metabolic abnormalities. Results have shown mixed cardiovascular effects, direct or inverse correlations with obesity, and hepatosteatosis, but a significant amelioration or prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. Finally, the induction of palmitoleate release from adipose tissue, dietary intake, and its supplementation are all interventions with a potential impact on certain metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Frigolet
- Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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37
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Çimen I, Kocatürk B, Koyuncu S, Tufanlı Ö, Onat UI, Yıldırım AD, Apaydın O, Demirsoy Ş, Aykut ZG, Nguyen UT, Watkins SM, Hotamışlıgil GS, Erbay E. Prevention of atherosclerosis by bioactive palmitoleate through suppression of organelle stress and inflammasome activation. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:358ra126. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Titov VN, Shirinsky VP. Insulin resistance: the conflict between biological settings of energy metabolism and human lifestyle (a glance at the problem from evolutionary viewpoint). DIABETES MELLITUS 2016. [DOI: 10.14341/dm7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A biological function of the phylogenetically late humoral mediator insulin is to provide energy substrates for locomotion, i.e. movement resulting from contraction of striated muscles. Insulin is able to meet this evolutionary demand of an organism by means of the effective ATP production in the mitochondria. Exogenous fatty acids, optimised endogenous fatty acids produced from glucose and glucose itself are the major substrates for ATP synthesis. Cells stimulated by insulin produce ω-9 С18:1 oleic acid from glucose. This fatty acid is oxidised by the mitochondria at a higher rate than exogenous and endogenous C16:0 palmitic fatty acid. In the normal state of insulin system and mitochondria, the frequent cause of insulin resistance is the non-optimal properties of dietary fatty acids supplied for oxidation by the mitochondria. Dietary excess of saturated palmitic fatty acid over monogenic oleic fatty acid causes insulin resistance to develop. Insulin resistance syndrome is the condition of in vivo energy deficiency and insufficient production of ATP for the realisation of the biological adaptation and compensation. Insulin effectively inhibits lipolysis only in phylogenetically late subcutaneous adipocytes but not in phylogenetically early visceral fat cells of the omentum. Discrepancy in the regulation of energy substrate metabolism against the background of a ‘relative biological perfection’ of higher mammals is the aetiological basis of insulin resistance.
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Yilmaz M, Claiborn KC, Hotamisligil GS. De Novo Lipogenesis Products and Endogenous Lipokines. Diabetes 2016; 65:1800-7. [PMID: 27288005 PMCID: PMC4915584 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that in addition to their traditionally recognized functions as building blocks, energy stores, or hazardous intermediates, lipids also have the ability to act as signaling molecules with potent effects on systemic metabolism and metabolic diseases. This Perspective highlights this somewhat less apparent biology of lipids, especially focusing on de novo lipogenesis as a process that gives rise to key messenger molecules mediating interorgan communication. Elucidating the mechanisms of lipid-dependent coordination of metabolism promises invaluable insights into the understanding of metabolic diseases and may contribute to the development of a new generation of preventative and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn C Claiborn
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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40
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Merino J, Sala-Vila A, Plana N, Girona J, Vallve JC, Ibarretxe D, Ros E, Ferré R, Heras M, Masana L. Serum palmitoleate acts as a lipokine in subjects at high cardiometabolic risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:261-267. [PMID: 26817937 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Clinical data on the role as a lipokine of de novo lipogenesis-derived palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7cis) in serum non-esterified fatty acids (palmitoleate) are scarce. We aimed to assess whether palmitoleate relates to cardiometabolic risk. METHODS AND RESULTS In this cross-sectional study we included 358 individuals aged 30-65-years at high cardiovascular risk. We tested the association of palmitoleate (determined by gas chromatography) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components (defined by ATPIII criteria), fatty liver index (a surrogate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]), and subclinical atherosclerosis (determined as ultrasound-measured carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness). Palmitoleate concentration was higher in women compared with men (median ± range interquartile, 1.36 ± 0.96 vs. 0.97 ± 0.77 μmol/L respectively, P < 0.001). In both genders palmitoleate concentration was associated with a higher prevalence of MS: men, odds ratio [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.23, P = 0.010)]; women [OR: 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.13, P = 0.005)], and all of its components except low HDL-cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia. Palmitoleate was also associated with increased risk of NAFLD in both men [OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 1.03; 1.29, P = 0.031)] and women [OR: 1.11 (95%CI: 1.05; 1.19, P = 0.001)]. No associations with subclinical atherosclerosis were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our observational data supports a relationship between de novo lipogenesis-derived circulating palmitoleic acid (palmitoleate) and increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Merino
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Sala-Vila
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - N Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J C Vallve
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ibarretxe
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - R Ferré
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Heras
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Todorčević M, Hodson L. The Effect of Marine Derived n-3 Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Function. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010003. [PMID: 26729182 PMCID: PMC4730128 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue function is key determinant of metabolic health, with specific nutrients being suggested to play a role in tissue metabolism. One such group of nutrients are the n-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Results from studies where human, animal and cellular models have been utilised to investigate the effects of EPA and/or DHA on white adipose tissue/adipocytes suggest anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. We review here evidence for these effects, specifically focusing on studies that provide some insight into metabolic pathways or processes. Of note, limited work has been undertaken investigating the effects of EPA and DHA on white adipose tissue in humans whilst more work has been undertaken using animal and cellular models. Taken together it would appear that EPA and DHA have a positive effect on lowering lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis and decreasing inflammation, all of which would be beneficial for adipose tissue biology. What remains to be elucidated is the duration and dose required to see a favourable effect of EPA and DHA in vivo in humans, across a range of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
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42
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Yew Tan C, Virtue S, Murfitt S, Roberts LD, Robert LD, Phua YH, Dale M, Griffin JL, Tinahones F, Scherer PE, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose tissue fatty acid chain length and mono-unsaturation increases with obesity and insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18366. [PMID: 26679101 PMCID: PMC4683622 DOI: 10.1038/srep18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-essential fatty acids, C18:1n9, C16:0, C16:1n7, C18:0 and C18:1n7 account for over 75% of fatty acids in white adipose (WAT) triacylglycerol (TAG). The relative composition of these fatty acids (FA) is influenced by the desaturases, SCD1-4 and the elongase, ELOVL6. In knock-out models, loss of SCD1 or ELOVL6 results in reduced Δ9 desaturated and reduced 18-carbon non-essential FA respectively. Both Elovl6 KO and SCD1 KO mice exhibit improved insulin sensitivity. Here we describe the relationship between WAT TAG composition in obese mouse models and obese humans stratified for insulin resistance. In mouse models with increasing obesity and insulin resistance, there was an increase in scWAT Δ9 desaturated FAs (SCD ratio) and FAs with 18-carbons (Elovl6 ratio) in mice. Data from mouse models discordant for obesity and insulin resistance (AKT2 KO, Adiponectin aP2-transgenic), suggested that scWAT TAG Elovl6 ratio was associated with insulin sensitivity, whereas SCD1 ratio was associated with fat mass. In humans, a greater SCD1 and Elovl6 ratio was found in metabolically more harmful visceral adipose tissue when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yew Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Steven Murfitt
- University of Cambridge Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA
| | | | - Lee D Robert
- University of Cambridge Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA.,Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, Uk
| | - Yi Hui Phua
- University of Cambridge Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA
| | - Martin Dale
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ
| | - Julian L Griffin
- University of Cambridge Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA.,Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, Uk
| | - Francisco Tinahones
- UGC Endocrinologia y Nutrición (IBIMA), Hospital Virgen de la Victoria. CIBER of Physiopathology, Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN) Málaga, Spain
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Uk
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43
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KUNEŠOVÁ M, SEDLÁČKOVÁ B, BRADNOVÁ O, TVRZICKÁ E, STAŇKOVÁ B, ŠRÁMKOVÁ P, DOLEŽALOVÁ K, KALOUSKOVÁ P, HLAVATÝ P, HILL M, BENDLOVÁ B, FRIED M, HAINER V, VRBÍKOVÁ J. Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue Triglycerides in Obese Diabetic Women After Bariatric Surgery: a 2-Year Follow up. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S155-66. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective method in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of bariatric procedures on remission of T2DM and on the fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Patients included obese diabetic women who underwent bariatric surgery: biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), n=8, laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB), n=9 or laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP), n=12. Anthropometric characteristics and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue (FA AT) were analyzed before surgery, then 6 months and 2 years after surgery. FA AT was analyzed by gas chromatography. Diabetes remission was estimated. BPD was most efficient in inducing a remission of diabetes (p=0.004). Significantly higher increases in lauric (12:0), myristoleic (14:1n-5) and palmitoleic (16:1n-7) acids and delta-9 desaturase were found two years after BPD, suggesting higher lipogenesis in adipose tissue. Docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6) increased significantly after BPD, while docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) decreased 6 months after BPD and increased after 2 years. No changes were found after LAGB and LGCP after 2 years. Bariatric surgery led to significant changes in the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in severely obese diabetic women after six months and two years, and was partly influenced by the type of surgery used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. KUNEŠOVÁ
- Institute of Endocrinology Obesity Management Centre, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
AbstractAdipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulating NEFA are mobilised from AT and might act as a minimally invasive surrogate marker of AT FA profile. Agreement between twenty-eight FA in AT and plasma NEFA was assessed using concordance coefficients in 204 male and female participants in a 12-month intervention using supplements to increase the intake of EPA and DHA. Concordance coefficients generally showed very poor agreement between AT FA and plasma NEFA at baseline SFA: 0·07; MUFA: 0·03; n-6 PUFA: 0·28; n-3 PUFA: 0·01). Participants were randomly divided into training (70 %) and validation (30 %) data sets, and models to predict AT and dietary FA were fitted using data from the training set, and their predictive ability was assessed using data from the validation set. AT n-6 PUFA and SFA were predicted from plasma NEFA with moderate accuracy (mean absolute percentage error n-6 PUFA: 11 % and SFA: 8 %), but predicted values were unable to distinguish between low, medium and high FA values, with only 25 % of n-6 PUFA and 33 % of SFA predicted values correctly assigned to the appropriate tertile group. Despite an association between AT and plasma NEFA EPA (P=0·001) and DHA (P=0·01) at baseline, there was no association after the intervention. To conclude, plasma NEFA are not a suitable surrogate for AT FA.
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Lambadiari V, Triantafyllou K, Dimitriadis GD. Insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes: The significance of blood flow. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:626-633. [PMID: 25987960 PMCID: PMC4434083 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under normal metabolic conditions insulin stimulates microvascular perfusion (capillary recruitment) of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue and thus increases blood flow mainly after meal ingestion or physical exercise. This helps the delivery of insulin itself but also that of substrates and of other signalling molecules to multiple tissues beds and facilitates glucose disposal and lipid kinetics. This effect is impaired in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes early in the development of metabolic dysregulation and reflects early-onset endothelial dysfunction. Failure of insulin to increase muscle and adipose tissue blood flow results in decreased glucose handling. In fat depots, a blunted postprandial blood flow response will result in an insufficient suppression of lipolysis and an increased spill over of fatty acids in the circulation, leading to a more pronounced insulin resistant state in skeletal muscle. This defect in blood flow response is apparent even in the prediabetic state, implying that it is a facet of insulin resistance and exists long before overt hyperglycaemia develops. The following review intends to summarize the contribution of blood flow impairment to the development of the atherogenic dysglycemia and dyslipidaemia.
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Bermudez B, Ortega-Gomez A, Varela LM, Villar J, Abia R, Muriana FJG, Lopez S. Clustering effects on postprandial insulin secretion and sensitivity in response to meals with different fatty acid compositions. Food Funct 2015; 5:1374-80. [PMID: 24752559 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids play a role in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the individual relationship between dietary saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids with postprandial β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides. We assessed postprandial β-cell function (by the insulinogenic index and the ratio of the insulin to glucose areas under the time-concentration curve) and insulin sensitivity (by the oral glucose and the minimal model insulin sensitivity indices) over four nonconsecutive, randomly assigned, high-fat meals containing a panel of SFA (palmitic and stearic acids), MUFA (palmitoleic and oleic acids) and PUFA (linoleic and α-linolenic acids) in 14 subjects with normal and in 14 subjects with high fasting triglycerides. The proportions of each fatty acid in the meals and the values for surrogate measures of postprandial β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were subjected to a Pearson correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis, which revealed two classes of dietary fatty acids for regulating postprandial glucose homeostasis. We successfully discriminated the adverse effects of SFA palmitic acid from the beneficial effects of MUFA oleic acid on postprandial β-cell function (r ≥ 0.84 for SFA palmitic acid and r ≥ -0.71 for MUFA oleic acid; P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (r ≥ -0.92 for SFA palmitic acid and r ≥ 0.89 for MUFA oleic acid; P < 0.001) both in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides. In conclusion, dietary MUFA oleic acid, in contrast to SFA palmitic acid, favours the tuning towards better postprandial glycaemic control in subjects with normal and high fasting triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bermudez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Avda. Padre Garcia Tejero 4, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Hilton C, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. Role of developmental transcription factors in white, brown and beige adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:686-96. [PMID: 25668679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of developmental transcription factors in adipose tissue biology with a focus on how these developmental genes may contribute to regional variation in adipose tissue distribution and function. Regional, depot-specific, differences in lipid handling and signalling (lipolysis, lipid storage and adipokine/lipokine signalling) are important determinants of metabolic health. At a cellular level, preadipocytes removed from their original depot and cultured in vitro retain depot-specific functional properties, implying that these are intrinsic to the cells and not a function of their environment in situ. High throughput screening has identified a number of developmental transcription factors involved in embryological development, including members of the Homeobox and T-Box gene families, that are strongly differentially expressed between regional white adipose tissue depots and also between brown and white adipose tissue. However, the significance of depot-specific developmental signatures remains unclear. Developmental transcription factors determine body patterning during embryogenesis. The divergent developmental origins of regional adipose tissue depots may explain their differing functional characteristics. There is evidence from human genetics that developmental genes determine adipose tissue distribution: in GWAS studies a number of developmental genes have been identified as being correlated with anthropometric measures of adiposity and fat distribution. Additionally, compelling functional studies have recently implicated developmental genes in both white adipogenesis and the so-called 'browning' of white adipose tissue. Understanding the genetic and developmental pathways in adipose tissue may help uncover novel ways to intervene with the function of adipose tissue in order to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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48
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Abstract
The distribution of adipose tissue in the body has wide-ranging and reproducible associations with health and disease. Accumulation of adipose tissue in the upper body (abdominal obesity) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even all-cause mortality. Conversely, accumulation of fat in the lower body (gluteofemoral obesity) shows opposite associations with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus when adjusted for overall fat mass. The abdominal depots are characterized by rapid uptake of predominantly diet-derived fat and a high lipid turnover that is easily stimulated by adrenergic receptor activation. The lower-body fat stores have a reduced lipid turnover with a capacity to accommodate fat undergoing redistribution. Lower-body adipose tissue also seems to retain the capacity to recruit additional adipocytes as a result of weight gain and demonstrates fewer signs of inflammatory insult. New data suggest that the profound functional differences between the upper-body and lower-body tissues are controlled by site-specific sets of developmental genes, such as HOXA6, HOXA5, HOXA3, IRX2 and TBX5 in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and HOTAIR, SHOX2 and HOXC11 in gluteofemoral adipose tissue, which are under epigenetic control. This Review discusses the developmental and functional differences between upper-body and lower-body fat depots and provides mechanistic insight into the disease-protective effects of lower-body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- 1] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK. [2] NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
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49
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Pinnick KE, Nicholson G, Manolopoulos KN, McQuaid SE, Valet P, Frayn KN, Denton N, Min JL, Zondervan KT, Fleckner J, McCarthy MI, Holmes CC, Karpe F. Distinct developmental profile of lower-body adipose tissue defines resistance against obesity-associated metabolic complications. Diabetes 2014; 63:3785-97. [PMID: 24947352 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Upper- and lower-body fat depots exhibit opposing associations with obesity-related metabolic disease. We defined the relationship between DEXA-quantified fat depots and diabetes/cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population-based cohort (n = 3,399). Gynoid fat mass correlated negatively with insulin resistance after total fat mass adjustment, whereas the opposite was seen for abdominal fat. Paired transcriptomic analysis of gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (GSAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) was performed across the BMI spectrum (n = 49; 21.4-45.5 kg/m(2)). In both depots, energy-generating metabolic genes were negatively associated and inflammatory genes were positively associated with obesity. However, associations were significantly weaker in GSAT. At the systemic level, arteriovenous release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (n = 34) was lower from GSAT than ASAT. Isolated preadipocytes retained a depot-specific transcriptional "memory" of embryonic developmental genes and exhibited differential promoter DNA methylation of selected genes (HOTAIR, TBX5) between GSAT and ASAT. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing identified TBX5 as a regulator of preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation in ASAT. In conclusion, intrinsic differences in the expression of developmental genes in regional adipocytes provide a mechanistic basis for diversity in adipose tissue (AT) function. The less inflammatory nature of lower-body AT offers insight into the opposing metabolic disease risk associations between upper- and lower-body obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - George Nicholson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Siobhán E McQuaid
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Metaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith N Frayn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Nathan Denton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Josine L Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jan Fleckner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Chris C Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Swarbrick
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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