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Han Y, Liu H, Li Y, Liu Z. B-Glycine as a marker for β cell imaging and β cell mass evaluation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:2558-2568. [PMID: 38632133 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE β cell mass (BCM) and function are essential to the diagnosis and therapy of diabetes. Diabetic patients serve β cell loss is, and damage of β cells leads to severe insulin deficiency. Our understanding of the role of BCM in diabetes progression is extremely limited by lacking efficient methods to evaluate BCM in vivo. In vitro methods of labeling islets, including loading of contrast reagent or integration of exogenous biomarker, require artificial manipulation on islets, of which the clinical application is limited. Imaging methods targeting endogenous biomarkers may solve the above problems. However, traditional reagents targeting GLP-1R and VAMT2 result in a high background of adjacent tissues, complicating the identification of pancreatic signals. Here, we report a non-invasive and quantitative imaging technique by using radiolabeled glycine mimics ([18F]FBG, a boron-trifluoride derivative of glycine) to assay islet function and monitor BCM changes in living animals. METHODS Glycine derivatives, FBG, FBSa, 2Me-FBG, 3Me-FBG, were successfully synthesized and labeled with 18F. Specificity of glycine derivatives were characterized by in vitro experiment. PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed in animal models carring GLYT over-expressed cells. In vivo evaluation of BCM with [18F]FBG were performed in STZ (streptozocin) induced T1D (type 1 diabetes) models. RESULTS GLYT responds to excess blood glycine levels and transports glycine into islet cells to maintain the activity of the glycine receptor (GLYR). Best PET imaging condition was 80 min after given a total of 240 ~ 250 nmol imaging reagent (a mixture of [18F]FBG and natural glycine) intravenously. [18F]FBG can detect both endogenous and exogenous islets clearly in vivo. When applied to STZ induced T1D mouse models, total uptake of [18F]FBG in the pancreas exhibited a linear correlation with survival BCM. CONCLUSION [18F]FBG targeting the endogenous glycine transporter (GLYT), which is highly expressed on islet cells, avoiding extra modification on islet cells. Meanwhile the highly restricted expression pattern of GLYT excluded the background in adjacent tissues. This [18F]FBG-based imaging technique provides a non-invasive method to quantify BCM in vivo, implying a new evaluation index for diabetic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yimin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University-Tsinghua University, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Tuell D, Ford G, Los E, Stone W. The Role of Glutathione and Its Precursors in Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:184. [PMID: 38397782 PMCID: PMC10885928 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major worldwide health crisis affecting about 6.2% of the world's population. Alarmingly, about one in five children in the USA have prediabetes. Glutathione (GSH) and its precursors play a promising role in the prevention and management of type T2D. Oxidative stress (OxS) is a probable factor in both T2D initiation and progression. GSH is the major cytosolic water-soluble chemical antioxidant and emerging evidence supports its role in improving T2D outcomes. Dietary supplementation with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and/or glycine (GLY), which are GSH precursors, has also been studied for possible beneficial effects on T2D. This review will focus on the underlying pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms linking GSH and its precursors with T2D and OxS. In addition to their traditional antioxidant roles, the in vivo effects of GSH/NAC/GLY supplements will be evaluated for their potential abilities to modulate the complex pro-oxidant pathophysiological factors (e.g., hyperglycemia) driving T2D progression. Positive feedback loops that amplify OxS over long time intervals are likely to result in irreversible T2D micro- and macro-vascular damage. Most clinical studies with GSH/NAC/GLY have focused on adults or the elderly. Future research with pediatric populations should be a high priority since early intervention is critical.
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Zhong L, Li J, Yu J, Cao X, Du J, Liang L, Yang M, Yue Y, Zhao M, Zhou T, Lin J, Wang X, Shen X, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Shu Z. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge total saponins ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway to restore glycolytic metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117250. [PMID: 37832811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) belongs to the category of "Xiaoke disease" according to the symptoms, and "stasis-heat" is the main pathogenesis of DCM. The Chinese medicine Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AAB), as a representative of heat-clearing and engendering fluid, is often used clinically in the treatment of DCM. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge total saponins (RATS) are the main bioactive components of AAB, the modern pharmacologic effects of RATS are anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and cardioprotective. However, the potential protective mechanisms of RATS against DCM remain largely undiscovered. AIM OF THE STUDY The primary goal of this study was to explore the effect of RATS on DCM and its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin and a high-fat diet were used to induce DCM in rats. UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to determine the chemical components of RATS. The degenerative alterations and apoptotic cells in the heart were assessed by HE staining and TUNEL. Network pharmacology was used to anticipate the probable targets and important pathways of RATS. The alterations in metabolites and main metabolic pathways in heart tissue were discovered using 1 H-NMR metabolomics. Ultimately, immunohistochemistry was used to find critical pathway protein expression. RESULTS First of all, UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that RATS contained 11 active ingredients. In animal experiments, we found that RATS lowered blood glucose and lipid levels in DCM rats, and alleviated cardiac pathological damage, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, the study found that RATS effectively reduced inflammatory factor release and the level of oxidative stress. Mechanistically, RATS downregulated the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, HIF-1α, LDHA, and GLUT4 proteins. Additionally, glycolysis was discovered to be a crucial pathway for RATS in the therapy of DCM. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the protective effect of RATS on DCM may be attributed to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway and the correction of glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiamin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xia Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jieyong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lanyuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mengru Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yimin Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mantong Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiazi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yanmei Zhong
- New Drug Research and Development Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zunpeng Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Bao L, Wu B, Yang C, Xu X, Shi Z, Jiang D. Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Serum Amino Acids in T2DM Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:203-212. [PMID: 38222033 PMCID: PMC10788071 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s444987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Amino acids are the important metabolites in the body and play a crucial role in biological processes. The purpose of this study is to provide a profile of amino acids change in the serum of T2DM patients and identify potential biomarkers. Patients and Methods In this study, we quantitatively determined the serum amino acid profiles of 30 T2DM patients and 30 healthy volunteers. T test and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify candidate biomarkers with GraphPad Prism 9.5 software and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 on-line platform. Results Thirty-four amino acids were quantified, and 19 amino acid levels differed significantly between T2DM and Healthy groups. Screened by the specific screening criteria (VIP>1.0; P<0.05; FC>1.5, or FC<0.67) in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform, 8 amino acids were identified as potential biomarkers. Pearson rank correlation test showed 14 differential amino acids were significantly correlated with T2DM-related physiological parameters. Conclusion The results of this study provide theoretical basis for the subsequent development of dietary supplements for the prevention or treatment of T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiqiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dechun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Wang B, Song X, Zhang X, Li Y, Xu M, Liu X, Li B, Fu S, Ling H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li A, Liu M. Harnessing the benefits of glycine supplementation for improved pancreatic microcirculation in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Microvasc Res 2024; 151:104617. [PMID: 37918522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is predominantly managed using insulin replacement therapy, however, pancreatic microcirculatory disturbances play a critical role in T1DM pathogenesis, necessitating alternative therapies. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of glycine supplementation on pancreatic microcirculation in T1DM. Streptozotocin-induced T1DM and glycine-supplemented mice (n = 6 per group) were used alongside control mice. Pancreatic microcirculatory profiles were determined using a laser Doppler blood perfusion monitoring system and wavelet transform spectral analysis. The T1DM group exhibited disorganized pancreatic microcirculatory oscillation. Glycine supplementation significantly restored regular biorhythmic contraction and relaxation, improving blood distribution patterns. Further-more, glycine reversed the lower amplitudes of endothelial oscillators in T1DM mice. Ultrastructural deterioration of islet microvascular endothelial cells (IMECs) and islet microvascular pericytes, including membrane and organelle damage, collagenous fiber proliferation, and reduced edema, was substantially reversed by glycine supplementation. Additionally, glycine supplementation inhibited the production of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, pro-MMP-9, and VEGF-A in T1DM, with no significant changes in energetic metabolism observed in glycine-supplemented IMECs. A statistically significant decrease in MDA levels accompanied by an increase in SOD levels was also observed with glycine supplementation. Notably, negative correlations emerged between inflammatory cytokines and microhemodynamic profiles. These findings suggest that glycine supplementation may offer a promising therapeutic approach for protecting against pancreatic microcirculatory dysfunction in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bingwei Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Sunjing Fu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hao Ling
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; International Center of Microvascular Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China..
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Qin T, Hu S, de Vos P. A composite capsule strategy to support longevity of microencapsulated pancreatic β cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 155:213678. [PMID: 37944447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet microencapsulation allows transplantation of insulin producing cells in absence of systemic immunosuppression, but graft survival is still limited. In vivo studies have demonstrated that many islet-cells die in the immediate period after transplantation. Here we test whether intracapsular inclusion of ECM components (collagen IV and RGD) with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), as well as amino acids (AA) have protective effects on islet survival. Also, the inclusion of pectin was tested as it enhances the mitochondrial health of β-cells. To enhance the longevity of encapsulated islets, we studied the impact of the incorporation of the mentioned components into the alginate-based microcapsules in vitro. The efficacy of the different composite microcapsules on MIN6 β-cell or human islet-cell survival and function, as well as suppression of DAMP-induced immune activation, were determined. Finally, we examined the mitochondrial dynamic genes. This was done in the absence and presence of a cytokine cocktail. Here, we found that composite microcapsules of APENAA improved insulin secretion and enhanced the mitochondrial activity of β-cells. Under cytokine exposure, they prevented the cytokine-induced decrease of mitochondrial activity as well as viability till day 5. The rescuing effects of the composite capsules were accompanied by alleviated mitochondrial dynamic gene expression. The composite capsule strategy of APENAA might support the longevity of microencapsulated β-cells by lowering susceptibility to inflammatory stress. Our data demonstrate that combining strategies to support β-cells by changing the intracapsular microenvironment might be an effective way to preserve islet graft longevity in the immediate period after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA 11, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA 11, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA 11, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ding Y, Wang S, Lu J. Unlocking the Potential: Amino Acids' Role in Predicting and Exploring Therapeutic Avenues for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites 2023; 13:1017. [PMID: 37755297 PMCID: PMC10535527 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), imposes a significant global burden with adverse clinical outcomes and escalating healthcare expenditures. Early identification of biomarkers can facilitate better screening, earlier diagnosis, and the prevention of diabetes. However, current clinical predictors often fail to detect abnormalities during the prediabetic state. Emerging studies have identified specific amino acids as potential biomarkers for predicting the onset and progression of diabetes. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms can offer valuable insights into disease prevention and therapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive summary of evidence supporting the use of amino acids and metabolites as clinical biomarkers for insulin resistance and diabetes. We discuss promising combinations of amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, glycine, asparagine and aspartate, in the prediction of T2DM. Furthermore, we delve into the mechanisms involving various signaling pathways and the metabolism underlying the role of amino acids in disease development. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting predictive amino acids for preventive and therapeutic interventions, aiming to inspire further clinical investigations and mitigate the progression of T2DM, particularly in the prediabetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ding
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.D.); (S.W.)
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuangyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.D.); (S.W.)
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.D.); (S.W.)
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Jafari A, Eslami Moghadam M, Mansouri-Torshizi H. Green Synthesis and Bioactivity of Aliphatic N-Substituted Glycine Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30158-30176. [PMID: 37636948 PMCID: PMC10448692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Standard amino acids have an asymmetric α-carbon atom to which -COOH, -NH2, -H, and -R groups are bonded. Among them, glycine is the simplest (R = -H) with no asymmetric carbon, and other natural amino acids are C-substituted of glycine. Here, we have designed and made a green synthesis of some new N-substituted glycine derivatives with R-(NH)CH2-COOH formula, where R is flexible and hydrophobic with different chain lengths and benches of the type propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, 2-aminoheptyl, and octyl. These glycine derivatives were characterized by recording their melting points and FT-IR, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. DFT studies revealed that 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the highest electronegativity value and can thus act as a good bidentate ligand for the metal centers. ADME comparative results and bioavailability radars indicated that both octyl- and 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the most lipophilicity, making them good agents in cell passing. Furthermore, lipophilicity determination showed that octyl glycine was the best and propylgly was more soluble than others. Based on solubility, lipophilicity, and dipole moment values, propyl- and 2-aminoheptyl-glycine were considered for bio-macromolecular interaction studies. Thus, the interaction of these two agents with DNA and HSA was studied using absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism techniques. Due to the presence of the R-amine group, they can interact with the DNA by H-binding and hydrophobicity, while electrostatic mode could not be ruled out. Meanwhile, molecular docking studies revealed that octyl- and 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the highest negative docking energy, which reflects their higher tendency to interact with DNA. The DNA binding affinity of two candidate AAs was determined by viscosity measurement and fluorescence emission recording, which confirms that groove binding occurs. Also, the toxicity of these synthesized amino acid derivates was tested against the human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line. They showed IC50 values within the range of 127-344 μM after 48 h with the highest toxicity for 2-aminoheptyl glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Jafari
- Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Gutierrez-Rojas RA, Acevedo-Villavicencio LN, Flores-Zarate AV, Huang F, Giacoman-Martinez A, Villafaña S, Romero-Nava R. Glycine: The Smallest Anti-Inflammatory Micronutrient. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11236. [PMID: 37510995 PMCID: PMC10379184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. Glycine can bind to specific receptors and transporters that are expressed in many types of cells throughout an organism to exert its effects. There have been many studies focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of glycine, including its abilities to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of free fatty acids, to improve the insulin response, and to mediate other changes. However, the mechanism through which glycine acts is not clear. In this review, we emphasize that glycine exerts its anti-inflammatory effects throughout the modulation of the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in many cells. Although glycine is a non-essential amino acid, we highlight how dietary glycine supplementation is important in avoiding the development of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aurora Vanessa Flores-Zarate
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Framacología, Departamaneto de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Mteropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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10
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Aldous N, Moin ASM, Abdelalim EM. Pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity in adult human islets and stem cell-derived islets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:176. [PMID: 37270452 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that pancreatic β-cells are heterogeneous in terms of their transcriptional profiles and their abilities for insulin secretion. Sub-populations of pancreatic β-cells have been identified based on the functionality and expression of specific surface markers. Under diabetes condition, β-cell identity is altered leading to different β-cell sub-populations. Furthermore, cell-cell contact between β-cells and other endocrine cells within the islet play an important role in regulating insulin secretion. This highlights the significance of generating a cell product derived from stem cells containing β-cells along with other major islet cells for treating patients with diabetes, instead of transplanting a purified population of β-cells. Another key question is how close in terms of heterogeneity are the islet cells derived from stem cells? In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity in islet cells of the adult pancreas and those generated from stem cells. In addition, we highlight the significance of this heterogeneity in health and disease conditions and how this can be used to design a stem cell-derived product for diabetes cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Aldous
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Monitoring hormone and small molecule secretion dynamics from islets-on-chip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:533-544. [PMID: 36459167 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue functions such as hormone secretion involve the interplay of multiple chemical signals and metabolic processes over time. Measuring the different components involved is useful in unraveling the interactions, but often requires use of multiple analytical techniques. The challenge of measuring the necessary components with temporal resolution is greater when tissue samples are limited. Here, an accessible microfluidic platform compatible with multiple measurement techniques to monitor cell secretions has been developed. The platform is applied to islets of Langerhans, micro-organs involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. The device houses 1 to 8 islets and the perfusion fluid can be controlled to change conditions, e.g., glucose concentration, in seconds. Samples are collected in fractions and split for offline analysis. The device is paired with a scaled-down immunoassay, AlphaLISA, for hormone quantification and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for small molecule quantification to study secretion dynamics. The combined system allows the first simultaneous measurement of insulin, glucagon, biogenic amines, and amino acids from islet secretions. The combined measurements revealed correlation in secretion events and differences in timing of release between hormones and biogenic amines and amino acids. These efforts decreased the number of islets required compared to standard approaches, thus decreasing necessary animal use, reagent use, and cost, while increasing information content achievable from one sample. The microfluidic device is a suitable platform for in-depth characterization of secretion from small tissue samples.
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12
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Sarnobat D, Moffett RC, Ma J, Flatt PR, McClenaghan NH, Tarasov AI. Taurine rescues pancreatic β-cell stress by stimulating α-cell transdifferentiation. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36714992 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The semi-essential ubiquitous amino acid taurine has been shown to alleviate obesity and hyperglycemia in humans; however, the pathways underlying the antidiabetic actions have not been characterized. We explored the effect of chronic taurine exposure on cell biology of pancreatic islets, in degenerative type 1-like diabetes. The latter was modeled by small dose of streptozotocin (STZ) injection for 5 days in mice, followed by a 10-day administration of taurine (2% w/v, orally) in the drinking water. Taurine treatment opposed the detrimental changes in islet morphology and β-/α-cell ratio, induced by STZ diabetes, coincidentally with a significant 3.9 ± 0.7-fold enhancement of proliferation and 40 ± 5% reduction of apoptosis in β-cells. In line with these findings, the treatment counteracted an upregulation of antioxidant (Sod1, Sod2, Cat, Gpx1) and downregulation of islet expansion (Ngn3, Itgb1) genes induced by STZ, in a pancreatic β-cell line. At the same time, taurine enhanced the transdifferentiation of α-cells into β-cells by 2.3 ± 0.8-fold, echoed in strong non-metabolic elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels in pancreatic α-cells. Our data suggest a bimodal effect of dietary taurine on islet β-cell biology, which combines the augmentation of α-/β-cell transdifferentiation with downregulation of apoptosis. The dualism of action, stemming presumably from the intra- and extracellular modality of the signal, is likely to explain the antidiabetic potential of taurine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sarnobat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | | | - Jinfang Ma
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Neville H McClenaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
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13
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Loss of Slc12a2 specifically in pancreatic β-cells drives metabolic syndrome in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279560. [PMID: 36580474 PMCID: PMC9799326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome, a cluster of clinical conditions characterized by obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Diuretics are frequently used to treat hypertension in these patients, however, their use has long been associated with poor metabolic outcomes which cannot be fully explained by their diuretic effects. Here, we show that mice lacking the diuretic-sensitive Na+K+2Cl-cotransporter-1 Nkcc1 (Slc12a2) in insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreatic islet (Nkcc1βKO) have reduced in vitro insulin responses to glucose. This is associated with islet hypoplasia at the expense of fewer and smaller β-cells. Remarkably, Nkcc1βKO mice excessively gain weight and progressive metabolic syndrome when fed a standard chow diet ad libitum. This is characterized by impaired hepatic insulin receptor activation and altered lipid metabolism. Indeed, overweight Nkcc1βKO but not lean mice had fasting and fed hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Notably, fasting hyperinsulinemia was detected earlier than hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and increased hepatic de novo gluconeogenesis. Therefore, our data provide evidence supporting the novel hypothesis that primary β-cell defects related to Nkcc1-regulated intracellular Cl-homeostasis and β-cell growth can result in the development of metabolic syndrome shedding light into additional potential mechanisms whereby chronic diuretic use may have adverse effects on metabolic homeostasis in susceptible individuals.
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14
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Chen K, Zhang J, Huang Y, Tian X, Yang Y, Dong A. Single-cell RNA-seq transcriptomic landscape of human and mouse islets and pathological alterations of diabetes. iScience 2022; 25:105366. [PMID: 36339258 PMCID: PMC9626680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has paved the way for delineating the pancreatic islet cell atlas and identifying hallmarks of diabetes. However, pathological alterations of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain unclear. We isolated pancreatic islets from control and T2D mice for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and retrieved multiple datasets from the open databases. The complete islet cell landscape and robust marker genes and transcription factors of each endocrine cell type were identified. GLRA1 was restricted to beta cells, and beta cells exhibited obvious heterogeneity. The beta subcluster in the T2D mice remarkably decreased the expression of Slc2a2, G6pc2, Mafa, Nkx6-1, Pdx1, and Ucn3 and had higher unfolded protein response (UPR) scores than in the control mice. Moreover, we developed a Web-based interactive tool, creating new opportunities for the data mining of pancreatic islet scRNA-seq datasets. In conclusion, our work provides a valuable resource for a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanism underlying diabetes. Cross-species scRNA-seq reveals the complete cell landscape of the islets of Langerhans We identify the robust marker genes and TFs of each endocrine and exocrine cell type Pathological alterations of beta cells in type 2 diabetes are explored A Web-based interactive tool is established for pancreatic islet scRNA-seq datasets
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15
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Asplund O, Storm P, Chandra V, Hatem G, Ottosson-Laakso E, Mansour-Aly D, Krus U, Ibrahim H, Ahlqvist E, Tuomi T, Renström E, Korsgren O, Wierup N, Ibberson M, Solimena M, Marchetti P, Wollheim C, Artner I, Mulder H, Hansson O, Otonkoski T, Groop L, Prasad RB. Islet Gene View-a tool to facilitate islet research. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201376. [PMID: 35948367 PMCID: PMC9366203 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of gene expression in pancreatic islets and its alteration in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are vital in understanding islet function and T2D pathogenesis. We leveraged RNA sequencing and genome-wide genotyping in islets from 188 donors to create the Islet Gene View (IGW) platform to make this information easily accessible to the scientific community. Expression data were related to islet phenotypes, diabetes status, other islet-expressed genes, islet hormone-encoding genes and for expression in insulin target tissues. The IGW web application produces output graphs for a particular gene of interest. In IGW, 284 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in T2D donor islets compared with controls. Forty percent of DEGs showed cell-type enrichment and a large proportion significantly co-expressed with islet hormone-encoding genes; glucagon (<i>GCG</i>, 56%), amylin (<i>IAPP</i>, 52%), insulin (<i>INS</i>, 44%), and somatostatin (<i>SST</i>, 24%). Inhibition of two DEGs, <i>UNC5D</i> and <i>SERPINE2</i>, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and impacted cell survival in a human β-cell model. The exploratory use of IGW could help designing more comprehensive functional follow-up studies and serve to identify therapeutic targets in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Asplund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gad Hatem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Emilia Ottosson-Laakso
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Mansour-Aly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Krus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nils Wierup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center, Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello, University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claes Wollheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Artner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Human Tissue Laboratory at Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Imenshahidi M, Hossenzadeh H. Effects of glycine on metabolic syndrome components: a review. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:927-939. [PMID: 35013990 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycine is the simplest and major amino acid in humans. It is mainly generated in the liver and kidney and is used to produce collagen, creatine, glucose and purine. It is also involved in immune function, anti-inflammatory processes and anti-oxidation reactions. Here, we reviewed the current evidence supporting the role of glycine in the development and treatment of metabolic syndrome components. METHODS We searched Scopus, PubMed and EMBASE databases for papers concerning glycine and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Available evidence shows that the amount of glycine synthesized in vivo is insufficient to meet metabolic demands in these species. Plasma glycine levels are lower in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in healthy individuals. Interventions such as lifestyle modification, exercise, weight loss, or drugs that improve manifestations of metabolic syndrome remarkably increase circulating glycine concentrations. CONCLUSION Glycine supplementation improves various components of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. In the future, the use of glycine may have a significant clinical impact on the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Hossenzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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17
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Rom O, Liu Y, Finney AC, Ghrayeb A, Zhao Y, Shukha Y, Wang L, Rajanayake KK, Das S, Rashdan NA, Weissman N, Delgadillo L, Wen B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Aviram M, Kevil CG, Yurdagul A, Pattillo CB, Zhang J, Sun D, Hayek T, Gottlieb E, Mor I, Chen YE. Induction of glutathione biosynthesis by glycine-based treatment mitigates atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102313. [PMID: 35447412 PMCID: PMC9044008 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower circulating levels of glycine are consistently reported in association with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the causative role and therapeutic potential of glycine in atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most CVDs, remain to be established. Here, following the identification of reduced circulating glycine in patients with significant coronary artery disease (sCAD), we investigated a causative role of glycine in atherosclerosis by modulating glycine availability in atheroprone mice. We further evaluated the atheroprotective potential of DT-109, a recently identified glycine-based compound with dual lipid/glucose-lowering properties. Glycine deficiency enhanced, while glycine supplementation attenuated, atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe−/−) mice. DT-109 treatment showed the most significant atheroprotective effects and lowered atherosclerosis in the whole aortic tree and aortic sinus concomitant with reduced superoxide. In Apoe−/− mice with established atherosclerosis, DT-109 treatment significantly reduced atherosclerosis and aortic superoxide independent of lipid-lowering effects. Targeted metabolomics and kinetics studies revealed that DT-109 induces glutathione formation in mononuclear cells. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), glycine and DT-109 attenuated superoxide formation induced by glycine deficiency. This was abolished in BMDMs from glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit-deficient (Gclm−/-) mice in which glutathione biosynthesis is impaired. Metabolic flux and carbon tracing experiments revealed that glycine deficiency inhibits glutathione formation in BMDMs while glycine-based treatment induces de novo glutathione biosynthesis. Through a combination of studies in patients with CAD, in vivo studies using atherosclerotic mice and in vitro studies using macrophages, we demonstrated a causative role of glycine in atherosclerosis and identified glycine-based treatment as an approach to mitigate atherosclerosis through antioxidant effects mediated by induction of glutathione biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Alia Ghrayeb
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yousef Shukha
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Krishani K Rajanayake
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Natan Weissman
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Luisa Delgadillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tony Hayek
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Inbal Mor
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bliziotis NG, Kluijtmans LAJ, Soto S, Tinnevelt GH, Langton K, Robledo M, Pamporaki C, Engelke UFH, Erlic Z, Engel J, Deutschbein T, Nölting S, Prejbisz A, Richter S, Prehn C, Adamski J, Januszewicz A, Reincke M, Fassnacht M, Eisenhofer G, Beuschlein F, Kroiss M, Wevers RA, Jansen JJ, Deinum J, Timmers HJLM. Pre- versus post-operative untargeted plasma nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolomics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocrine 2022; 75:254-265. [PMID: 34536194 PMCID: PMC8763816 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas (PPGL) result in chronic catecholamine excess and serious health complications. A recent study obtained a metabolic signature in plasma from PPGL patients; however, its targeted nature may have generated an incomplete picture and a broader approach could provide additional insights. We aimed to characterize the plasma metabolome of PPGL patients before and after surgery, using an untargeted approach, and to broaden the scope of the investigated metabolic impact of these tumors. DESIGN A cohort of 36 PPGL patients was investigated. Blood plasma samples were collected before and after surgical tumor removal, in association with clinical and tumor characteristics. METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy metabolomics. The data were evaluated using a combination of uni- and multi-variate statistical methods. RESULTS Before surgery, patients with a nonadrenergic tumor could be distinguished from those with an adrenergic tumor based on their metabolic profiles. Tyrosine levels were significantly higher in patients with high compared to those with low BMI. Comparing subgroups of pre-operative samples with their post-operative counterparts, we found a metabolic signature that included ketone bodies, glucose, organic acids, methanol, dimethyl sulfone and amino acids. Three signals with unclear identities were found to be affected. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the pathways of glucose and ketone body homeostasis are affected in PPGL patients. BMI-related metabolite levels were also found to be altered, potentially linking muscle atrophy to PPGL. At baseline, patient metabolomes could be discriminated based on their catecholamine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Bliziotis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Soto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjen H Tinnevelt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina Langton
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Udo F H Engelke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Zoran Erlic
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Engel
- Biometris, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Medicover Oldenburg MVZ, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Susan Richter
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Labormedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Labormedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Zürich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Munich, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Jansen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henri J L M Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Pan X, Tao S, Tong N. Potential Therapeutic Targeting Neurotransmitter Receptors in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:884549. [PMID: 35669692 PMCID: PMC9163348 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.884549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules secreted by neurons to coordinate communication and proper function among different sections in the central neural system (CNS) by binding with different receptors. Some neurotransmitters as well as their receptors are found in pancreatic islets and are involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Neurotransmitters can act with their receptors in pancreatic islets to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of insulin (β cell), glucagon (α cell) or somatostatin (δ cell). Neurotransmitter receptors are either G-protein coupled receptors or ligand-gated channels, their effects on blood glucose are mainly decided by the number and location of them in islets. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters receptors in islets is involved in the development of β cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes (T2D).Therapies targeting different transmitter systems have great potential in the prevention and treatment of T2D and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shibing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Ziyang First People’s Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Nanwei Tong,
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Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Mitro SD, Liu J, Jaacks LM, Fleisch AF, Williams PL, Knowler WC, Laferrère B, Perng W, Bray GA, Wallia A, Hivert MF, Oken E, James-Todd TM, Temprosa M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance plasma concentrations and metabolomic markers of type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 232:113680. [PMID: 33348273 PMCID: PMC8630734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used chemicals, some of which have been linked to type 2 diabetes. We tested whether PFAS concentrations were cross-sectionally associated with metabolites previously shown to predict incident type 2 diabetes using the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a trial of individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS We evaluated 691 participants enrolled in the DPP with baseline measures of 10 PFAS (including total perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), total perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and Sb-PFOA [branched isomers of PFOA]) and 77 metabolites. We used log2-transformed PFAS concentrations as exposures and standardized metabolite concentrations as outcomes in linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, use of anti-hyperlipidemic or triglyceride-lowering medication, income, years of education, marital status, smoking, and family history of diabetes, with Benjamini-Hochberg linear step-up false discovery rate correction. RESULTS Sb-PFOA was associated with the largest number of tested metabolites (29 of 77). Each doubling in Sb-PFOA was associated with higher leucine (β = 0.07 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.11] SD) and lower glycine (-0.08 [95%CI: 0.03, -0.13] SD). Each doubling of either total PFOA or n-PFOA was associated with -0.13 [95%CI: 0.04, -0.22] SD lower glycine. PFOA and Sb-PFOA were positively associated with multiple triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, and total PFOS, total PFOA, and Sb-PFOA were positively associated with phosphatidylethanolamines. CONCLUSIONS PFAS concentrations are associated with metabolites linked to type 2 diabetes (particularly amino acid, glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid pathways). Further prospective research is needed to test whether these metabolites mediate associations of PFAS and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna D. Mitro
- Population Health Sciences Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Jinxi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Biostatistics Center and Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center; and Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME
| | - Paige L. Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - William C. Knowler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Blandine Laferrère
- New York Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center/Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Amisha Wallia
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Tamarra M. James-Todd
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; and Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marinella Temprosa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Biostatistics Center and Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
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22
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The role of gut microbiota and amino metabolism in the effects of improvement of islet β-cell function after modified jejunoileal bypass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4809. [PMID: 33637880 PMCID: PMC7910448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in gut microbiota is an important mechanism of the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after bariatric surgery. Here, we observe that the modified jejunoileal bypass effectively decreases body weight gain, fasting blood glucose, and lipids level in serum; additionally, islet β-cell function, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance were markedly ameliorated. The hypoglycemic effect and the improvement in islet β-cell function depend on the changes in gut microbiota structure. modified jejunoileal bypass increases the abundance of gut Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus and the levels of serum glycine, histidine, and glutamine in T2DM rats; and decreases the abundance of Prevotella copri and the levels of serum branched chain amino acids, which are significantly related to the improvement of islet β-cell function in T2DM rats. Our results suggest that amino acid metabolism may contribute to the islet β-cell function in T2DM rats after modified jejunoileal bypass and that improving gut microbiota composition is a potential therapeutic strategy for T2DM.
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23
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Henquin JC. Paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in human islets: evidence and pending questions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E78-E86. [PMID: 33103455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion by β-cells is largely controlled by circulating nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters. However, recent years have witnessed the multiplication of studies investigating whether local regulation also takes place within pancreatic islets, in which β-cells cohabit with several other cell types. The cell composition and architectural organization of human islets differ from those of rodent islets and are particularly favorable to cellular interactions. An impressive number of hormonal (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, somatostatin, etc.) and nonhormonal products (ATP, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, etc.) are released by islet cells and have been implicated in a local control of insulin secretion. This review analyzes reports directly testing paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in isolated human islets. Many of these studies were designed on background information collected in rodent islets. However, the perspective of the review is not to highlight species similarities or specificities but to contrast established and speculative mechanisms in human islets. It will be shown that the current evidence is convincing only for a minority of candidates for a paracrine function whereas arguments supporting a physiological role of others do not stand up to scrutiny. Several pending questions await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Chung ST, Matta ST, Meyers AG, Cravalho CK, Villalobos-Perez A, Dawson JM, Sharma VR, Sampson ML, Otvos JD, Magge SN. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Derived Biomarkers for Evaluating Cardiometabolic Risk in Youth and Young Adults Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665292. [PMID: 34084151 PMCID: PMC8167058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Youth with obesity have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease, but identifying those at highest risk remains a challenge. Four biomarkers that might serve this purpose are "by products" of clinical NMR LipoProfile® lipid testing: LPIR (Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index), GlycA (inflammation marker), BCAA (total branched-chain amino acids), and glycine. All are strongly related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adults (glycine inversely) and are independent of biological and methodological variations in insulin assays. However, their clinical utility in youth is unclear. We compared fasting levels of these biomarkers in 186 youth (42 lean normal glucose tolerant (NGT), 88 obese NGT, 23 with prediabetes (PreDM), and 33 with T2DM. All four biomarkers were associated with obesity and glycemia in youth. LPIR and GlycA were highest in youth with PreDM and T2DM, whereas glycine was lowest in youth with T2DM. While all four were correlated with HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), LPIR had the strongest correlation (LPIR: r = 0.6; GlycA: r = 0.4, glycine: r = -0.4, BCAA: r = 0.2, all P < 0.01). All four markers correlated with HbA1c (LPIR, GlycA, BCAA: r ≥ 0.3 and glycine: r = -0.3, all P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression models, LPIR, GlycA, and glycine were independently associated with HOMA-IR (Adjusted R2 = 0.473, P < 0.001) and LPIR, glycine, and BCAA were independently associated with HbA1c (Adjusted R2 = 0.33, P < 0.001). An LPIR index of >44 was associated with elevated blood pressure, BMI, and dyslipidemia. Plasma NMR-derived markers were related to adverse markers of cardiometabolic risk in youth. LPIR, either alone or in combination with GlycA, should be explored as a non-insulin dependent predictive tool for development of insulin resistance and diabetes in youth. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT:02960659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Chung
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie T. Chung,
| | - Samantha T. Matta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Abby G. Meyers
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Celeste K. Cravalho
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Villalobos-Perez
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joshua M. Dawson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vandhna R. Sharma
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maureen L. Sampson
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James D. Otvos
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Sheela N. Magge
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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25
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Zaric BL, Radovanovic JN, Gluvic Z, Stewart AJ, Essack M, Motwalli O, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:551758. [PMID: 33117340 PMCID: PMC7549398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.551758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading global health concern and responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other type of disorder. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in the arterial wall, which underpins several types of cardiovascular disease. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in amino acid (AA) metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have reported positive correlations between levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine in plasma and the occurrence of metabolic disturbances. Elevated serum levels of BCAAs indicate a high cardiometabolic risk. Thus, BCAAs may also impact atherosclerosis prevention and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for specific individuals at risk of coronary events. The metabolism of AAs, such as L-arginine, homoarginine, and L-tryptophan, is recognized as a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. Dietary intake of homoarginine, taurine, and glycine can improve atherosclerosis by endothelium remodeling. Available data also suggest that the regulation of AA metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginases 1 and 2 are mediated through various immunological signals and that immunosuppressive AA metabolizing enzymes are promising therapeutic targets against atherosclerosis. Further clinical studies and basic studies that make use of animal models are required. Here we review recent data examining links between AA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidarka L. Zaric
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena N. Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olaa Motwalli
- College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Marine collagen and its derivatives: Versatile and sustainable bio-resources for healthcare. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sans MD, Crozier SJ, Vogel NL, D'Alecy LG, Williams JA. Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Deficiency Inhibit Pancreatic Digestive Enzyme mRNA Translation by Multiple Mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:99-115. [PMID: 32735995 PMCID: PMC7596297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic amino acid (AA) deficiency, as in kwashiorkor, reduces the size of the pancreas through an effect on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Because of the physiological importance of AAs and their role as a substrate, a stimulant of mTORC1, and protein synthesis, we studied the effect of acute protein and AA deficiency on the response to feeding. METHODS ICR/CD-1 mice were fasted overnight and refed for 2 hours with 4 different isocaloric diets: control (20% Prot); Protein-free (0% Prot); control (AA-based diet), and a leucine-free (No Leu). Protein synthesis, polysomal profiling, and the activation of several protein translation factors were analyzed in pancreas samples. RESULTS All diets stimulated the Protein Kinase-B (Akt)/mTORC1 pathway, increasing the phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, the ribosomal protein S6 (S6) and the formation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex. Total protein synthesis and polysome formation were inhibited in the 0% Prot and No Leu groups to a similar extent, compared with the 20% Prot group. The 0% Prot diet partially reduced the Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B, without affecting eIF2α phosphorylation. The No Leu diet increased the phosphorylation of eIF2α and general control nonderepressible 2, and also inhibited eIF2B activity, without affecting mTORC1. Essential and nonessential AA levels in plasma and pancreas indicated a complex regulation of their cellular transport mechanisms and their specific effect on the synthesis of digestive enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that dietary AAs are important regulators of postprandial digestive enzyme synthesis, and their deficiency could induce pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolors Sans
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Stephen J Crozier
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nancy L Vogel
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Louis G D'Alecy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John A Williams
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Chloride transporters and channels in β-cell physiology: revisiting a 40-year-old model. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1843-1855. [PMID: 31697318 PMCID: PMC6925527 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that insulin-secreting β-cells release insulin in response to glucose even in the absence of functional ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP)-channels, which play a central role in a 'consensus model' of secretion broadly accepted and widely reproduced in textbooks. A major shortcoming of this consensus model is that it ignores any and all anionic mechanisms, known for more than 40 years, to modulate β-cell electrical activity and therefore insulin secretion. It is now clear that, in addition to metabolically regulated KATP-channels, β-cells are equipped with volume-regulated anion (Cl-) channels (VRAC) responsive to glucose concentrations in the range known to promote electrical activity and insulin secretion. In this context, the electrogenic efflux of Cl- through VRAC and other Cl- channels known to be expressed in β-cells results in depolarization because of an outwardly directed Cl- gradient established, maintained and regulated by the balance between Cl- transporters and channels. This review will provide a succinct historical perspective on the development of a complex hypothesis: Cl- transporters and channels modulate insulin secretion in response to nutrients.
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High Protein Diet and Metabolic Plasticity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Myths and Truths. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122985. [PMID: 31817648 PMCID: PMC6950466 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation within the liver affecting 1 in 4 people worldwide. As the new silent killer of the twenty-first century, NAFLD impacts on both the request and the availability of new liver donors. The liver is the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous metabolites and toxins. It also retains the ability to switch between different metabolic pathways according to food type and availability. This ability becomes a disadvantage in obesogenic societies where most people choose a diet based on fats and carbohydrates while ignoring vitamins and fiber. The chronic exposure to fats and carbohydrates induces dramatic changes in the liver zonation and triggers the development of insulin resistance. Common believes on NAFLD and different diets are based either on epidemiological studies, or meta-analysis, which are not controlled evidences; in most of the cases, they are biased on test-subject type and their lifestyles. The highest success in reverting NAFLD can be attributed to diets based on high protein instead of carbohydrates. In this review, we discuss the impact of NAFLD on body metabolic plasticity. We also present a detailed analysis of the most recent studies that evaluate high-protein diets in NAFLD with a special focus on the liver and the skeletal muscle protein metabolisms.
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Noguchi GM, Huising MO. Integrating the inputs that shape pancreatic islet hormone release. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1189-1201. [PMID: 32694675 PMCID: PMC7378277 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a complex mini organ composed of a variety of endocrine cells and their support cells, which together tightly control blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in glucose concentration are commonly regarded as the chief signal controlling insulin-secreting beta cells, glucagon-secreting alpha cells and somatostatin-secreting delta cells. However, each of these cell types is highly responsive to a multitude of endocrine, paracrine, nutritional and neural inputs, which collectively shape the final endocrine output of the islet. Here, we review the principal inputs for each islet-cell type and the physiological circumstances in which these signals arise, through the prism of the insights generated by the transcriptomes of each of the major endocrine-cell types. A comprehensive integration of the factors that influence blood glucose homeostasis is essential to successfully improve therapeutic strategies for better diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Owei I, Umekwe N, Stentz F, Wan J, Dagogo-Jack S. Amino acid signature predictive of incident prediabetes: A case-control study nested within the longitudinal pathobiology of prediabetes in a biracial cohort. Metabolism 2019; 98:76-83. [PMID: 31228482 PMCID: PMC6690793 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs, isoleucine, leucine, valine) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs, tyrosine and phenylalanine) predicted type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in a Caucasian population. Here, we assessed amino acid levels in relation to incident prediabetes among initially normoglycemic African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a nested case-control design, we studied 70 adults (35 AA, 35 EA) who developed prediabetes (progressors) and 70 matched participants who maintained normoglycemia (nonprogressors) during 5.5 years of follow-up in the Pathobiology of Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort study. Assessments included plasma amino acid levels, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function. RESULTS The total level of all 18 amino acid assayed was significantly associated with lean mass (r = 0.36, P < 0.0001), waist circumference (r = 0.27, P = 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.24, P = 0.005), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, P = 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.18, P = 0.03). Individual amino acid levels were significantly associated with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Compared with nonprogressors, progressors had higher baseline levels of asparagine and aspartic acid (P <0.0001), glutamine/glutamic acid (P = 0.005) and phenylalanine (P = 0.02), and lower histidine (P = 0.02) levels. In fully-adjusted logistic regression models, aspartic acid/asparagine (OR 2.72 [95% CI 1.91-3.87]) and histidine (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.85-0.96]) were the only amino acids that significantly predicted incident prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS Baseline plasma aspartic acid and asparagine levels predicted progression to prediabetes, whereas histidine levels were protective of prediabetes risk. Thus, the amino acid signature associated with prediabetes in a diverse population may be distinct from that previously linked to T2DM in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibiye Owei
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Nkiru Umekwe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Frankie Stentz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Jim Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Samuel Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America.
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Jacobson DA, Shyng SL. Ion Channels of the Islets in Type 2 Diabetes. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1326-1346. [PMID: 31473158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an essential signal for pancreatic β-cell function. Ca2+ plays critical roles in numerous β-cell pathways such as insulin secretion, transcription, metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum function, and the stress response. Therefore, β-cell Ca2+ handling is tightly controlled. At the plasma membrane, Ca2+ entry primarily occurs through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activity is dependent on orchestrated fluctuations in the plasma membrane potential or voltage, which are mediated via the activity of many ion channels. During the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes the β-cell is exposed to stressful conditions, which result in alterations of Ca2+ handling. Some of the changes in β-cell Ca2+ handling that occur under stress result from perturbations in ion channel activity, expression or localization. Defective Ca2+ signaling in the diabetic β-cell alters function, limits insulin secretion and exacerbates hyperglycemia. In this review, we focus on the β-cell ion channels that control Ca2+ handling and how they impact β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 7415 MRB4 (Langford), 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L224, MRB 624, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Zhu Y, Tonne JM, Liu Q, Schreiber CA, Zhou Z, Rakshit K, Matveyenko AV, Terzic A, Wigle D, Kudva YC, Ikeda Y. Targeted Derivation of Organotypic Glucose- and GLP-1-Responsive β Cells Prior to Transplantation into Diabetic Recipients. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:307-321. [PMID: 31378674 PMCID: PMC6700523 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional β cells from pluripotent sources would accelerate diagnostic and therapeutic applications for diabetes research and therapy. However, it has been challenging to generate competent β cells with dynamic insulin-secretory capacity to glucose and incretin stimulations. We introduced transcription factors, critical for β-cell development and function, in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and assessed the impact on the functionality of derived β-cell (psBC) progeny. A perifusion system revealed stepwise transduction of the PDX1, NEUROG3, and MAFA triad (PNM) enabled in vitro generation of psBCs with glucose and GLP-1 responsiveness within 3 weeks. PNM transduction upregulated genes associated with glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and β-cell maturation. In recipient diabetic mice, PNM-transduced psBCs showed glucose-responsive insulin secretion as early as 1 week post transplantation. Thus, enhanced pre-emptive β-cell specification of PSCs by PNM drives generation of glucose- and incretin-responsive psBCs in vitro, offering a competent tissue-primed biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jason M Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Claire A Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dennis Wigle
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Glycine Metabolism and Its Alterations in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061356. [PMID: 31208147 PMCID: PMC6627940 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is the proteinogenic amino-acid of lowest molecular weight, harboring a hydrogen atom as a side-chain. In addition to being a building-block for proteins, glycine is also required for multiple metabolic pathways, such as glutathione synthesis and regulation of one-carbon metabolism. Although generally viewed as a non-essential amino-acid, because it can be endogenously synthesized to a certain extent, glycine has also been suggested as a conditionally essential amino acid. In metabolic disorders associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLDs), lower circulating glycine levels have been consistently observed, and clinical studies suggest the existence of beneficial effects induced by glycine supplementation. The present review aims at synthesizing the recent advances in glycine metabolism, pinpointing its main metabolic pathways, identifying the causes leading to glycine deficiency-especially in obesity and associated metabolic disorders-and evaluating the potential benefits of increasing glycine availability to curb the progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This study focuses on the importance of diet, gut microbiota, and liver metabolism in determining glycine availability in obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Evans K, Wang X, Roper MG. Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separation for determination of L- and D-primary amines released from murine islets of Langerhans. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:1276-1283. [PMID: 31073338 PMCID: PMC6502259 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
D-amino acids have been located in various tissues including the endocrine portion of the pancreas, the islets of Langerhans. D-Serine (D-Ser), is of particular interest since it is an agonist for the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. To examine the potential release of D-Ser and other D-amino acids from islets, a chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was developed by derivatizing primary amines with 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde and to achieve resolution of the enantiomers, two surfactants were used in the separation, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate. With the optimized conditions, 7 of 13 enantiomeric pairs that were tested had greater than baseline resolution, while the resolution of numerous other L-amino acids and small molecules were maintained. For the 17 compounds that were fully resolved, limits of detection were less than 10 nM. The resulting optimized separation method produced high efficiency peaks, with an average of 300,000 theoretical plates per peak and a peak capacity of 120. The method was used to examine the release of small molecules from groups of 50 murine islets of Langerhans. A peak was detected from islets incubated with 20 mM glucose that co-migrated with a D-Ser standard, although its level was below the quantifiable limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Michael G. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
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Al-Aama JY, Al Mahdi HB, Salama MA, Bakur KH, Alhozali A, Mosli HH, Bahijri SM, Bahieldin A, Willmitzer L, Edris S. Detection of Secondary Metabolites as Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2675-2684. [PMID: 31908508 PMCID: PMC6930579 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s215528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes, or T2D, is a metabolic disease that results in insulin resistance. In the present study, we hypothesize that metabolomic analysis in blood samples of T2D patients sharing the same ethnic background can recover new metabolic biomarkers and pathways that elucidate early diagnosis and predict the incidence of T2D. METHODS The study included 34 T2D patients and 33 healthy volunteers recruited between the years 2012 and 2013; the secondary metabolites were extracted from blood samples and analyzed using HPLC. RESULTS Principal coordinate analysis and hierarchical clustering patterns for the uncharacterized negatively and positively charged metabolites indicated that samples from healthy individuals and T2D patients were largely separated with only a few exceptions. The inspection of the top 10% secondary metabolites indicated an increase in fucose, tryptophan and choline levels in the T2D patients, while there was a reduction in carnitine, homoserine, allothreonine, serine and betaine as compared to healthy individuals. These metabolites participate mainly in three cross-talking pathways, namely "glucagon signaling", "glycine, serine and threonine" and "bile secretion". Reduced level of carnitine in T2D patients is known to participate in the impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, while reduced betaine level in T2D patients is known as a common feature of this metabolic syndrome and can result in the reduced glycine production and the occurrence of insulin resistance. However, reduced levels of serine, homoserine and allothrionine, substrates for glycine production, indicate the depletion of glycine, thus possibly impair insulin sensitivity in T2D patients of the present study. CONCLUSION We introduce serine, homoserine and allothrionine as new potential biomarkers of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Y Al-Aama
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, Jeddah, KSA
- Correspondence: Sherif Edris; Jumana Y Al-Aama King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSATel +966 593 66 23 84 Email ;
| | - Hadiah B Al Mahdi
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Mohammed A Salama
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Khadija H Bakur
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Amani Alhozali
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Hala H Mosli
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Suhad M Bahijri
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Jeddah, KSA
- Ain Shams University, Department of Genetics, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Molecular Physiology, Golm, DE, Germany
| | - Sherif Edris
- King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSA
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Jeddah, KSA
- Ain Shams University, Department of Genetics, Cairo, Egypt
- Correspondence: Sherif Edris; Jumana Y Al-Aama King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, KSATel +966 593 66 23 84 Email ;
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Metabolic Signature Differentiated Diabetes Mellitus from Lipid Disorder in Elderly Taiwanese. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010013. [PMID: 30577665 PMCID: PMC6352219 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex progression of biological processes and is the causal contributor to the development of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is the most common degenerative disease and is the fifth leading cause of death in Taiwan, where the trend of DM mortality has been steadily increasing. Metabolomics, important branch of systems biology, has been mainly utilized to understand endogenous metabolites in biological systems and their dynamic changes as they relate to endogenous and exogenous factors. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the metabolomic profiles in elderly people and its relation to lipid disorder (LD). We collected 486 elderly individuals aged ≥65 years and performed untargeted and targeted metabolite analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Several metabolites, including branched-chain amino acids, alanine, glutamate and alpha-aminoadipic acid were elevated in LD compared to the control group. Based on multivariate analysis, four metabolites were selected in the best model to predict DM progression: phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl (PC ae) C34:3, PC ae C44:3, SM C24:1 and PCae C36:3. The combined area under the curve (AUC) of those metabolites (0.82) was better for DM classification than individual values. This study found that targeted metabolic signatures not only distinguish the LD within the control group but also differentiated DM from LD in elderly Taiwanese. These metabolites could indicate the nutritional status and act as potential metabolic biomarkers for the elderly in Taiwan.
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Nesterov SV, Yaguzhinsky LS, Podoprigora GI, Nartsissov YR. Autocatalytic cycle in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus: biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of metabolic therapy with natural amino acids on the example of glycine. DIABETES MELLITUS 2018. [DOI: 10.14341/dm9529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work systematization (classification) of biochemical and physiological processes that cause disorders in the human body during the development of diabetes mellitus is carried out. The development of the disease is considered as the interaction and mutual reinforcement of two groups of parallel processes. The first group has a molecular nature and it is associated with impairment of ROS-regulation system which includes NADPH oxidases, RAGE receptors, mitochondria, cellular peroxireductase system and the immune system. The second group has a pathophysiological nature and it is associated with impairment of microcirculation and liver metabolism. The analysis of diabetes biochemistry based on different published references yields a creation of a block diagram evaluating the disease development over time. Two types of autocatalytic processes were identified: autocatalysis in the cascade of biochemical reactions and "cross-section" catalysis, in which biochemical and pathophysiological processes reinforce each other. The developed model has shown the possibility of using pharmacologically active natural metabolite glycine as a medicine inhibiting the development of diabetes. Despite the fact that glycine is a substitute amino acid the drop in the glycine blood concentration occurs even in the early stages of diabetes development and can aggravate the disease. It is shown that glycine is a potential blocker of key autocatalytic cycles, including biochemical and pathophysiological processes. The analysis of the glycine action based on the developed model is in complete agreement with the results of clinical trials in which glycine has improved blood biochemistry of diabetic patients and thereby it prevents the development of diabetic complications.
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Rom O, Villacorta L, Zhang J, Chen YE, Aviram M. Emerging therapeutic potential of glycine in cardiometabolic diseases: dual benefits in lipid and glucose metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:428-432. [PMID: 30153136 PMCID: PMC6198663 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Hall E, Dekker Nitert M, Volkov P, Malmgren S, Mulder H, Bacos K, Ling C. The effects of high glucose exposure on global gene expression and DNA methylation in human pancreatic islets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:57-67. [PMID: 29183809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia. The effects of elevated glucose on global gene expression in combination with DNA methylation patterns have not yet been studied in human pancreatic islets. Our aim was to study the impact of 48 h exposure to high (19 mM) versus control (5.6 mM) glucose levels on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, gene expression and DNA methylation in human pancreatic islets. RESULTS While islets kept at 5.6 mM glucose secreted significantly more insulin in response to short term glucose-stimulation (p = 0.0067), islets exposed to high glucose for 48 h were desensitised and unresponsive to short term glucose-stimulation with respect to insulin secretion (p = 0.32). Moreover, the exposure of human islets to 19 mM glucose resulted in significantly altered expression of eight genes (FDR<5%), with five of these (GLRA1, RASD1, VAC14, SLCO5A1, CHRNA5) also exhibiting changes in DNA methylation (p < 0.05). A gene set enrichment analysis of the expression data showed significant enrichment of e.g. TGF-beta signalling pathway, Notch signalling pathway and SNARE interactions in vesicular transport; these pathways are of relevance for islet function and possibly also diabetes. We also found increased DNA methylation of CpG sites annotated to PDX1 in human islets exposed to 19 mM glucose for 48 h. Finally, we could functionally validate a role for Glra1 in insulin secretion. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that high glucose levels affect human pancreatic islet gene expression and several of these genes also exhibit epigenetic changes. This might contribute to the impaired insulin secretion seen in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hall
- Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Herston Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Petr Volkov
- Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Siri Malmgren
- Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden; Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Bacos
- Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Box 50332, 20213 Malmö, Sweden.
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Chen L, Zhang J, Li C, Wang Z, Li J, Zhao D, Wang S, Zhang H, Huang Y, Guo X. Glycine Transporter-1 and glycine receptor mediate the antioxidant effect of glycine in diabetic rat islets and INS-1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 123:53-61. [PMID: 29753073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the main inducer of β-cell damage, which underlies the pathogenesis of diabetes. Evidence suggests that glycine, a recognized antioxidant, may improve β-cell function; however, its mechanism in protecting diabetic β-cells against oxidative stress has not been directly investigated. Using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, we evaluated whether glycine can attenuate diabetic β-cell damage induced by oxidative stress. In diabetic rats, glycine stimulated insulin secretion; enhanced plasma glutathione (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase levels; reduced plasma 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine and islet p22phox levels; and improved islet β-cell mitochondrial degeneration and insulin granule degranulation. In INS-1 cells, glycine reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and inhibited apoptosis induced by high glucose or H2O2. Glycine transporter-1 inhibitor blocked the antioxidative effect of glycine by reducing the intracellular GSH content, and glycine receptor inhibitor reversed the glycine antioxidative effect by blocking p22phox. Collectively, our findings reveal a mechanism by which glycine protects diabetic β-cells against damage caused by oxidative stress by increasing glycine transporter-1-mediated synthesis of GSH and by reducing glycine receptor-mediated ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100034, China
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Stuhlmann T, Planells-Cases R, Jentsch TJ. LRRC8/VRAC anion channels enhance β-cell glucose sensing and insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29773801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467‐018‐04353‐y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis depends critically on insulin that is secreted by pancreatic β-cells. Serum glucose, which is directly sensed by β-cells, stimulates depolarization- and Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin granules. Here we show that pancreatic islets prominently express LRRC8A and LRRC8D, subunits of volume-regulated VRAC anion channels. Hypotonicity- or glucose-induced β-cell swelling elicits canonical LRRC8A-dependent VRAC currents that depolarize β-cells to an extent that causes electrical excitation. Glucose-induced excitation and Ca2+ responses are delayed in onset, but not abolished, in β-cells lacking the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A. Whereas Lrrc8a disruption does not affect tolbutamide- or high-K+-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, it reduces first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion. Mice lacking VRAC in β-cells have normal resting serum glucose levels but impaired glucose tolerance. We propose that opening of LRRC8/VRAC channels increases glucose sensitivity and insulin secretion of β-cells synergistically with KATP closure. Neurotransmitter-permeable LRRC8D-containing VRACs might have additional roles in autocrine/paracrine signaling within islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Stuhlmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Graduate Program of the Faculty for Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Planells-Cases
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Stuhlmann T, Planells-Cases R, Jentsch TJ. LRRC8/VRAC anion channels enhance β-cell glucose sensing and insulin secretion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1974. [PMID: 29773801 PMCID: PMC5958052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis depends critically on insulin that is secreted by pancreatic β-cells. Serum glucose, which is directly sensed by β-cells, stimulates depolarization- and Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin granules. Here we show that pancreatic islets prominently express LRRC8A and LRRC8D, subunits of volume-regulated VRAC anion channels. Hypotonicity- or glucose-induced β-cell swelling elicits canonical LRRC8A-dependent VRAC currents that depolarize β-cells to an extent that causes electrical excitation. Glucose-induced excitation and Ca2+ responses are delayed in onset, but not abolished, in β-cells lacking the essential VRAC subunit LRRC8A. Whereas Lrrc8a disruption does not affect tolbutamide- or high-K+-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, it reduces first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion. Mice lacking VRAC in β-cells have normal resting serum glucose levels but impaired glucose tolerance. We propose that opening of LRRC8/VRAC channels increases glucose sensitivity and insulin secretion of β-cells synergistically with KATP closure. Neurotransmitter-permeable LRRC8D-containing VRACs might have additional roles in autocrine/paracrine signaling within islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Stuhlmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Graduate Program of the Faculty for Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Planells-Cases
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Pancreatic Islet Blood Flow Dynamics in Primates. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1490-1501. [PMID: 28793270 PMCID: PMC5575201 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow regulation in pancreatic islets is critical for function but poorly understood. Here, we establish an in vivo imaging platform in a non-human primate where islets transplanted autologously into the anterior chamber of the eye are monitored non-invasively and longitudinally at single-cell resolution. Engrafted islets were vascularized and innervated and maintained the cytoarchitecture of in situ islets in the pancreas. Blood flow velocity in the engrafted islets was not affected by increasing blood glucose levels and/or the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. However, islet blood flow was dynamic in nature and fluctuated in various capillaries. This was associated with vasoconstriction events resembling a sphincter-like action, most likely regulated by adrenergic signaling. These observations suggest a mechanism in primate islets that diverts blood flow to cell regions with higher metabolic demand. The described imaging technology applied in non-human primate islets may contribute to a better understanding of human islet pathophysiology. Monkey islets transplanted autologously into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) Monkey ACE islets imaged in vivo, longitudinally, and at single-cell resolution Monkey islet blood flow is dynamic and unaffected by glucose/liraglutide treatment Directional blood flow may be explained by islet structure-function relationship
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Hart NJ, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Fayolle C, Thames AH, Bautista A, Spigelman AF, Babon JAB, DeNicola ME, Dadi PK, Bush WS, Balamurugan AN, Brissova M, Dai C, Prasad N, Bottino R, Jacobson DA, Drumm ML, Kent SC, MacDonald PE, Powers AC. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is caused by islet loss and inflammation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98240. [PMID: 29669939 PMCID: PMC5931120 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis-related (CF-related) diabetes (CFRD) is an increasingly common and devastating comorbidity of CF, affecting approximately 35% of adults with CF. However, the underlying causes of CFRD are unclear. Here, we examined cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) islet expression and whether the CFTR participates in islet endocrine cell function using murine models of β cell CFTR deletion and normal and CF human pancreas and islets. Specific deletion of CFTR from murine β cells did not affect β cell function. In human islets, CFTR mRNA was minimally expressed, and CFTR protein and electrical activity were not detected. Isolated CF/CFRD islets demonstrated appropriate insulin and glucagon secretion, with few changes in key islet-regulatory transcripts. Furthermore, approximately 65% of β cell area was lost in CF donors, compounded by pancreatic remodeling and immune infiltration of the islet. These results indicate that CFRD is caused by β cell loss and intraislet inflammation in the setting of a complex pleiotropic disease and not by intrinsic islet dysfunction from CFTR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cody Fayolle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ariel H. Thames
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aliya F. Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny Aurielle B. Babon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan E. DeNicola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prasanna K. Dadi
- School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William S. Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Appakalai N. Balamurugan
- Center for Cellular Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Allegheny Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Jacobson
- School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mitchell L. Drumm
- School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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46
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Rorsman P, Ashcroft FM. Pancreatic β-Cell Electrical Activity and Insulin Secretion: Of Mice and Men. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:117-214. [PMID: 29212789 PMCID: PMC5866358 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell plays a key role in glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone capable of lowering the blood glucose concentration. Impaired insulin secretion results in the chronic hyperglycemia that characterizes type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which currently afflicts >450 million people worldwide. The healthy β-cell acts as a glucose sensor matching its output to the circulating glucose concentration. It does so via metabolically induced changes in electrical activity, which culminate in an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and initiation of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the β-cell transcriptome, electrical activity, and insulin exocytosis. We highlight salient differences between mouse and human β-cells, provide models of how the different ion channels contribute to their electrical activity and insulin secretion, and conclude by discussing how these processes become perturbed in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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47
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Zhang Y, Su W, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu H, Luo J, Zhan L, Xia Z, Lei S. Glycine Protects H9C2 Cardiomyocytes from High Glucose- and Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury via Inhibiting PKC β2 Activation and Improving Mitochondrial Quality. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9502895. [PMID: 29850613 PMCID: PMC5904807 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9502895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes are more vulnerable to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), which is involved in PKCβ2 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Glycine has been documented as a cytoprotective agent to attenuate diabetes-related abnormalities and reduce myocardial IRI, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We determined whether glycine could attenuate high glucose- (HG-) and hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced injury by inhibiting PKCβ2 activation and improving mitochondrial quality in cultured H9C2 cells. METHODS H9C2 cells were either exposed to low glucose (LG) or HG conditions with or without treatment of glycine or CGP53353 (a selective inhibitor of PKCβ2) for 48 h, then subjected to 4 h of hypoxia followed by 2 h of reoxygenation (H/R). Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were detected using corresponding commercial kits. Mitochondrial quality control-related proteins (LC-3II, Mfn-2, and Cyt-C) and PKCβ2 activation were detected by Western blot. RESULTS HG stimulation significantly decreased cell viability and SOD activity and increased LDH release, MDA production, and PKCβ2 activation as compared to LG group, all of which changes were further increased by H/R insult. Glycine or CGP53353 treatment significantly reduced the increase of LDH release, MDA production, PKCβ2 activation, and Cyt-C expression and the decrease of cell viability, SOD activity, MMP, Mfn-2 expression, and LC-3II/LC-3I ratio induced by HG and H/R stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Supplementary glycine protects H9C2 cells from HG- and H/R-induced cellular injury by suppressing PKCβ2 activation and improving mitochondria quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wating Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongxia Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Zhan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoqing Lei
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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48
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Gar C, Rottenkolber M, Prehn C, Adamski J, Seissler J, Lechner A. Serum and plasma amino acids as markers of prediabetes, insulin resistance, and incident diabetes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 55:21-32. [PMID: 29239245 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1414143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Presently, routine screening misses many cases of prediabetes and early type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, better biomarkers are needed for a simple and early detection of abnormalities of glucose metabolism and prediction of future T2D. Possible candidates for this include plasma or serum amino acids because glucose and amino acid metabolism are closely connected. This review presents the available evidence of this connectivity and discusses its clinical implications. First, we examine the underlying physiological, pre-analytical, and analytical issues. Then, we summarize results of human studies that evaluate amino acid levels as markers for insulin resistance, prediabetes, and future incident T2D. Finally, we illustrate the interconnection of amino acid levels and metabolic syndrome with our own data from a deeply phenotyped human cohort. We also discuss how amino acids may contribute to the pathophysiology of T2D. We conclude that elevated branched-chain amino acids and reduced glycine are currently the most robust and consistent amino acid markers for prediabetes, insulin resistance, and future T2D. Yet, we are cautious regarding the clinical potential even of these parameters because their discriminatory power is insufficient and their levels depend not only on glycemia, but also on other components of the metabolic syndrome. The identification of more precise intermediates of amino acid metabolism or combinations with other biomarkers will, therefore, be necessary to obtain in order to develop laboratory tests that can improve T2D screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gar
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - M Rottenkolber
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - C Prehn
- d Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - J Adamski
- c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany.,d Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center , Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,e Lehrstuhl fu¨r Experimentelle Genetik , Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - J Seissler
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - A Lechner
- a Diabetes Research Group , Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München , Munich , Germany.,b Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany.,c Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
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49
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Adeva-Andany M, Souto-Adeva G, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Domínguez-Montero A. Insulin resistance and glycine metabolism in humans. Amino Acids 2017; 50:11-27. [PMID: 29094215 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasma glycine level is low in patients with obesity or diabetes and the improvement of insulin resistance increases plasma glycine concentration. In prospective studies, hypoglycinemia at baseline predicts the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and higher serum glycine level is associated with decreased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Consistently, plasma glycine concentration is lower in the lean offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy subjects. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, hypoglycinemia occurs before clinical manifestations of the disease, but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying glycine deficit and its potential clinical repercussions are unclear. Glycine participates in several metabolic pathways, being required for relevant human physiological processes. Humans synthesize glycine from glyoxylate, glucose (via serine), betaine and likely from threonine and during the endogenous synthesis of L-carnitine. Glycine conjugates bile acids and other acyl moieties producing acyl-glycine derivatives. The glycine cleavage system catalyzes glycine degradation to carbon dioxide and ammonium while tetrahydrofolate is converted into 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate. Glycine is utilized to synthesize serine, sarcosine, purines, creatine, heme group, glutathione, and collagen. Glycine is a major quantitative component of collagen. In addition, the role of glycine maintaining collagen structure is critical, as glycine residues are required to stabilize the triple helix of the collagen molecule. This quality of glycine likely contributes to explain the occurrence of medial arterial calcification and the elevated cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, as emerging evidence links normal collagen content with the initiation and progression of vascular calcification in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adeva-Andany
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain.
| | - G Souto-Adeva
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda, USA
| | - E Ameneiros-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Fernández
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - C Donapetry-García
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
| | - A Domínguez-Montero
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, Spain
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50
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Pepper AR, Pawlick R, Bruni A, Wink J, Rafiei Y, O'Gorman D, Yan-Do R, Gala-Lopez B, Kin T, MacDonald PE, Shapiro AMJ. Transplantation of Human Pancreatic Endoderm Cells Reverses Diabetes Post Transplantation in a Prevascularized Subcutaneous Site. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1689-1700. [PMID: 28591651 PMCID: PMC5470173 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-cell replacement therapy is an effective means to restore glucose homeostasis in select humans with autoimmune diabetes. The scarcity of "healthy" human donor pancreata restricts the broader application of this effective curative therapy. "β-Like" cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC), with the capacity to secrete insulin in a glucose-regulated manner, have been developed in vitro, with limitless capacity for expansion. Here we report long-term diabetes correction in mice transplanted with hESC-derived pancreatic endoderm cells (PECs) in a prevascularized subcutaneous site. This advancement mitigates chronic foreign-body response, utilizes a device- and growth factor-free approach, facilitates in vivo differentiation of PECs into glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells, and reliably restores glycemic control. Basal and stimulated human C-peptide secretion was detected throughout the study, which was abolished upon graft removal. Recipient mice demonstrated physiological clearance of glucose in response to metabolic challenge and safely retrieved grafts contained viable glucose regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Pepper
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440 Walter C Mackenzie Health Centre 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T5G 2B7, Canada
| | - Rena Pawlick
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Antonio Bruni
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440 Walter C Mackenzie Health Centre 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T5G 2B7, Canada
| | - John Wink
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yasmin Rafiei
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Doug O'Gorman
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Richard Yan-Do
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-70 Medical Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Boris Gala-Lopez
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440 Walter C Mackenzie Health Centre 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T5G 2B7, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 9-70 Medical Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 112 Street & 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440 Walter C Mackenzie Health Centre 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T5G 2B7, Canada.
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