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Structural Consequences of IRS-2 nsSNPs and Implication for Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Protein Stability. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:69-86. [PMID: 35727487 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are common genetic variations implicated in human diseases. The non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) affect the proteins' structures and their molecular interactions with other interacting proteins during the accomplishment of biochemical processes. This ultimately causes proteins functional perturbation and disease phenotypes. The Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) protein promotes glucose absorption and participates in the biological regulation of glucose metabolism and energy production. Several IRS-2 SNPs are reported in association with type 2 diabetes and obesity in human populations. However, there are no comprehensive reports about the protein structural consequences of these nsSNPs. Keeping in view the pathophysiological consequences of the IRS-2 nsSNPs, we designed the current study to understand their possible structural impact on coding protein. The prioritized list of the deleterious IRS-2 nsSNPs was acquired from multiple bioinformatics resources, including VEP (SIFT, PolyPhen, and Condel), PROVEAN, SNPs&GO, PMut, and SNAP2. The protein structure stability assessment of these nsSNPs was performed by MuPro and I-Mutant-3.0 servers via structural modeling approaches. The atomic-level structural and molecular dynamics (MD) impact of these nsSNPs were examined using GROMACS 2019.2 software package. The analyses initially predicted 8 high-risk nsSNPs located in the highly conserved regions of IRS-2. The MD simulation analysis eventually prioritized the N232Y, R218C, and R104H nsSNPs that predicted to significantly compromise the structure stability and may affect the biological function of IRS-2. These nsSNPs are predicted as high-risk candidates for diabetes and obesity. The validation of protein structural impact of these shortlisted nsSNPs may provide biochemical insight into the IRS-2-mediated type-2 diabetes.
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Forbes BE, Blyth AJ, Wit JM. Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111035. [PMID: 32941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism and growth, through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). The growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis is the major regulator of longitudinal growth. IGF-II is expressed in many tissues, notably the placenta, to regulate human pre- and post-natal growth and development. This review provides a brief introduction to the IGF system and summarizes findings from reports arising from recent larger genomic sequencing studies of human genetic mutations in IGF1 and IGF2 and genes of proteins regulating IGF action, namely the IGF-1R, IGF-1R signaling pathway components and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). A perspective on the effect of homozygous mutations on structure and function of the IGFs and IGF-1R is also given and this is related to the effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Blyth
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Ijaz A, Babar S, Sarwar S, Shahid SU. The combined role of allelic variants of IRS-1 and IRS-2 genes in susceptibility to type2 diabetes in the Punjabi Pakistani subjects. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:64. [PMID: 31404179 PMCID: PMC6683393 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disorder characterized by a high level of glucose in the blood. Both genetic and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins have a significant part in insulin signaling pathways. We aimed to investigate the relationship of type 2 diabetes with a Gly972Arg (G972R) variant of the IRS-1 gene and Gly1057Asp (G1057D) polymorphism of IRS-2 gene in the population of Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS We collected 926 samples, 500 healthy controls (fasting blood sugar < 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar < 126 mg/dL) and 426 cases with diabetes (fasting blood sugar > 99 mg/dL, random blood sugar > 126 mg/dL). Several anthropometric measurements were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS to determine the allele group/genotype frequency of the selected variants in the study population. RESULTS The genotyping results of G972R by RLFP-PCR showed the allelic frequency of G = 0.68 and R = 0.32 in controls while G = 0.71 and R = 0.29 in the cases. The minor R allele had a slightly higher frequency in the cases than the controls (OR = 0.86, CI 0.706-1.052, p = 0.17). The genotyping results of G1057D showed allelic frequency G = 0.74 and D = 0.26 in the controls while G = 0.961 and D = 0.29 in the cases. The minor D allele appeared to be a risk allele for this SNP although the difference in the allele frequencies was not statistically significant (OR = 1.55, CI 0.961-1.41, p = 0.108). The combined genotype analysis showed that the difference in the allele and genotype frequencies reached statistical difference between the cases and the controls as well as the odds ratio substantially increased when the R allele (G972R) was present together with D allele (G1057D) in any combination. When the association of single variants with the lipid traits was observed, only D allele (G1057D) showed significant association with TG, HDL and LDL, however when the analysis was repeated for combined genotypes using general linear model, many more significant associations between the genotype where D allele and R allele are together, were seen with many lipid traits. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the single nucleotide polymorphisms with low-modest effect size may not affect the phenotype individually but when in combination, the effect becomes stronger and more visible, therefore, for the SNP association studies, the more the number of SNPs included in the analysis, the more meaningful the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Ijaz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Babar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Sarwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Ullah Shahid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Villegas R, Delahanty R, Williams S, Li H, O'Brian R, Shi J, Cai Q, Xiang YB, Shu XO. Genetic Variation and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged Chinese Men. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 79:357-365. [PMID: 26252243 PMCID: PMC4949159 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of variants in the first three genes in the insulin signaling pathway and genes identified from genome wide association studies (GWAS) of T2D quantitative traits with IR (fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of IR, HOMA-IR) and evaluated gene-environment interactions with IR traits among 1879 nondiabetic middle-aged men from a population-based study conducted in Shanghai, China. One candidate gene, IGF1, was associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. We observed four BMI-gene interactions (P < 0.05) with HOMA-IR (INRS rs7254060, INRS rs7254358, GLU4 rs2113050, and GLU4 rs7713127) and seven BMI-gene interactions with fasting insulin (INRS rs7254060, INRS rs7254358, INRS rs10417205, INRS rs1799817, GLU4 rs12054720 GLU4 rs2113050, and GLU4 rs7713127). There were four WHR-gene interactions with HOMA-IR (INRS rs10417205, INRS rs12971499, INRS rs7254060, and INRS rs7254358), five WHR-gene interactions with fasting insulin (INRS rs10417205, INRS rs7254060, INRS rs7254358, GLU4 rs2113050, and GLU4 rs7713127), eight physical activity-gene interactions with HOMA-IR (INRS rs10411676, INRS rs11671297, INRS rs2229431, INRS rs12461909, INRS rs6510950, INRS rs10420382, IRS2 rs913949, and IRS2 rs2241745) and five physical activity-gene interactions with fasting insulin (INRS rs2229431, INRS rs12461909, INRS rs10420382, IRS2 rs913949, and IRS2 rs2241745). Our results suggest that BMI, WHR and physical activity may modify IR-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Villegas
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Ryan Delahanty
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Scott Williams
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Richard O'Brian
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
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Banerji J. Asparaginase treatment side-effects may be due to genes with homopolymeric Asn codons (Review-Hypothesis). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:607-26. [PMID: 26178806 PMCID: PMC4533780 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present treatment of childhood T-cell leukemias involves the systemic administration of prokary-otic L-asparaginase (ASNase), which depletes plasma Asparagine (Asn) and inhibits protein synthesis. The mechanism of therapeutic action of ASNase is poorly understood, as are the etiologies of the side-effects incurred by treatment. Protein expression from genes bearing Asn homopolymeric coding regions (N-hCR) may be particularly susceptible to Asn level fluctuation. In mammals, N-hCR are rare, short and conserved. In humans, misfunctions of genes encoding N-hCR are associated with a cluster of disorders that mimic ASNase therapy side-effects which include impaired glycemic control, dislipidemia, pancreatitis, compromised vascular integrity, and neurological dysfunction. This paper proposes that dysregulation of Asn homeostasis, potentially even by ASNase produced by the microbiome, may contribute to several clinically important syndromes by altering expression of N-hCR bearing genes. By altering amino acid abundance and modulating ribosome translocation rates at codon repeats, the microbiomic environment may contribute to genome decoding and to shaping the proteome. We suggest that impaired translation at poly Asn codons elevates diabetes risk and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Banerji
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, MGH, Simches Research Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
The phenotype of many regulatory circuits in which mutations can cause complex, polygenic diseases is to some extent robust to DNA mutations that affect circuit components. Here I demonstrate how such mutational robustness can prevent the discovery of genetic disease determinants. To make my case, I use a mathematical model of the insulin signaling pathway implicated in type 2 diabetes, whose signaling output is governed by 15 genetically determined parameters. Using multiple complementary measures of a parameter's importance for this phenotype, I show that any one disease determinant that is crucial in one genetic background will be virtually irrelevant in other backgrounds. In an evolving population that drifts through the parameter space of this or other robust circuits through DNA mutations, the genetic changes that can cause disease will vary randomly over time. I call this phenomenon causal drift. It means that mutations causing disease in one (human or non-human) population may have no effect in another population, and vice versa. Causal drift casts doubt on our ability to infer the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases from non-human model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wagner
- University of Zurich, Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- The Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira JM, Rebuffat SA, Gasa R, Gomis R. Targeting type 2 diabetes: lessons from a knockout model of insulin receptor substrate 2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:613-20. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is a widely expressed protein that regulates crucial biological processes including glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell survival. IRS2 is part of the insulin – insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway and mediates the activation of the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt and the Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in insulin target tissues and in the pancreas. The best evidence of this is that systemic elimination of the Irs2 in mice (Irs2−/−) recapitulates the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), in that diabetes arises as a consequence of combined insulin resistance and beta-cell failure. Indeed, work using this knockout mouse has confirmed the importance of IRS2 in the control of glucose homeostasis and especially in the survival and function of pancreatic beta-cells. These studies have shown that IRS2 is critically required for beta-cell compensation in conditions of increased insulin demand. Importantly, islets isolated from T2D patients exhibit reduced IRS2 expression, which supports the likely contribution of altered IRS2-dependent signaling to beta-cell failure in human T2D. For all these reasons, the Irs2−/− mouse has been and will be essential for elucidating the inter-relationship between beta-cell function and insulin resistance, as well as to delineate therapeutic strategies to protect beta-cells during T2D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Moitinho Oliveira
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigations Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Esther Koplowitz, C/Rosselló, 149-153 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra A. Rebuffat
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigations Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Esther Koplowitz, C/Rosselló, 149-153 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Gasa
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigations Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Esther Koplowitz, C/Rosselló, 149-153 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigations Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Centre Esther Koplowitz, C/Rosselló, 149-153 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Polymorphisms in PPARγ (Pro12Ala, C1431T), IRS1 (G972R), IRS2 (G1057D) and Coronary artery disease. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-013-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
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Chan SH, Chen JH, Li YH, Tsai LM. Gly1057Asp polymorphism of insulin receptor substrate-2 is associated with coronary artery disease in the Taiwanese population. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:100. [PMID: 23216712 PMCID: PMC3541354 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gly1057Asp polymorphism in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 is related to insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus (DM), which both contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Hence, we hypothesize that Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 is associated with CAD. Methods Patients receiving elective coronary angiography were enrolled. Significant stenosis is defined as a luminal diameter stenosis greater than 50%. Patients without significant stenosis were defined as group A, and those with significant stenosis in at least one major coronary artery were defined as group B. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 and CAD. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated as a representative of insulin resistance. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 and the HOMA-IR index. Results There were 170 patients in group A and 284 patients in group B. The Gly allele frequencies were 54.7% for group A and 60.9% for group B (p = 0.077). The Gly/Gly + Gly/Asp genotype frequency was 74.1% for group A and 84.9% for group B (p = 0.007). After adjustments for conventional risk factors in multivariate logistic regression, the odds ratio for CAD in patients with the Gly/Gly + Gly/Asp genotype was 2.008 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.210-3.332, p = 0.007], using patients with the Asp/Asp genotype as a reference group. The concurrence of Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 with DM is correlated with occurrence of CAD. In multivariate logistic regression, employing non-diabetics with the Asp/Asp genotype as a reference group, the odds ratio for CAD was 1.561 [95% CI = 0.517-4.713, p = 0.430] for diabetics with the Asp/Asp genotype, 1.922 [95% CI = 1.086-3.400, p = 0.025] for non-diabetics with the Gly/Gly + Gly/Asp genotype, and 3.629 [95% CI = 1.820-7.236, p < 0.001] for diabetics with the Gly/Gly + Gly/Asp genotype. There was no association between Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 and HOMA-IR index. Conclusion Gly allele at codon 1057 in IRS-2 is correlated with an increased susceptibility to CAD in the Taiwanese population. There is a synergistic effect toward CAD between the pathogenicity of DM and that of the Gly allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Chan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Mazzoccoli G, Dagostino MP, Fontana A, Grandone E, Favuzzi G, Tiscia G, Margaglione M, de Matthaeis A, Greco A, Vendemiale G. Influence of the Gly1057Asp variant of the insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) on insulin resistance and relationship with epicardial fat thickness in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:988-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Haghani K, Bakhtiyari S. The Study on the Relationship Between IRS-1 Gly972Arg and IRS-2 Gly1057Asp Polymorphisms and Type 2 Diabetes in the Kurdish Ethnic Group in West Iran. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1270-6. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Zhao XM, Chen J, Yang L, Luo X, Xu LL, Liu DX, Zhai SL, Li P, Wang XR. Association between IRS-2 G1057D polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 4:9-15. [PMID: 22347534 PMCID: PMC3277875 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v4.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) G1057D polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in a Chinese population.
METHODS: A case-control study with 197 GC patients and 156 age- and sex- matched control subjects was conducted. The genotypes of polymorphism were assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.
RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of IRS-2 G1057D polymorphism in cases were obviously different from those in the control group (P = 0.031). Compared with GG genotype carriers, the risk for GC was significantly higher (adjusted odds ratio = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.03-5.23, P = 0.042) in the individuals with the IRS-2 DD genotype. Furthermore, stratified analysis was performed based on age, sex, smoking status and residence, but no significant difference between the two groups was found. In addition, no significant association between genotypes and clinicopathological features was observed either.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that IRS-2 G1057D is involved in susceptibility to GC, although further large-sample studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Zhao
- Xiao-Mei Zhao, Xuan Luo, Lin-Lin Xu, Su-Lan Zhai, Ping Li, Xue-Rong Wang, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Butte NF, Voruganti VS, Cole SA, Haack K, Comuzzie AG, Muzny DM, Wheeler DA, Chang K, Hawes A, Gibbs RA. Resequencing of IRS2 reveals rare variants for obesity but not fasting glucose homeostasis in Hispanic children. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1029-37. [PMID: 21771880 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00019.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to resequence insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) to identify variants associated with obesity- and diabetes-related traits in Hispanic children. Exonic and intronic segments, 5' and 3' flanking regions of IRS2 (∼14.5 kb), were bidirectionally sequenced for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in 934 Hispanic children using 3730XL DNA Sequencers. Additionally, 15 SNPs derived from Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChips were analyzed. Measured genotype analysis tested associations between SNPs and obesity and diabetes-related traits. Bayesian quantitative trait nucleotide analysis was used to statistically infer the most likely functional polymorphisms. A total of 140 SNPs were identified with minor allele frequencies (MAF) ranging from 0.001 to 0.47. Forty-two of the 70 coding SNPs result in nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions relative to the consensus sequence; 28 SNPs were detected in the promoter, 12 in introns, 28 in the 3'-UTR, and 2 in the 5'-UTR. Two insertion/deletions (indels) were detected. Ten independent rare SNPs (MAF = 0.001-0.009) were associated with obesity-related traits (P = 0.01-0.00002). SNP 10510452_139 in the promoter region was shown to have a high posterior probability (P = 0.77-0.86) of influencing BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference in Hispanic children. SNP 10510452_139 contributed between 2 and 4% of the population variance in body weight and composition. None of the SNPs or indels were associated with diabetes-related traits or accounted for a previously identified quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13 for fasting serum glucose. Rare but not common IRS2 variants may play a role in the regulation of body weight but not an essential role in fasting glucose homeostasis in Hispanic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Baroudi Ouederni T, Sanchez-Corona J, Martinez SEF, Ben Maiz H, Aounallah Skhiri H, Kammoun Abid H, Benammar-Elgaaied A. The G1057D polymorphism of IRS-2 gene is not associated with type 2 diabetes and obese patients among ethnic groups in Tunisian population. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bottomley WE, Soos MA, Adams C, Guran T, Howlett TA, Mackie A, Miell J, Monson JP, Temple R, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Tymms J, Savage DB, Semple RK, O'Rahilly S, Barroso I. IRS2 variants and syndromes of severe insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1208-11. [PMID: 19377890 PMCID: PMC2680062 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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López-Miranda J, Pérez-Martínez P, Marin C, Fuentes F, Delgado J, Pérez-Jiménez F. Dietary fat, genes and insulin sensitivity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 85:213-26. [PMID: 17171387 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia are determined by genetic and environmental factors. Depending on their expression and their function, gene variants may influence either insulin action or dyslipidaemia. The purpose of this review was to give some examples from recent studies of gene variants that influence insulin signalling and the interaction between gene and diet to predispose insulin resistance. Recent findings indicate a major role for genetic susceptibility to the insulin resistance syndrome. Nutrition also plays an important role in the development and progression of the condition. Genetic background may interact with habitual dietary fat composition, affecting predisposition to the insulin resistance syndrome and individual responsiveness to changes in dietary fat intake. Due to the complex nature of gene-environment interactions, therefore, therapeutic dietary therapy may require a 'personalized' nutrition approach in the future. Although results have not always been consistent, gene variants that affect primary insulin action or dyslipidaemia, and particularly their interaction with the environment, are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Miranda
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Cordova, Spain.
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Wagner K, Hemminki K, Försti A. The GH1/IGF-1 axis polymorphisms and their impact on breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 104:233-48. [PMID: 17082888 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone 1/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH1/IGF-1) axis plays an essential role in the development of the breast by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Imbalances within this axis lead to an aberrant signalling and recent research has focussed on the overexpression of these growth factors and their involvement in breast cancer development. The increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways connected to the GH1/IGF-1 axis has provided important insights into aetiology, prevention and therapy for breast cancer. However, to identify the contribution of the GH1/IGF-1 signalling pathway to cancer risk still remains a challenge since the results of various studies are controversial. Here, we discuss the influence of low-penetrance polymorphisms in the genes along the GH1/IGF-1 axis and their impact on hormone levels and cancer risk, especially breast cancer. We point out what is known about the effects of the variants and show how the interaction of genetic variants affects breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wagner
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology C050, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Bodhini D, Radha V, Deepa R, Ghosh S, Majumder PP, Rao MRS, Mohan V. The G1057D polymorphism of IRS-2 gene and its relationship with obesity in conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:97-102. [PMID: 16652127 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) G1057D polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and obesity in Asian Indians. METHODS The study comprised of 1193 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) subjects and 1018 subjects with type 2 diabetes, aged >/=20 years with an average body mass index of 23.7+/-4.6 and 25.3+/-4.2 kg/m(2), respectively. The subjects were unrelated and randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), a population-based study in Chennai in southern India. The G1057D polymorphism of the IRS-2 gene was genotyped using PCR-RFLP assay. RESULTS The genotype frequency of the IRS-2 G1057D polymorphism was significantly different between the NGT and type 2 diabetic groups (P=0.0007) in the total study subjects and among the obese subjects (P=0.00007). Logistic regression analysis showed that the DD genotype showed an increased susceptibility to diabetes with an odds ratio (adjusted for age and sex) of 2.19 (95% CI: 1.34-3.57, P=0.002) when compared to the GG+GD genotype, among the obese subjects, but not in non obese subjects. In order to explore possible interaction with obesity, logistic regression analysis was performed and the coefficient corresponding to the interaction parameter (genotype x obesity) was significant (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION In Asian Indians, the DD genotype increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes by interacting with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bodhini
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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20
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Thirone ACP, Huang C, Klip A. Tissue-specific roles of IRS proteins in insulin signaling and glucose transport. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006; 17:72-8. [PMID: 16458527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In type 2-diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, the muscle, fat and liver become resistant to insulin, and recent developments place dysregulation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) expression and activation at the center of such defects. IRS1 and IRS2 are the major insulin receptor substrates leading to glucose homeostasis, and have distinct and overlapping roles in diverse organs. The majority of the published literature in this field suggests that IRS1 is the major substrate leading to stimulation of glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissues, whereas in liver, IRS1 and IRS2 have complementary roles in insulin signaling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C P Thirone
- Programme in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a health-care problem worldwide, with the rise in disease prevalence being all the more worrying as it not only affects the developed world but also developing nations with fewer resources to cope with yet another major disease burden. Furthermore, the problem is no longer restricted to the ageing population, as young adults and children are also being diagnosed with T2D. In recent years, there has been a surge in the number of genetic studies of T2D in attempts to identify some of the underlying risk factors. In this review, I highlight the main genes known to cause uncommon monogenic forms of diabetes (e.g. maturity-onset diabetes of the young--MODY--and insulin resistance syndromes), as well as describe some of the main approaches used to identify genes involved in the more common forms of T2D that result from the interaction between environmental risk factors and predisposing genotypes. Linkage and candidate gene studies have been highly successful in the identification of genes that cause the monogenic variants of diabetes and, although progress in the more common forms of T2D has been slow, a number of genes have now been reproducibly associated with T2D risk in multiple studies. These are discussed, as well as the main implications that the diabetes gene discoveries will have in diabetes treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barroso
- Metabolic Disease Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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McGettrick AJ, Feener EP, Kahn CR. Human insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) polymorphism G972R causes IRS-1 to associate with the insulin receptor and inhibit receptor autophosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:6441-6. [PMID: 15590636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly detected polymorphism in human insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), a glycine to arginine change at codon 972 (G972R), is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. To determine the molecular mechanism by which this polymorphism may be linked to insulin resistance, we produced recombinant peptides comprising amino acid residues 925-1008 from IRS-1 that contain either a glycine or arginine at codon 972 and the two nearby tyrosine phosphorylation consensus sites (EY(941)MLM and DY(989)MTM), which are known binding sites for the p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The wild type peptide could be phosphorylated at these sites in vitro by purified insulin receptor. Introduction of the G972R polymorphism into the peptide reduced the amount of tyrosine phosphorylation by >60%. Pull-down experiments indicated that there was an association between the IRS-1-(925-1008) peptide and the insulin receptor that was markedly enhanced by the presence of the G972R polymorphism. The use of additional overlapping fragments localized this interaction to domains between residues 950-986 of IRS-1 and residues 966-1271 of the insulin receptor, containing the tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor. In addition, the IRS-1-(925-1008) G972R peptide acted as a competitive inhibitor of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor autophosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that the G972R naturally occurring polymorphism of IRS-1 not only reduces phosphorylation of the substrate but allows IRS-1 to act as an inhibitor of the insulin receptor kinase, producing global insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J McGettrick
- Section of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Joslin Proteomics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia are determined by genetic and environmental factors. Depending on their expression and their function, gene variants (mutations, polymorphisms) can primarily regulate either insulin action or dyslipidaemia. The purpose of this review is to give some examples from recent studies on gene variants regulating primarily insulin signalling or lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Common polymorphisms in the PC-1, insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2, and PPAR-gamma 2 genes have been linked to insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, although the results have not been consistent. However, the Pro12Pro genotype of the PPAR-gamma 2 gene has been consistently associated with insulin resistance and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Promoter polymorphisms in the hepatic lipase gene, the 54Thr allele of the fatty acid binding protein 2 gene, and genes regulating LDL particle size have been associated with lipid metabolism, but on the other hand their association with insulin resistance is not consistent. SUMMARY Although results have not always been consistent, gene variants affecting primary insulin action or dyslipidaemia, and particularly their interaction with the environment, are important modulators of glucose and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Stefan N, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Hanson RL, Lehn-Stefan A, Permana PA, Baier LJ, Tataranni PA, Silver K, Bogardus C. Metabolic effects of the Gly1057Asp polymorphism in IRS-2 and interactions with obesity. Diabetes 2003; 52:1544-50. [PMID: 12765968 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 plays an important role in insulin signaling and its disruption results in diabetes in mice. In humans, the IRS-2 Gly1057Asp substitution was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in lean individuals, but with a higher risk in obese individuals. To clarify the role of IRS-2 on the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity in Pima Indians, and particularly to investigate whether the effects of the Gly1057Asp polymorphism on metabolism are mediated by obesity, molecular scanning of the gene for mutations was performed and interaction of the polymorphism with obesity was tested. We identified the previously described Gly1057Asp mutation as well as a rare Asp819His mutation and four silent polymorphisms. The effect of the Gly1057Asp mutation on type 2 diabetes and obesity was tested in a large cohort of Pima Indians (n = 998). A subgroup of nondiabetic full-heritage Pima Indians (n = 233) had measurements of body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin action (M), endogenous glucose production (EGP; hyperinsulinemic clamp), acute insulin response (AIR, 25-g intravenous glucose tolerance test, n = 118 normal glucose-tolerant subjects), and percutaneous fat biopsy specimens from the periumbilical region (n = 160). A total of 132 nondiabetic subjects were included in longitudinal analyses. The frequency of the Asp1057 allele was 0.6. In cross-sectional analyses, subjects homozygous for the Asp1057 allele (Asp/Asp) had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than heterozygote individuals and subjects homozygous for the Gly1057 allele (X/Gly, P = 0.04). There was no effect on BMI (P = 0.78) or gene-BMI interaction on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.57). In the nondiabetic subgroup, subjects with Asp/Asp had higher percent body fat (P = 0.01), BMI (P = 0.02), and waist circumference (P = 0.004), but there was no difference in metabolic characteristics (all P > 0.2). However, the relationship between percent body fat and fasting glucose, basal EGP, EGP during the clamp, AIR, and subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size was significantly different in the Asp/Asp group (P for interaction = 0.02, 0.06, 0.0007, 0.08, and 0.006, respectively) compared with the X/Gly group, suggesting a more detrimental effect of Asp homozygosity on these traits with increasing percent body fat. In longitudinal analyses, among subjects in the upper tertile of change in percent body fat, those with Asp/Asp had a larger increase in fasting and postprandial glycemia and basal EGP and a larger decrease in M and AIR than subjects with X/Gly, independent of change in obesity (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the association of homozygosity for the Asp1057 allele in IRS-2 with type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians may be mediated by interaction of the polymorphism with obesity on several diabetes-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N. 16th Street, Room 5-41, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
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D'Alfonso R, Marini MA, Frittitta L, Sorge R, Frontoni S, Porzio O, Mariani LM, Lauro D, Gambardella S, Trischitta V, Federici M, Lauro R, Sesti G. Polymorphisms of the insulin receptor substrate-2 in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:317-22. [PMID: 12519871 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the significance of Gly1057Asp and Leu647Val insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 polymorphisms in two Italian cohorts comprising 186 glucose-tolerant subjects and 240 subjects with type 2 diabetes from the Lazio region (i.e. representative of central Italy), and 123 glucose-tolerant subjects from the Sicily region (i.e. representative of south Italy). The allelic frequency of Gly1057Asp variant did not differ between diabetics (32.9%) and nondiabetic subjects, whatever their ethnicity was (35.8% and 33.7% from Lazio and Sicily, respectively). As compared with Gly/Gly subjects within each group, Asp/Asp individuals showed no differences in quantitative traits, including fasting insulin and C-peptide, and several indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Only one of the diabetic patients was heterozygous for the Leu647Val variant, and none of the control subjects carried this variant. This patient had three children who were also heterozygous for this variant. They were glucose tolerant, and their insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion indices were within the range of age-matched controls. We also analyzed IRS-2 function in fibroblasts from carriers of Gly1057Asp or Leu647Val variant. No defects in IRS-2 expression, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, or binding to the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were observed. These results strongly argue against a major role of IRS-2 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella D'Alfonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Akune T, Ogata N, Hoshi K, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Takagi H, Azuma Y, Kadowaki T, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H. Insulin receptor substrate-2 maintains predominance of anabolic function over catabolic function of osteoblasts. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:147-56. [PMID: 12379806 PMCID: PMC2173484 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200204046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2) are essential for intracellular signaling by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), anabolic regulators of bone metabolism. Although mice lacking the IRS-2 gene (IRS-2-/- mice) developed normally, they exhibited osteopenia with decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. Cultured IRS-2-/- osteoblasts showed reduced differentiation and matrix synthesis compared with wild-type osteoblasts. However, they showed increased receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclastogenesis in the coculture with bone marrow cells, which were restored by reintroduction of IRS-2 using an adenovirus vector. Although IRS-2 was expressed and phosphorylated by insulin and IGF-I in both osteoblasts and osteoclastic cells, cultures in the absence of osteoblasts revealed that intrinsic IRS-2 signaling in osteoclastic cells was not important for their differentiation, function, or survival. It is concluded that IRS-2 deficiency in osteoblasts causes osteopenia through impaired anabolic function and enhanced supporting ability of osteoclastogenesis. We propose that IRS-2 is needed to maintain the predominance of bone formation over bone resorption, whereas IRS-1 maintains bone turnover, as we previously reported; the integration of these two signalings causes a potent bone anabolic action by insulin and IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Akune
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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