1
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Mu L, Chen D, Xiu M, Zhou H, Wang D, Zhang XY. Diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic bipolar disorder: prevalence, clinical correlates and relationship with homocysteine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023:00004850-990000000-00110. [PMID: 37982306 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Comorbid diabetes mellitus in patients with bipolar disorder may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bipolar disorder patients and its clinico-demographic and homocysteine correlates, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 195 bipolar disorder inpatients. They received questionnaires, clinical measurements and laboratory tests to assess demographic characteristics, anthropometric variables, clinical variables and plasma homocysteine levels. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (including type 1, type 2 and special types) in Chinese bipolar disorder patients was 14.9%. Analysis of variance or chi-square test showed that compared with non-diabetic bipolar disorder patients, diabetic bipolar disorder patients were older, more often married, had a longer duration of disease, took less olanzapine and had a higher frequency of hypertension. However, there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI) and homocysteine levels between diabetic and non-diabetic bipolar disorder patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that marital status and duration of disease were independently associated with diabetes mellitus in patients with bipolar disorder after controlling for age, use of olanzapine, presence of hypertension, BMI and homocysteine levels. These findings shed light on the clinico-demographic correlates of the increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bipolar disorder patients, rather than the correlation with some metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian
| | - Dachun Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Garibotto G, Picciotto D, Verzola D, Valli A, Sofia A, Costigliolo F, Saio M, Viazzi F, Esposito P. Homocysteine exchange across skeletal muscle in patients with chronic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15573. [PMID: 36945836 PMCID: PMC10031238 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sites and mechanisms regulating the supply of homocysteine (Hcy) to the circulation are unexplored in humans. We studied the exchange of Hcy across the forearm in CKD patients (n = 17, eGFR 20 ± 2 ml/min), in hemodialysis (HD)-treated patients (n = 14) and controls (n = 9). Arterial Hcy was ~ 2.5 folds increased in CKD and HD patients (p < 0.05-0.03 vs. controls). Both in controls and in patients Hcy levels in the deep forearm vein were consistently greater (+~7%, p < 0.05-0.01) than the corresponding arterial levels, indicating the occurrence of Hcy release from muscle. The release of Hcy from the forearm was similar among groups. In all groups arterial Hcy varied with its release from muscle (p < 0.03-0.02), suggesting that muscle plays an important role on plasma Hcy levels. Forearm Hcy release was inversely related to folate plasma level in all study groups but neither to vitamin B12 and IL-6 levels nor to muscle protein net balance. These data indicate that the release of Hcy from peripheral tissue metabolism plays a major role in influencing its Hcy plasma levels in humans and patients with CKD, and that folate is a major determinant of Hcy release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaGenovaItaly
| | - Alessando Valli
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaGenovaItaly
| | - Antonella Sofia
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Francesca Costigliolo
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Michela Saio
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaGenovaItaly
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenovaGenovaItaly
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
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3
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Lee-Ødegård S, Olsen T, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Birkeland KI. Potential Mechanisms for How Long-Term Physical Activity May Reduce Insulin Resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030208. [PMID: 35323652 PMCID: PMC8950317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin became available for the treatment of patients with diabetes 100 years ago, and soon thereafter it became evident that the biological response to its actions differed markedly between individuals. This prompted extensive research into insulin action and resistance (IR), resulting in the universally agreed fact that IR is a core finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Physical activity (PA) has the potential of improving IR and is, therefore, a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Whereas most research has focused on the acute effects of PA, less is known about the effects of long-term PA on IR. Here, we describe a model of potential mechanisms behind reduced IR after long-term PA to guide further mechanistic investigations and to tailor PA interventions in the therapy of T2DM. The development of such interventions requires knowledge of normal glucose metabolism, and we briefly summarize an integrated physiological perspective on IR. We then describe the effects of long-term PA on signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to insulin, tissue-specific functions, and whole-body IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Christian Andre Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
- Vitas Ltd. Analytical Services, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine - from disease biomarker to disease prevention. J Intern Med 2021; 290:826-854. [PMID: 33660358 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the literature and have identified more than 100 diseases or conditions that are associated with raised concentrations of plasma total homocysteine. The commonest associations are with cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the central nervous system, but a large number of developmental and age-related conditions are also associated. Few other disease biomarkers have so many associations. The clinical importance of these associations becomes especially relevant if lowering plasma total homocysteine by B vitamin treatment can prevent disease and so improve health. Five diseases can at least in part be prevented by lowering total homocysteine: neural tube defects, impaired childhood cognition, macular degeneration, primary stroke, and cognitive impairment in the elderly. We conclude from our review that total homocysteine values in adults of 10 μmol/L or below are probably safe, but that values of 11 μmol/L or above may justify intervention. Homocysteine is more than a disease biomarker: it is a guide for the prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Smith
- From the, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - H Refsum
- From the, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.,Department Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Hashemi S, Arazi H. Influence of different training methods on cardiovascular disease risk markers after cessation of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilders at risk. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse induces adverse effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is unclear whether different training methods are effective in reducing these consequences. This study aims to compare the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and combined training (CT) on CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders at risk after cessation of AAS abuse. Forty bodybuilders were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n=10), AT (n=10), RT (RT, n=10), and CT (n=10) groups. Before and after eight weeks of training, the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), haematocrit (HCT), homocysteine (HCY), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Significant decreases within groups in HCY and CRP were observed (P<0.05). However, decreases were greater in training groups, and there was a significant difference between control and training groups (P<0.05). Increase in NT-proBNP, and decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels were significant only in training groups (P<0.005). The increase of NT-proBNP was significant in the CT when compared to the RT (P<0.05). The present study found that discontinuing AAS consumption can improve some CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders, but this effect could be improved if various modalities of training were performed. Accompanying AT with RT was also discovered to have a greater impact on some markers (including NT-proBNP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M.S. Hashemi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University Campus, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41635-1438, Rasht 4199843653, Iran
| | - H. Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41635-1438, Rasht 4199843653, Iran
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Verzola D, Picciotto D, Saio M, Aimasso F, Bruzzone F, Sukkar SG, Massarino F, Esposito P, Viazzi F, Garibotto G. Low Protein Diets and Plant-Based Low Protein Diets: Do They Meet Protein Requirements of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease? Nutrients 2020; 13:E83. [PMID: 33383799 PMCID: PMC7824653 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A low protein diet (LPD) has historically been used to delay uremic symptoms and decrease nitrogen (N)-derived catabolic products in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In recent years it has become evident that nutritional intervention is a necessary approach to prevent wasting and reduce CKD complications and disease progression. While a 0.6 g/kg, high biological value protein-based LPD has been used for years, recent observational studies suggest that plant-derived LPDs are a better approach to nutritional treatment of CKD. However, plant proteins are less anabolic than animal proteins and amino acids contained in plant proteins may be in part oxidized; thus, they may not completely be used for protein synthesis. In this review, we evaluate the role of LPDs and plant-based LPDs on maintaining skeletal muscle mass in patients with CKD and examine different nutritional approaches for improving the anabolic properties of plant proteins when used in protein-restricted diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Saio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Aimasso
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy; (F.A.); (F.B.); (S.G.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Bruzzone
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy; (F.A.); (F.B.); (S.G.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Samir Giuseppe Sukkar
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy; (F.A.); (F.B.); (S.G.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Massarino
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy; (F.A.); (F.B.); (S.G.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16142 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garibotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.V.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (P.E.); (F.V.)
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7
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Wang Y, Tar MT, Davies KP. Hyperglycemic memory in the rat bladder detrusor is associated with a persistent hypomethylated state. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14614. [PMID: 33200530 PMCID: PMC7670302 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemic memory is associated with several complications of diabetes. Although there is some physiological evidence that this phenomenon occurs with diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), there have been no studies in bladder that provide evidence of hyperglycemic memory at the molecular/biochemical level. In the present studies, we determined the effects of long-term diabetes on the metabolome of bladder detrusor in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced type-1-diabetes and the ability of insulin treatment to normalize metabolic changes. These studies demonstrated that although insulin reversed a majority of the metabolic changes caused by diabetes, with long-term diabetes there was a persistent decrease in the methylation index (indicated by a reduced ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosyl homocysteine) after insulin treatment. We confirmed a "hypomethylated environment" develops in diabetic detrusor by demonstrating an overall reduction in methylated detrusor DNA that is only partially reversed with glycemic control. Furthermore, we confirmed that this hypomethylated environment is associated with epigenetic changes in the detrusor genome, which are again mostly, but not completely, reversed with glycemic control. Overall our studies provide strong molecular evidence for a mechanism by which diabetes alters methylation status and gene expression in the detrusor genome, and that these epigenetic modifications contribute to hyperglycemic memory. Our work suggests novel treatment strategies for diabetic patients who have attained glycemic control but continue to experience DBD. For example, epigenomic data can be used to identify "actionable gene targets" for its treatment and would also support a rationale for approaches that target the hypomethylation index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Moses T. Tar
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Kelvin P. Davies
- Department of UrologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
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8
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Stipanuk MH. Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: How the Body Copes with Excess Methionine, Cysteine, and Sulfide. J Nutr 2020; 150:2494S-2505S. [PMID: 33000151 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of excess methionine (Met) to homocysteine (Hcy) by transmethylation is facilitated by the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) I/III and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) in liver, and a lack of either enzyme results in hypermethioninemia despite normal concentrations of MATII and methyltransferases other than GNMT. The further metabolism of Hcy by the transsulfuration pathway is facilitated by activation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as well as the relatively high KM of CBS for Hcy. Transmethylation plus transsulfuration effects catabolism of the Met molecule along with transfer of the sulfur atom of Met to serine to synthesize cysteine (Cys). Oxidation and excretion of Met sulfur depend upon Cys catabolism and sulfur oxidation pathways. Excess Cys is oxidized by cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) and further metabolized to taurine or sulfate. Some Cys is normally metabolized by desulfhydration pathways, and the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced is further oxidized to sulfate. If Cys or Hcy concentrations are elevated, Cys or Hcy desulfhydration can result in excess H2S and thiosulfate production. Excess Cys or Met may also promote their limited metabolism by transamination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha H Stipanuk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Daryabor G, Atashzar MR, Kabelitz D, Meri S, Kalantar K. The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1582. [PMID: 32793223 PMCID: PMC7387426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro- and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Atashzar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and the Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), The University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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The “Metabolic biomarkers of frailty in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus” (MetaboFrail) study: Rationale, design and methods. Exp Gerontol 2020; 129:110782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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du Plessis JP, Melse-Boonstra A, Zandberg L, Nienaber-Rousseau C. Gene interactions observed with the HDL-c blood lipid, intakes of protein, sugar and biotin in relation to circulating homocysteine concentrations in a group of black South Africans. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 22:100556. [PMID: 31908954 PMCID: PMC6938949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) is associated with several pathologies. Gene–diet interactions related to Hcy might be used to customize dietary advice to reduce disease incidence. To explore this possibility, we investigated interactions between anthropometry, biochemical markers and diet and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to Hcy concentrations. Five SNPs of Hcy-metabolizing enzymes were analyzed in 2010 black South Africans. Results Hcy was higher with each additional methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T minor allele copy, but was lower in methionine synthase (MTR) 2756AA homozygotes than heterozygotes. Individuals harboring cystathionine β synthase (CBS) 833 T/844ins68 had lower Hcy concentrations than others. No interactive effects were observed with any of the anthropometrical markers. MTHFR C677T and CBS T833C/844ins68 homozygote minor allele carriers presented with lower Hcy as high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) increased. Hcy concentrations were negatively associated with dietary protein and animal protein intake in the TT and TC genotypes, but positively in the CC genotype of CBS T833C/844ins68. Hcy was markedly higher in TT homozygotes of MTHFR C677T as added sugar intake increased. In CBS T833C/844ins68 major allele carriers, biotin intake was negatively associated with Hcy; but positively in those harboring the homozygous minor allele. Conclusions The Hcy–SNP associations are modulated by diet and open up the possibility of invoking dietary interventions to treat hyperhomocysteinemia. Future intervention trials should further explore the observed gene–diet and gene–blood lipid interactions.
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Key Words
- %TCHO, percentage total carbohydrate intake
- %TE, percentage of total energy
- A, adenine
- Ala, alanine
- Asp, aspartic acid
- Biotin
- Blood lipid–gene interactions
- C, cytosine
- CBS, cystathionine β synthase
- CI, confidence intervals
- CV, coefficient variation
- ES, effect size
- G, guanine
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase
- GLM, generalized linear model
- Gene–diet interactions
- Gly, glycine
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia
- HW, Hardy Weinberg
- HWE, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin
- Hcy, homocysteine
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- ID, identity
- ISAK, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
- Ile, isoleucine
- LD, pairwise linkage-disequilibrium
- LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MAF, minor allele frequency
- MRC, Medical Research Council
- MT, mutant type
- MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
- MTR, methionine synthase
- Nutrient–gene interactions
- Nutrigenetics
- PA, physical activity
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PURE, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology
- Precision nutrition
- Protein
- QFFQ, quantitative food frequency questionnaire
- RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
- SD, standard deviations
- SE, standard error
- SFA, saturated fatty acids
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- Sugar
- T, thymine
- THUSA, Transition and Health during Urbanization in South Africa
- Thr, threonine
- Total homocysteine
- Val, valine
- WT, wild type.
- bp, base pairs
- d, Cohen's d-value
- ins, insertion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacomina P du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Nutrition, Box 594, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Nutrition, Box 594, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Nutrition, Box 594, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Cornelie Nienaber-Rousseau
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private bag X6001, Nutrition, Box 594, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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12
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Zhloba AA, Subbotina TF, Molchan NS, Polushin YS. [Homoarginine level and methionine-homocysteine balance in patients with ischemic heart disease.]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 64:516-524. [PMID: 31610102 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-9-516-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of homoarginine (hArg) in terms of prognostic significance may exceed the natriuretic peptides and other well-known markers according to the latest data about the progression of cardiovascular diseases. The lack of data on the association of hArg levels with levels of other metabolites makes it difficult to understand its role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Relationships of hArg and other amino acids, including methionine (Met) and total homocysteine (tHcy), and their ratio in patients with ischemic heart disease were evaluated. The study included 74 patients with coronary heart disease (57 men and 17 women) aged 62 (57 - 67) years before coronary artery bypass surgery and 27 healthy people of similar age. In patients, the level of hArg was almost 2 times lower (p < 0.05) than in healthy individuals and rates lower than 1.4 μM were in half of them. The statistically significant decrease (p = 0.0025) of the Met/tHcy ratio corresponded to a decrease in the level of hArg. This ratio did not correlate with glucose level or body mass index. Less statistical significance of hArg correlation with levels of Met or tHcy separately was observed. In the subgroup of patients with hAarg level above 2.1 μM, a lower incidence of myocardial infarction was noted. Thus, a low hArg level is associated with impaired metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids involved in transmethylation reactions, in patients with ischemic heart disease. The Met/tHcy ratio, closely correlating with the level of hArg, apparently reveals a link between the reactions of creatine formation and transmethylation, highlighting a cohort of patients with the most profound and dangerous changes in tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zhloba
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Eduction "The Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T F Subbotina
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Eduction "The Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N S Molchan
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Eduction "The Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu S Polushin
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Eduction "The Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University" of Minzdrav of Russia, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Siddik MAB, Shin AC. Recent Progress on Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Obesity, Diabetes, and Beyond. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2019; 34:234-246. [PMID: 31565875 PMCID: PMC6769348 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2019.34.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that are not synthesized in our body; thus, they need to be obtained from food. They have shown to provide many physiological and metabolic benefits such as stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion, milk production, adipogenesis, and enhanced immune function, among others, mainly mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. After identified as a reliable marker of obesity and type 2 diabetes in recent years, an increasing number of studies have surfaced implicating BCAAs in the pathophysiology of other diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and even neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Here we discuss the most recent progress and review studies highlighting both correlational and potentially causative role of BCAAs in the development of these disorders. Although we are just beginning to understand the intricate relationships between BCAAs and some of the most prevalent chronic diseases, current findings raise a possibility that they are linked by a similar putative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Bakkar Siddik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Andrew C Shin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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14
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Zhang L, Niu J, Zhang X, He W. Metformin Can Alleviate the Symptom of Patient with Diabetic Nephropathy Through Reducing the Serum Level of Hcy and IL-33. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:625-628. [PMID: 31535033 PMCID: PMC6731542 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and homocysteine (Hcy) were found to be up-regulated in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), and the present study aimed to investigate whether metformin (MT) can influence the serum levels of IL-33 and Hcy in patients with DN. Methods Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were divided into DM group (albumin: Alb <20 mg/L), DN group (Alb >20mg/L), and DN+ MT treatment group, with 20 cases in each group. Patients in each group were treated with insulin for 3 months, and patients in DN+MT group was treated with insulin+MT for 3 months. The serum levels of IL-33, urinary microalbumin excretion rate (UAE), body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), creatinine (Cr), cystatin C (CysC) and Hcy were measured before and after medication. Twenty normal subjects were involved as control. Results BMI, Hcy and TC were reduced and HDL-C was increased of patients had been treated with metformin and insulin. UAE, Cr, Ccr and CysC had no differences before and after treatment. The serum level of IL-33 significantly up-regulated in patients with DN, and MT treatment significantly decreased the serum level of IL-33 in patients with DN. Conclusion Metformin could alleviate the symptom of patient with DN through decreasing the serum level of IL-33 and Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Jiansheng Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
| | - Wanxia He
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi Province, Yulin, China
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15
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Yu C, Wang J, Wang F, Han X, Hu H, Yuan J, Miao X, Yao P, Wei S, Wang Y, Liang Y, Chen W, Zhang X, Guo H, Yang H, Tang Y, Zheng D, Wu T, He M. Inverse association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and type 2 diabetes mellitus among a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:278-284. [PMID: 29337020 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma homocysteine concentrations have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with controversial findings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional study including 19,085 eligible participants derived from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort was conducted. Plasma homocysteine concentrations were measured by Abbott Architect i2000 Automatic analyzer and T2DM was defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria. Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and T2DM. The prevalence of T2DM was 19.0% in the whole population (mean age 62.9 years), 21.8% in males, and 17.1% in females. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, compared with those in the lowest quintile, the OR (95% CI) of T2DM was 1.05 (0.92-1.21), 0.99 (0.86-1.14), 0.90 (0.78-1.05), and 0.77 (0.66-0.90) for quintile 2 to quintile 5 of homocysteine concentrations after adjustment for potential confounders (P for trend < 0.0001). Homocysteine concentrations were associated with decreased T2DM prevalence risk (OR = 0.88 per SD increase of homocysteine concentration; 95% CI: 0.84-0.93). A significant interaction between homocysteine concentrations and drinking status on T2DM prevalence risk was observed (P for interaction = 0.03). The inverse association of plasma homocysteine concentrations with T2DM prevalence risk was observed in non-drinkers but not in current drinkers. CONCLUSION Plasma homocysteine concentrations were inversely correlated with T2DM among a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - P Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - S Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - H Yang
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - D Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - T Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - M He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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16
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Han N, Chae JW, Jeon J, Lee J, Back HM, Song B, Kwon KI, Kim SK, Yun HY. Prediction of Methionine and Homocysteine levels in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as a T2DM animal model after consumption of a Methionine-rich diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:14. [PMID: 29449868 PMCID: PMC5807833 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although alterations in the methionine metabolism cycle (MMC) have been associated with vascular complications of diabetes, there have not been consistent results about the levels of methionine and homocysteine in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the current study was to predict changes in plasma methionine and homocysteine concentrations after simulated consumption of methionine-rich foods, following the development of a mathematical model for MMC in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, as a representative T2DM animal model. Method The model building and simulation were performed using NONMEM® (ver. 7.3.0) assisted by Perl-Speaks-NONMEM (PsN, ver. 4.3.0). Model parameters were derived using first-order conditional estimation method with interactions permitted among the parameters (FOCE-INTER). NCA was conducted using Phoenix (ver. 6.4.0). For all tests, we considered a P-value < 0.05 to reflect statistical significance. Results Our model featured seven compartments that considered all parts of the cycle by applying non-linear mixed effects model. Conversion of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) to homocysteine increased and the metabolism of homocysteine was reduced under diabetic conditions, and consequently homocysteine accumulated in the elimination phase. Using our model, we performed simulations to compare the changes in plasma methionine and homocysteine concentrations between ZDF and normal rats, by multiple administrations of the methionine-rich diet of 1 mmol/kg, daily for 60 days. The levels of methionine and homocysteine were elevated approximately two- and three-fold, respectively, in ZDF rats, while there were no changes observed in the normal control rats. Conclusion These results can be interpreted to mean that both methionine and homocysteine will accumulate in patients with T2DM, who regularly consume high-methionine foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Han
- 1College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Chae
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Jeon
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Lee
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123 Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Moon Back
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjeong Song
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea.,Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical, 2477 Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06725 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Kwon
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Yeol Yun
- 2College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
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Tessari P, Cecchet D, Vettore M, Coracina A, Puricelli L, Kiwanuka E. Decreased Homocysteine Trans-Sulfuration in Hypertension With Hyperhomocysteinemia: Relationship With Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:56-63. [PMID: 29029082 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and is elevated in essential hypertension. Insulin stimulates homocysteine catabolism in healthy individuals. However, the mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia and its relationship with insulin resistance in essential hypertension are unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate whole body methionine and homocysteine kinetics and the effects of insulin in essential hypertension. DESIGN AND SETTING Eight hypertensive male subjects and six male normotensive controls were infused with l-[methyl-2H3,1-13C]methionine for 6 hours. In the last 3 hours a euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed. Steady-state methionine and homocysteine kinetics were determined in postabsorptive and hyperinsulinemic conditions. RESULTS Postabsorptive hypertensive subjects had elevated homocysteine concentrations (+30%, P = 0.035) and slightly (by 15% to 20%) but insignificantly lower methionine rates of appearance (Ras) (P = 0.07 to P = 0.05) and utilization for protein synthesis (P = 0.06) than postabsorptive normotensive controls. Hyperinsulinemia suppressed methionine Ra and protein synthesis, whereas it increased homocysteine trans-sulfuration, clearance, and methionine transmethylation (the latter only in the normotensive subjects). However, in the hypertensive subjects trans-sulfuration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and increased ~50% less [by +1.59 ± 0.34 vs +3.45 ± 0.52 µmol/kg lean body mass (LBM) per hour, P < 0.005] than in normotensive controls. Homocysteine clearance through trans-sulfuration was ~50% lower in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects (P < 0.005). In the hypertensive subjects, insulin-mediated glucose disposal was ~45% lower (460 ± 44 vs 792 ± 67 mg/kg LBM per hour, P < 0.0005) than in normotensive controls and was positively correlated with the increase of trans-sulfuration (P < 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS In subjects with essential hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with decreased homocysteine trans-sulfuration and probably represents a feature of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Cecchet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Vettore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Coracina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Puricelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Edward Kiwanuka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Italy
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18
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Sansone A, Cignarelli A, Sansone M, Romanelli F, Corona G, Gianfrilli D, Isidori A, Giorgino F, Lenzi A. Serum Homocysteine Levels in Men with and without Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:7424792. [PMID: 30158975 PMCID: PMC6109500 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7424792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elevated levels of serum homocysteine (Hcy) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction, conditions closely associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). This meta-analysis was aimed to assess serum Hcy levels in subjects with ED compared to controls in order to clarify the role of Hcy in the pathogenesis of ED. METHODS Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for publications investigating the possible association between ED and Hcy. Results were restricted by language, but no time restriction was applied. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was obtained by random effect models. RESULTS A total of 9 studies were included in the analysis with a total of 1320 subjects (489 subjects with ED; 831 subjects without ED). Pooled estimate was in favor of increased Hcy in subjects with ED with a SMD of 1.00, 95% CI 0.65-1.35, p < 0.0001. Subgroup analysis based on prevalence of diabetes showed significantly higher SMD in subjects without diabetes (1.34 (95% CI 1.08-1.60)) compared to subjects with diabetes (0.68 (95% CI 0.39-0.97), p < 0.0025 versus subgroup w/o diabetes). CONCLUSIONS Results from our meta-analysis suggest that increased levels of serum Hcy are more often observed in subjects with ED; however, increase in Hcy is less evident in diabetic compared to nondiabetic subjects. This study is registered with Prospero registration number CRD42018087558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl Bologna Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Lind MV, Lauritzen L, Pedersen O, Vestergaard H, Stark KD, Hansen T, Ross AB, Kristensen M. Higher intake of fish and fat is associated with lower plasma s-adenosylhomocysteine: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Res 2017; 46:78-87. [PMID: 29129471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several B-vitamins act as co-factors in one-carbon metabolism, a pathway that plays a central role in several chronic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge of how diet affects markers in one-carbon metabolism. The aim of this study was to explore dietary patterns and components associated with one-carbon metabolites. We hypothesized that intake of whole-grains and fish would be associated with lower Hcy, and higher SAM:SAH ratio due to their nutrient content. We assessed dietary information using a four-day dietary record in 118 men and women with features of the metabolic syndrome. In addition we assessed whole-blood fatty acid composition and plasma alkylresorcinols. Plasma s-adenosylmethionine (SAM), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), homocysteine (Hcy) and vitamin B12 was included as one-carbon metabolism markers. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to explore dietary patterns and multiple linear regression models to examine associations between dietary factors and one-carbon metabolites. PCA separated subjects based on prudent and unhealthy dietary patterns, but the dietary pattern score was not related to the one-carbon metabolites. Whole grain intake was found to be inversely associated to plasma Hcy (-4.7% (-9.3; 0.0), P=.05) and total grain intake tended to be positively associated with SAM and SAH (2.4% (-0.5; 5.5), P=.08; 5.8% (-0.2; 12.1), P=.06, respectively, per SD increase in cereal intake). Fish intake was inversely associated with plasma Hcy and SAH concentrations (-5.4% (-9.7; -0.8), P=.02 and -7.0% (-12.1; -1.5), P=.01, respectively) and positively associated with the SAM:SAH ratio (6.2% (1.6; 11.0), P=.008). In conclusion, intake and fish and whole-grain appear to be associated with a beneficial one-carbon metabolism profile. This indicates that dietary components could play a role in regulation of one-carbon metabolism with a potential impact on disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Chronic Diseases and Lifestyle Biomarkers Identification by Metabolomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 965:235-263. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47656-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Long Y, Nie J. Homocysteine in Renal Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:80-7. [PMID: 27536696 DOI: 10.1159/000444900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can result from a deficiency in the enzymes or vitamin cofactors required for Hcy metabolism. Patients with renal disease tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines, although the underlying cause of HHcy in renal disease is not entirely understood. SUMMARY HHcy is considered a risk or pathogenic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular complications. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental findings that reveal the contribution of Hcy as a pathogenic factor to the development of CKD. In addition, we discuss several important mechanisms mediating the pathogenic action of Hcy in the kidney, such as local oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China
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Buckner SL, Loenneke JP, Loprinzi PD. Single and combined associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities on plasma homocysteine in a national sample. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 37:669-674. [PMID: 26916173 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise and resistance training (RT) are individually associated with positive health outcomes. It has been shown that combining both aerobic and RT exercise may produce greater outcomes than each type alone. Homocysteine has been shown to decrease with aerobic and RT exercise. However, no study has examined the combined effects of both types on homocysteine, which was the purpose of this study. METHODS Data from the 2003-2006 NHANES were used. Homocysteine values were obtained from a blood sample. Accelerometer-derived physical activity (PA) was measured using accelerometry, and MSA was measured via a questionnaire. RESULTS Meeting the recommendations for accelerometer-derived PA was associated with lower homocysteine (βadjusted = -0·29; P = 0·04), as was meeting the recommendations for MSA (βadjusted = -0·30; P = 0·028). Compared to those meeting zero recommendations, there was no difference between those meeting 1 and those meeting both (P = 0·08). Further, higher homocysteine was linked with increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1·47; 95% CI: 1·29-1·69) and CVD-specific mortality (HR = 1·48; 95% CI: 1·20-1·81). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PA and MSA are associated with lower homocysteine and that there may be a dose-response relationship when combining both forms of exercise, which is an important finding as higher homocysteine is predictive of increased all-cause and CVD-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Zhu K, Nie S, Gong D, Xie M. Effect of polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum on the serum metabolites of type 2 diabetic rats. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Effect of 10% dietary protein intake on whole body protein kinetics in type 2 diabetic adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:1115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs in chronic- and end-stage kidney disease at the time when dialysis or transplant becomes indispensable for survival. Excessive accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) aggravates conditions associated with imbalanced homeostasis and cellular redox thereby resulting in severe oxidative stress leading to oxidation of reduced free and protein-bound thiols. Thiol modifications such as N-homocysteinylation, sulfination, cysteinylation, glutathionylation, and sulfhydration control cellular responses that direct complex metabolic pathways. Although cysteinyl modifications are kept low, under Hcy-induced stress, thiol modifications persist thus surpassing cellular proteostasis. Here, we review mechanisms of redox regulation and show how cysteinyl modifications triggered by excess Hcy contribute development and progression of chronic kidney disease. We discuss different signaling events resulting from aberrant cysteinyl modification with a focus on transsulfuration.
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Kouw IWK, Gorissen SHM, Burd NA, Cermak NM, Gijsen AP, van Kranenburg J, van Loon LJC. Postprandial Protein Handling Is Not Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes Patients When Compared With Normoglycemic Controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3103-11. [PMID: 26037513 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The progressive loss of muscle mass with aging is accelerated in type 2 diabetes patients. It has been suggested that this is attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion is impaired in older type 2 diabetes patients when compared with healthy, normoglycemic controls. DESIGN A clinical intervention study with two parallel groups was conducted between August 2011 and July 2012. SETTING The study was conducted at the research unit of Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Intervention, Participants, and Main Outcome Measures: Eleven older type 2 diabetes males [diabetes; age 71 ± 1 y, body mass index (BMI) 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)] and 12 age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic controls (control; age 74 ± 1 y, BMI 24.8 ± 1.1 kg/m(2)) participated in an experiment in which they ingested 20 g intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled protein. Continuous iv L-[ring-(2)H5]phenylalanine infusion was applied, and blood and muscle samples were obtained to assess amino acid kinetics and muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive and postprandial state. RESULTS Plasma insulin concentrations increased after protein ingestion in both groups, with a greater rise in the diabetes group. Postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ between groups and averaged 0.029 ± 0.003 vs 0.029 ± 0.003%/h(1) and 0.031 ± 0.002 vs 0.033 ± 0.002%/h(1) in the diabetes versus control group, respectively. Postprandial L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine incorporation into muscle protein did not differ between groups (0.018 ± 0.001 vs 0.019 ± 0.002 mole percent excess, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis and postprandial protein handling is not impaired in older individuals with type 2 diabetes when compared with age-matched, normoglycemic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi M Cermak
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Qin X, Li Y, Yuan H, Xie D, Tang G, Wang B, Wang X, Xu X, Xu X, Hou F. Relationship of MTHFR gene 677C → T polymorphism, homocysteine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate levels with the risk of new-onset diabetes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e563. [PMID: 25700330 PMCID: PMC4554163 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
East Asian patients with diabetes have a higher risk for renal complications and strokes than Europeans. We aimed to evaluate the effect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene 677 C → T polymorphism, which was associated with a higher stroke risk and was common in the Chinese population, as well as homocysteine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels on the risk of new-onset diabetes (NOD). A total of 2422 subjects without diabetes were followed-up for 7 years. NOD was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes. Compared with subjects with MTHFR 677 CC genotype, those with TT genotype had a higher risk of NOD in females (odds ratio 2.78, 95% confidence interval 1.39-5.56) but not in males (0.80, 0.40-1.61, P for interaction = 0.008). Furthermore, MTHFR 677 C → T polymorphism was more strongly associated with the risk of NOD among females with higher body mass index (BMI, ≥ 23 vs <23 kg/m(2), P for interaction = 0.009) or lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, <1.3 vs ≥ 1.3 mmol/L, P for interaction = 0.015) levels. Hyperhomocysteinemia (≥ 16 vs <10 μmol/L) was not significantly associated with NOD in males (0.88, 0.42-1.85) or females (1.52, 0.65-3.57). However, mildly decreased eGFR (<90 vs 90-120 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) was associated with NOD mainly in males (1.96, 1.01-3.78; females, 0.74, 0.32-1.72, P for interaction = 0.134). Females with MTHFR 677 TT genotype had a significantly higher risk of NOD, particularly those with higher BMI or low HDL-C levels. The higher risk of NOD associated with mildly decreased eGFR also warrants more investigation. Our results provide insights into the ethnic differences of diabetic complications between East Asian patients and Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Qin
- From the National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease (XQ, YL, DX, BW, Xin X, Xiping X, FH); State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (XQ, YL, DX, BW, Xin X, Xiping X, FH); Renal Division (XQ, YL, DX, BW, Xin X, Xiping X, FH), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou; Clinical Laboratory of Anzhen Hospital (HY), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing; Institute of Biomedicine (GT), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; and Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease (XW), Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Shin AC, Fasshauer M, Filatova N, Grundell LA, Zielinski E, Zhou JY, Scherer T, Lindtner C, White PJ, Lapworth AL, Ilkayeva O, Knippschild U, Wolf AM, Scheja L, Grove KL, Smith RD, Qian WJ, Lynch CJ, Newgard CB, Buettner C. Brain insulin lowers circulating BCAA levels by inducing hepatic BCAA catabolism. Cell Metab 2014; 20:898-909. [PMID: 25307860 PMCID: PMC4254305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels are elevated in obesity/diabetes and are a sensitive predictor for type 2 diabetes. Here we show in rats that insulin dose-dependently lowers plasma BCAA levels through induction of hepatic protein expression and activity of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the BCAA degradation pathway. Selective induction of hypothalamic insulin signaling in rats and genetic modulation of brain insulin receptors in mice demonstrate that brain insulin signaling is a major regulator of BCAA metabolism by inducing hepatic BCKDH. Short-term overfeeding impairs the ability of brain insulin to lower BCAAs in rats. High-fat feeding in nonhuman primates and obesity and/or diabetes in humans is associated with reduced BCKDH protein in liver. These findings support the concept that decreased hepatic BCKDH is a major cause of increased plasma BCAAs and that hypothalamic insulin resistance may account for impaired BCAA metabolism in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Shin
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Martin Fasshauer
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nika Filatova
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Linus A Grundell
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zielinski
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhou
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Claudia Lindtner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda L Lapworth
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna M Wolf
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Tros F, Meirhaeghe A, Hadjadj S, Amouyel P, Bougnères P, Fradin D. Hypomethylation of the promoter of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A in response to hyperglycemia. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/7/e12076. [PMID: 25347859 PMCID: PMC4187575 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify epigenetic mechanisms through which hyperglycemia can affect gene expression durably in β cells, we screened DNA methylation changes induced by high glucose concentrations (25 mmol/L) in the BTC3 murine cell line, using an epigenome‐wide approach. Exposure of BTC3 cells to high glucose modified the expression of 1612 transcripts while inducing significant methylation changes in 173 regions. Among these 173 glucose‐sensitive differentially methylated regions (DMRs), 14 were associated with changes in gene expression, suggesting an epigenetic effect of high glucose on gene transcription at these loci. Among these 14 DMRs, we selected for further study Pp2ac, a gene previously suspected to play a role in β‐cell physiology and type 2 diabetes. Using RT‐qPCR and bisulfite pyrosequencing, we confirmed our previous observations in BTC3 cells and found that this gene was significantly demethylated in the whole blood cells (WBCs) of type 2 diabetic patients compared to controls. In order to identify epigenetic mechanisms through which hyperglycemia can affect gene expression durably in β cells, we screened DNA methylation changes induced by high glucose concentration in the BTC3 murine cell line. We identified one interesting gene, PP2AC, and confirmed it in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Tros
- INSERM U986, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France UMR1002, Paris, France
| | - Aline Meirhaeghe
- INSERM, U744, Lille, France Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France UDSL, Lille, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Department of Diabetology, Poitiers Hospital, INSERM U927, INSERM CIC 802, Université de Poitiers, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM, U744, Lille, France Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France UDSL, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Bougnères
- INSERM U986, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Fradin
- INSERM U986, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Martínez JA, Milagro FI, Claycombe KJ, Schalinske KL. Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:71-81. [PMID: 24425725 PMCID: PMC3884103 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the role that diet and other environmental factors play in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the implication of different epigenetic processes is being investigated. Although it is well known that external factors can cause cell type-dependent epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, and chromatin remodeling, the regulation of these processes, the magnitude of the changes and the cell types in which they occur, the individuals more predisposed, and the more crucial stages of life remain to be elucidated. There is evidence that obese and diabetic people have a pattern of epigenetic marks different from nonobese and nondiabetic individuals. The main long-term goals in this field are the identification and understanding of the role of epigenetic marks that could be used as early predictors of metabolic risk and the development of drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay these epigenetic changes and even reverse them. But weight gain and insulin resistance/diabetes are influenced not only by epigenetic factors; different epigenetic biomarkers have also been identified as early predictors of weight loss and the maintenance of body weight after weight loss. The characterization of all the factors that are able to modify the epigenetic signatures and the determination of their real importance are hindered by the following factors: the magnitude of change produced by dietary and environmental factors is small and cumulative; there are great differences among cell types; and there are many factors involved, including age, with multiple interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kate J. Claycombe
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND; and
| | - Kevin L. Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Huang T, Ren J, Huang J, Li D. Association of homocysteine with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis implementing Mendelian randomization approach. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:867. [PMID: 24320691 PMCID: PMC3878883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that elevated homocysteine (Hcy) level is causally associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESULTS The meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis were performed among 4011 cases and 4303 controls. The absolute pooled mean Hcy concentration in subjects with MTHFR 677TT was 5.55 μmol/L (95% CI, 1.33 to 9.77) greater than that in subjects with MTHFR 677CC in T2DM. Overall, the T allele of the MTHFR 677 C > T conferred a greater risk for T2DM [Random effect (RE) OR = 1.31(1.17-1.64), I² = 41.0%, p = 0.055]. The random effect (RE) pooled OR associated with T2DM for MTHFR 677TT relative to the 677CC was [RE OR = 1.38(1.18-1.62)]. The fixed-effect pooled OR of the association for the MTHFR 677 TT vs CT was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.09-1.51). MTHFR 677 TT showed a significantly higher risk for T2DM compared with MTHFR 677 CC + CT [Fixed effect (FE) OR = 1.32(1.14-1.54), I² = 0.0%, p = 0.686]. The absolute pooled mean Hcy concentration in individuals with T2DM was 0.94 μmol/L (95% CI, 0.40-1.48) greater than that in control subjects. The estimated causal OR associated with T2DM was 1.29 for 5 μmol/L increment in Hcy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided strong evidence on the causal association of Hcy level with the development of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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32
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Abstract
Perturbations in methyl group metabolism and homocysteine balance have emerged over the past few decades as having defining roles in a number of pathological conditions. Numerous nutritional, hormonal, and genetic factors that are characterized by elevations in circulating homocysteine concentrations are also associated with specific pathological conditions, including cancer development, autoimmune diseases, vascular dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disease. Although much remains to be explored, our understanding of the relationship between disease, methyl balance, and epigenetic control of gene expression has steadily progressed. However, homocysteine balance and its role in health and disease are not as clearly understood. This review presents our current understanding of homocysteine metabolism and its link to specific pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Adaikalakoteswari A, Rabbani N, Waspadji S, Tjokroprawiro A, Kariadi SHKS, Adam JMF, Thornalley PJ. Disturbance of B-vitamin status in people with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia--link to renal status, glycemic control and vascular inflammation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 95:415-24. [PMID: 22133652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with mishandling of thiamine in the kidney and development of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to assess the disturbance of thiamine and other B-vitamin status of patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia. METHODS One hundred and fifteen patients with type 2 diabetes with and without microalbuminuria or albuminuria and 39 healthy people were recruited. After a 2-month washout period for B-vitamin supplementation, markers of vitamins B(1), B(6), B(9) and B(12), were determined. RESULTS Fractional excretion of thiamine (22.8 versus 33.5%; P<0.05) and urinary excretion of the vitamin B(6) degradation product 4-pyridoxic acid (0.081 versus 0.133 μmol/g creatinine, P<0.001) was increased in patients with type 2 diabetes with respect to healthy controls. There was also increased total plasma cobalamin (398 versus 547 pmol/l, P<0.001) and holotranscobalamin (74 versus 97 pmol/l, P<0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In multiple regression analysis these were linked to HbA1c, duration of diabetes and systolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, folate and C-reactive protein, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was renal mishandling of thiamine, increased degradation of vitamin B(6) and cytosolic metabolic resistance to vitamin B(12) in patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonysunil Adaikalakoteswari
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
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Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetics conveys specific environmental influences into phenotypic traits through a variety of mechanisms that are often installed in early life, then persist in differentiated tissues with the power to modulate the expression of many genes, although undergoing time-dependent alterations. There is still no evidence that epigenetics contributes significantly to the causes or transmission of T2DM from one generation to another, thus, to the current environment-driven epidemics, but it has become so likely, as pointed out in this paper, that one can expect an efflorescence of epigenetic knowledge about T2DM in times to come.
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Nieman KM, Schalinske KL. Insulin administration abrogates perturbation of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism in streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E560-5. [PMID: 21730260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00105.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modifications in methyl group and homocysteine metabolism are associated with a number of pathologies, including vascular disease, cancer, and neural tube defects. A diabetic state is known to alter both methyl group and homocysteine metabolism, and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a major regulatory protein that controls the supply and utilization of methyl groups. We have shown previously that diabetes induces GNMT expression and reduces plasma homocysteine pools by stimulating both its catabolism and folate-independent remethylation. This study was conducted to determine whether insulin plays a role in the control of homocysteine concentrations and GNMT as well as other key regulatory proteins. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (60 mg/kg body wt), and insulin-treated diabetic (1.0 U bid). After 5 days, rats were anesthetized (ketamine-xylazine) for procurement of blood and tissues. A 1.5-fold elevation in hepatic GNMT activity and hypohomocysteinemia in diabetic rats was completely prevented by insulin treatment. Additionally, diabetes-mediated alterations in methionine synthase, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and DNA methylation were also prevented by insulin. We hypothesize that the concentration of blood glucose may represent a regulatory signal to modify GNMT and homocysteine. In support of this, blood glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with total plasma homocysteine (r = -0.75, P < 0.001) and positively correlated with GNMT activity (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Future research will focus on further elucidating the role of glucose or insulin as a signal for regulating homocysteine and methyl group metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Nieman
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Bianchi L, Lari R, Anichini R, De Bellis A, Berti A, Napoli Z, Seghieri G, Franconi F. Taurine transporter gene expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of type 2 diabetic patients. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2267-74. [PMID: 21739148 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taurine acts as antioxidant, cell osmolyte, modulator of glucose metabolism, and plays a role in the retinal function. It is 10(3)-fold more concentrated in the intracellular than in the extracellular milieu due to a specific taurine-Na-dependent transporter (TauT), which is upregulated by hypertonicity, low extracellular taurine, or oxidative stress and acutely downregulated 'in vitro' by high glucose concentrations. Aim of this study was to investigate whether TauT expression was modified in mononuclear peripheral blood cells (MPC) of type 2 diabetic patients with or without micro/macrovascular complications. Plasma taurine, as well as other sulphur-containing aminoacids (assayed by HPLC) and TauT gene expression (assayed by real-time PCR analysis) were measured in MPC of 45 controls and of 81 age-and-sex matched type 2 diabetic patients with or without micro/macrovascular complications. Median value (interquartile range) of plasma taurine was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in controls [28.7 (13.7) μmol/l vs. 46.5 (20.3) μmol/l; P<0.05], while median TauT expression, in arbitrary units, was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls [3.8 (3.9) vs. 1 (1.3); P<0.05) and was related to HbA1c only in controls (r=0.34; P<0.05). Patients with retinopathy (n=25) had lower TauT expression than those who were unaffected [3.1 (2.8) vs. 4.1 (3.4); P<0.05], while persistent micro/macroalbuminuria was associated with unchanged TauT expression. A trend toward reduction in TauT expression was observed in patients with macroangiopathy [n=27; 3.3 (2.5) vs. 4 [3.7]; P=NS]. In conclusion, TauT gene is overexpressed in MPC of type 2 diabetic patients, while presence of retinopathy is specifically associated with a drop in TauT overexpression, suggesting its possible involvement in this microangiopathic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loria Bianchi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Spedali Riuniti, Pistoia, Italy
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Scherer EBS, da Cunha AA, Kolling J, da Cunha MJ, Schmitz F, Sitta A, Lima DD, Delwing D, Vargas CR, Wyse ATS. Development of an animal model for chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia and its response to oxidative damage. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:693-9. [PMID: 21704148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a chronic chemically induced model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in adult rats. We produced levels of Hcy in the blood (30μM), comparable to those considered a risk factor for the development of neurological and cardiovascular diseases, by injecting homocysteine subcutaneously (0.03μmol/g of body weight) twice a day, from the 30th to the 60th postpartum day. Controls received saline in the same volumes. Using this model, we evaluated the effect of chronic administration of homocysteine on redox status in the blood and cerebral cortex of adult rats. Reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in the plasma and cerebral cortex, while nitrite levels were reduced in the cerebral cortex, but not in the plasma, of rats subjected to chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Homocysteine was also seen to disrupt enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the blood and cerebral cortex of rats. Since experimental animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of human diseases, the present model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia may be useful for the investigation of additional mechanisms involved in tissue alterations caused by homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilene B S Scherer
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Tessari P, Cecchet D, Cosma A, Puricelli L, Millioni R, Vedovato M, Tiengo A. Insulin resistance of amino acid and protein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:267-72. [PMID: 21492974 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although insulin resistance in T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) is usually referred to glucose and lipid metabolism, the question whether such a resistance affects also amino acid and protein metabolism is both relevant and not easy to be answered. Available data indicate a reduced response to insulin in the inhibition of proteolysis at low, near basal hormone levels, whereas such a response appears to be normal at high physiological doses. In most studies in T2DM subjects the stimulation of whole-body protein synthesis in the presence of hyperinsulinemia and euaminoacidemia appears to be normal, although one single study reported lower rates in male T2DM subjects with obesity. The response to insulin of plasma protein synthesis (albumin and fibrinogen) is also normal. However, some metabolic steps of amino acids related to vascular complications (methionine and arginine) exhibit a defective response to insulin in T2DM subjects with nephropathy. In summary, although gross alterations in the response of whole-body protein turnover are not evident in T2DM, specific investigations reveal subtle abnormalities in metabolic steps of selected amino acids. Furthermore, the effects of interaction between diabetes (with the associated insulin resistance) and older age in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia in the elderly deserve more specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolism Division, University of Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a metabolically significant site of sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism in the body and metabolises about 20 % of the dietary methionine intake which is mainly transmethylated to homocysteine and trans-sulfurated to cysteine. The GIT accounts for about 25 % of the whole-body transmethylation and trans-sulfuration. In addition, in vivo studies in young pigs indicate that the GIT is a site of net homocysteine release and thus may contribute to the homocysteinaemia. The gut also utilises 25 % of the dietary cysteine intake and the cysteine uptake by the gut represents about 65 % of the splanchnic first-pass uptake. Moreover, we recently showed that SAA deficiency significantly suppresses intestinal mucosal growth and reduces intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and increases intestinal oxidant stress in piglets. These recent findings indicate that intestinal metabolism of dietary methionine and cysteine is nutritionally important for intestinal mucosal growth. Besides their role in protein synthesis, methionine and cysteine are precursors of important molecules. S-adenosylmethionine, a metabolite of methionine, is the principal biological methyl donor in mammalian cells and a precursor for polyamine synthesis. Cysteine is the rate-limiting amino acid for glutathione synthesis, the major cellular antioxidant in mammals. Further studies are warranted to establish how SAA metabolism regulates gut growth and intestinal function, and contributes to the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The present review discusses the evidence of SAA metabolism in the GIT and its functional and nutritional importance in gut function and diseases.
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Chen NC, Yang F, Capecci LM, Gu Z, Schafer AI, Durante W, Yang XF, Wang H. Regulation of homocysteine metabolism and methylation in human and mouse tissues. FASEB J 2010; 24:2804-17. [PMID: 20305127 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism involves multiple enzymes; however, tissue Hcy metabolism and its relevance to methylation remain unknown. Here, we established gene expression profiles of 8 Hcy metabolic and 12 methylation enzymes in 20 human and 19 mouse tissues through bioinformatic analysis using expression sequence tag clone counts in tissue cDNA libraries. We analyzed correlations between gene expression, Hcy, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels, and SAM/SAH ratios in mouse tissues. Hcy metabolic and methylation enzymes were classified into two types. The expression of Type 1 enzymes positively correlated with tissue Hcy and SAH levels. These include cystathionine beta-synthase, cystathionine-gamma-lyase, paraxonase 1, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase, methionine adenosyltransferase, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases and glycine N-methyltransferase. Type 2 enzyme expressions correlate with neither tissue Hcy nor SAH levels. These include SAH hydrolase, methionyl-tRNA synthase, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:Hcy methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, DNA methyltransferase 1/3a, isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferases, and histone-lysine N-methyltransferase. SAH is the only Hcy metabolite significantly correlated with Hcy levels and methylation enzyme expression. We established equations expressing combined effects of methylation enzymes on tissue SAH, SAM, and SAM/SAH ratios. Our study is the first to provide panoramic tissue gene expression profiles and mathematical models of tissue methylation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad St., MRB, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Garibotto G, Sofia A, Saffioti S, Bonanni A, Mannucci I, Verzola D. Amino acid and protein metabolism in the human kidney and in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:424-33. [PMID: 20207454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a number of complications, including cardiovascular diseases, anemia, hyperparathyroidism, inflammation, metabolic acidosis, malnutrition and protein-energy wasting. The excess cardiovascular risk related to CKD is due in part to a higher prevalence of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, in part to non-traditional, emerging risk factors peculiar to CKD. While even minor renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular prognosis, nutritional changes are more often observed in an advanced setting. In addition, factors related to renal-replacement treatment may be implicated in the pathogenesis of heart disease and protein-energy wasting in dialysis-treated patients. Progressive alterations in kidney metabolism may cause progressive effects on cardiovascular status and nutrition. Altered kidney amino acid/protein metabolism and or excretion may be a key factor in the homeostasis of several vasoactive compounds and hormones in patients with more advanced disease. In this discussion recent research regarding the kidney handling of amino acids and protein turnover and their potential link with cardiovascular disease, progressive kidney dysfunction and nutritional status are reviewed.
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Abstract
Homocysteine is a metabolic intermediate in methyl group metabolism that is dependent on a number of nutritional B-vitamin cofactors. An emerging aspect of homocysteine metabolism is its relation to health and disease. Perturbations of homocysteine metabolism, particularly intracellular and subsequently circulating accumulation of homocysteine (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia), are associated with vascular disease risk, as well as other pathologies. However, intervention with B-vitamin supplementation has been shown to successfully restore normal homocysteine concentrations, but without concomitant reductions in disease risk. Thus, the mechanistic relation between homocysteine balance and disease states, as well as the value of homocysteine management, remains an area of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Williams
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Sen U, Basu P, Abe OA, Givvimani S, Tyagi N, Metreveli N, Shah KS, Passmore JC, Tyagi SC. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-associated chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F410-9. [PMID: 19474193 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is associated with end-stage renal diseases. Hcy metabolizes in the body to produce hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), and studies have demonstrated a protective role of H(2)S in end-stage organ failure. However, the role of H(2)S in HHcy-associated renal diseases is unclear. The present study was aimed to determine the role of H(2)S in HHcy-associated renal damage. Cystathionine-beta-synthase heterozygous (CBS+/-) and wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J) mice with two kidney (2-K) were used in this study and supplemented with or without NaHS (30 micromol/l, H(2)S donor) in the drinking water. To expedite the HHcy-associated glomerular damage, uninephrectomized (1-K) CBS(+/-) and 1-K WT mice were also used with or without NaHS supplementation. Plasma Hcy levels were elevated in CBS(+/-) 2-K and 1-K and WT 1-K mice along with increased proteinuria, whereas, plasma levels of H(2)S were attenuated in these groups compared with WT 2-K mice. Interestingly, H(2)S supplementation increased plasma H(2)S level and normalized the urinary protein secretion in the similar groups of animals as above. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and apoptotic cells were observed in the renal cortical tissues of CBS(+/-) 2-K and 1-K and WT 1-K mice; however, H(2)S prevented apoptotic cell death and normalized increased MMP activities. Increased expression of desmin and downregulation of nephrin in the cortical tissue of CBS(+/-) 2-K and 1-K and WT 1-K mice were ameliorated with H(2)S supplementation. Additionally, in the kidney tissues of CBS(+/-) 2-K and 1-K and WT 1-K mice, increased superoxide (O(2)(*-)) production and reduced glutathione (GSH)-to-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio were normalized with exogenous H(2)S supplementation. These results demonstrate that HHcy-associated renal damage is related to decreased endogenous H(2)S generation in the body. Additionally, here we demonstrate with evidence that H(2)S supplementation prevents HHcy-associated renal damage, in part, through its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sen
- Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, Univ. of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Wilson FA, van den Borne JJGC, Calder AG, O'Kennedy N, Holtrop G, Rees WD, Lobley GE. Tissue methionine cycle activity and homocysteine metabolism in female rats: impact of dietary methionine and folate plus choline. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E702-13. [PMID: 19141688 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90670.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired transfer of methyl groups via the methionine cycle leads to plasma hyperhomocysteinemia. The tissue sources of plasma homocysteine in vivo have not been quantified nor whether hyperhomocysteinemia is due to increased entry or decreased removal. These issues were addressed in female rats offered diets with either adequate or excess methionine (additional methyl groups) with or without folate and choline (impaired methyl group transfer) for 5 wk. Whole body and tissue metabolism was measured based on isotopomer analysis following infusion with either [1-(13)C,methyl-(2)H3]methionine or [U-(13)C]methionine plus [1-(13)C]homocysteine. Although the fraction of intracellular methionine derived from methylation of homocysteine was highest in liver (0.18-0.21), most was retained. In contrast, the pancreas exported to plasma more of methionine synthesized de novo. The pancreas also exported homocysteine to plasma, and this matched the contribution from liver. Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine was reduced in most tissues with excess methionine supply and was also lowered in liver (P<0.01) with diets devoid of folate and choline. Plasma homocysteine concentration (P<0.001) and flux (P=0.001) increased with folate plus choline deficiency, although the latter still represented <12% of estimated tissue production. Hyperhomocysteinemia also increased (P<0.01) the inflow of homocysteine into most tissues, including heart. These findings indicate that a full understanding of hyperhomocysteinemia needs to include metabolism in a variety of organs, rather than an exclusive focus on the liver. Furthermore, the high influx of homocysteine into cardiac tissue may relate to the known association between homocysteinemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Wilson
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Division, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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Chiang EPI, Wang YC, Chen WW, Tang FY. Effects of insulin and glucose on cellular metabolic fluxes in homocysteine transsulfuration, remethylation, S-adenosylmethionine synthesis, and global deoxyribonucleic acid methylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1017-25. [PMID: 19088160 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the impact of pathophysiological elevations in insulin or glucose on hepatic cellular homocysteine kinetics is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of elevated insulin/glucose on hepatic homocysteine kinetics at the cellular level. DESIGN AND METHODS Effects of insulin and glucose on homocysteine remethylation and transsulfuration metabolic fluxes were investigated in a cell model using stable isotopic tracers and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The methylation status was assessed by S-adenosylmethionine (adoMet), the adoMet to S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, DNA methyltransferase activity, and methylated cytidine content of DNA. The expression profile of homocysteine remethylation, transmethylation, and transsulfuration-associated genes was determined. RESULTS Insulin increased cellular homocysteine production primarily by its inhibition of transsulfuration. When cells were exposed to elevated insulin and glucose, homocysteine remethylation was enhanced, which consequently increased intracellular adoMet concentrations by inducing adoMet synthase activity. Elevated glucose further enhanced DNA methyltransferase activity that subsequently led to increased global DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the novel finding of a direct promoting effect of high cellular insulin or glucose exposure on homocysteine remethylation, adoMet synthase activity, and adoMet synthesis. We also provided new evidence indicating that when hepatic tissue is exposed to elevated insulin or glucose, the cellular methylation balance can be altered, which may have potential epigenetic impacts gene regulation in diabetic individuals. These findings in a cell line may or may not reflect what happens in humans. In vivo studies on the homocysteine transmethylation fluxes and DNA methylation in diabetic state are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Pei Isabel Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China.
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Williams KT, Garrow TA, Schalinske KL. Type I diabetes leads to tissue-specific DNA hypomethylation in male rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:2064-9. [PMID: 18936199 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.094144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous perturbations of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism have been documented as an outcome of diabetes. It has also been observed that there is a transition from hypo- to hyperhomocysteinemia in diabetes, often concurrent with the development of nephropathy. The objective of this study was to characterize the temporal changes in methyl group and homocysteine metabolism in the liver and kidney and to determine the impact these alterations have on DNA methylation in type 1 diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes and samples were collected at 2, 4, and 8 wk. At 8 wk, hepatic and renal betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activities were greater in diabetic rats, whereas methionine synthase activity was lower in diabetic rat liver and kidney did not differ. Cystathionine beta-synthase abundance was greater in the liver but less in the kidney of diabetic rats. Both hepatic and renal glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) activity and abundance were greater in diabetic rats; however, changes in renal activity and/or abundance were present only at 2 and 4 wk, whereas hepatic GNMT was induced at all time points. Most importantly, we have shown that genomic DNA was hypomethylated in the liver, but not the kidney, in diabetic rats. These results suggest that diabetes-induced perturbations of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism lead to functional methyl deficiency, resulting in the hypomethylation of DNA in a tissue-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Williams
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Sen U, Rodriguez WE, Tyagi N, Kumar M, Kundu S, Tyagi SC. Ciglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in part through homocysteine clearance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1205-12. [PMID: 18780770 PMCID: PMC2584817 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90534.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are two independent risk factors for glomeruloslerosis and renal insufficiency. Although PPARgamma agonists such as ciglitazone (CZ) are known to modulate diabetic nephropathy, the role of CZ in diabetes-associated HHcy and renopathy is incompletely defined. We tested the hypothesis that induction of PPARgamma by CZ decreases tissue Hcy level; this provides a protective role against diabetic nephropathy. C57BL/6J mice were administered alloxan to create diabetes. Mice were grouped to 0, 1, 10, 12, and 16 wk of treatment; only 12- and 16-wk animals received CZ in drinking water after a 10-wk alloxan treatment. In diabetes, PPARgamma cDNA, mRNA, and protein expression were repressed, whereas an increase in plasma and glomerular Hcy levels was observed. CZ normalized PPARgamma mRNA and protein expression and glomerular level of Hcy, whereas plasma level of Hcy remained unchanged. GFR was dramatically increased at 1-wk diabetic induction, followed by hypofiltration at 10 wk, and was normalized by CZ treatment. This result corroborated with glomerular and preglomerular arteriole histology. A steady-state increase of RVR in diabetic mice became normal with CZ treatment. CZ ameliorated decrease bioavailability of NO in the diabetic animal. Glomerular MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities as well as TIMP-1 expression were increased robustly in diabetic mice and normalized with CZ treatment. Interestingly, TIMP-4 expression was opposite to that of TIMP-1 in diabetic and CZ-treated groups. These results suggested that diabetic nephropathy exacerbated glomerular tissue level of Hcy, and this caused further deterioration of glomerulus. CZ, however, protected diabetic nephropathy in part by activating PPARgamma and clearing glomerular tissue Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Braun S, Koch W, Kölling K, Mehilli J, Schömig A. Circulating homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:66-73. [PMID: 17027242 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Previous studies have shown conflicting results regarding circulating homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS This observational study included 2121 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease (507 patients with type 2 diabetes and 1614 patients without diabetes). Circulating homocysteine levels, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism, renal function, presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosed by coronary angiography, and circulating folate and vitamin B12 status were assessed. Plasma homocysteine levels [median (25th; 75th percentile)] were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those without [12.4 micromol/L (9.9 micromol/L; 15.9 micromol/L) versus 11.7 micromol/L (9.6 micromol/L; 14.5 micromol/L), P=0.011]. Diabetes affected homocysteine levels only in patients with a glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min [13.0 micromol/L (10.5 micromol/L; 16.7 micromol/L) in patients with diabetes versus 12.2 micromol/L (10.1 micromol/L; 15.2 micromol/L) in patients without diabetes, P=0.006] but not in those with a glomerular filtration rate > or = 90 mL/min [10.1 micromol/L (8.1 micromol/L; 12.4 micromol/L) versus 10.2 micromol/L (8.8 micromol/L; 12.3 micromol/L), P=0.267]. Multivariable analysis did not show an independent association between diabetes and homocysteine level (P=0.342). CONCLUSION Circulating homocysteine levels are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic patients due to a more diabetes-associated adverse risk profile rather than to diabetes itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.
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Nomikos T, Detopoulou P, Fragopoulou E, Pliakis E, Antonopoulou S. Boiled wild artichoke reduces postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in normal subjects but has no effect on metabolic syndrome patients. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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