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Lin EYH, Xi W, Aggarwal N, Shinohara ML. Osteopontin (OPN)/SPP1: from its biochemistry to biological functions in the innate immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Int Immunol 2023; 35:171-180. [PMID: 36525591 PMCID: PMC10071791 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein, initially identified in osteosarcoma cells with its role of mediating osteoblast adhesion. Later studies revealed that OPN is associated with many inflammatory conditions caused by infections, allergic responses, autoimmunity and tissue damage. Many cell types in the peripheral immune system express OPN with various functions, which could be beneficial or detrimental. Also, more recent studies demonstrated that OPN is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in microglia during CNS diseases and development. However, understanding of mechanisms underlying OPN's functions in the CNS is still limited. In this review, we focus on peripheral myeloid cells and CNS-resident cells to discuss the expression and functions of OPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wen Xi
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nupur Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Linhares P, Carvalho B, Vaz R, Costa BM. Glioblastoma: Is There Any Blood Biomarker with True Clinical Relevance? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5809. [PMID: 32823572 PMCID: PMC7461098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent malignant primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a highly aggressive, inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype. It is a remarkably heterogeneous tumor at several levels, including histopathologically, radiographically and genetically. The 2016 update of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System highlighted molecular parameters as paramount features for the diagnosis, namely IDH1/2 mutations that distinguish primary and secondary GBM. An ideal biomarker is a molecule that can be detected/quantified through simple non- or minimally invasive methods with the potential to assess cancer risk; promote early diagnosis; increase grading accuracy; and monitor disease evolution and treatment response, as well as fundamentally being restricted to one aspect. Blood-based biomarkers are particularly attractive due to their easy access and have been widely used for various cancer types. A number of serum biomarkers with multiple utilities for glioma have been reported that could classify glioma grades more precisely and provide prognostic value among these patients. At present, screening for gliomas has no clinical relevance. This is because of the low incidence, the lack of sensitive biomarkers in plasma, and the observation that gliomas may develop apparently de novo within few weeks or months. To the best of our knowledge, there is no routine use of a serum biomarker for clinical follow-up. The purpose of this paper is to review the serum biomarkers described in the literature related to glioblastoma and their possible relationship with clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Linhares
- Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal; (P.L.); (R.V.)
- Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carvalho
- Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal; (P.L.); (R.V.)
- Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vaz
- Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal; (P.L.); (R.V.)
- Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno M. Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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3
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Zheng L, Zhang Y, Hao S, Chen L, Sun Z, Yan C, Whitin JC, Jang T, Merchant M, McElhinney DB, Sylvester KG, Cohen HJ, Recht L, Yao X, Ling XB. A proteomic clock for malignant gliomas: The role of the environment in tumorigenesis at the presymptomatic stage. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223558. [PMID: 31600288 PMCID: PMC6786640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas remain incurable with a poor prognosis despite of aggressive treatment. We have been studying the development of brain tumors in a glioma rat model, where rats develop brain tumors after prenatal exposure to ethylnitrosourea (ENU), and there is a sizable interval between when the first pathological changes are noted and tumors become detectable with MRI. Our aim to define a molecular timeline through proteomic profiling of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) such that brain tumor commitment can be revealed earlier than at the presymptomatic stage. A comparative proteomic approach was applied to profile CSF collected serially either before, at and after the time MRI becomes positive. Elastic net (EN) based models were developed to infer the timeline of normal or tumor development respectively, mirroring a chronology of precisely timed, “clocked”, adaptations. These CSF changes were later quantified by longitudinal entropy analyses of the EN predictive metric. False discovery rates (FDR) were computed to control the expected proportion of the EN models that are due to multiple hypothesis testing. Our ENU rat brain tumor dating EN model indicated that protein content in CSF is programmed even before tumor MRI detection. The findings of the precisely timed CSF tumor microenvironment changes at presymptomatic stages, deviation from the normal development timeline, may provide the groundwork for the understanding of adaptation of the brain environment in tumorigenesis to devise effective brain tumor management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shiying Hao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chi Yan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Whitin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Milton Merchant
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Doff B. McElhinney
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Karl G. Sylvester
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Harvey J. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Recht
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Yao
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng B. Ling
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children's Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Giordano FA, Link B, Glas M, Herrlinger U, Wenz F, Umansky V, Brown JM, Herskind C. Targeting the Post-Irradiation Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma via Inhibition of CXCL12. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030272. [PMID: 30813533 PMCID: PMC6468743 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a mainstay in glioblastoma therapy as it not only directly targets tumor cells but also depletes the tumor microvasculature. The resulting intra-tumoral hypoxia initiates a chain of events that ultimately leads to re-vascularization, immunosuppression and, ultimately, tumor-regrowth. The key component of this cascade is overexpression of the CXC-motive chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), formerly known as stromal-cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1). We here review the role of CXCL12 in recruitment of pro-vasculogenic and immunosuppressive cells and give an overview on future and current drugs that target this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Martin Glas
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology and West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen and German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frederik Wenz
- CEO, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - J Martin Brown
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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5
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Paul AM, Acharya D, Duty L, Thompson EA, Le L, Stokic DS, Leis AA, Bai F. Osteopontin facilitates West Nile virus neuroinvasion via neutrophil "Trojan horse" transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4722. [PMID: 28680095 PMCID: PMC5498593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) can cause severe human neurological diseases including encephalitis and meningitis. The mechanisms by which WNV enters the central nervous system (CNS) and host-factors that are involved in WNV neuroinvasion are not completely understood. The proinflammatory chemokine osteopontin (OPN) is induced in multiple neuroinflammatory diseases and is responsible for leukocyte recruitment to sites of its expression. In this study, we found that WNV infection induced OPN expression in both human and mouse cells. Interestingly, WNV-infected OPN deficient (Opn -/-) mice exhibited a higher survival rate (70%) than wild type (WT) control mice (30%), suggesting OPN plays a deleterious role in WNV infection. Despite comparable levels of viral load in circulating blood cells and peripheral organs in the two groups, WNV-infected polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and viral burden in brain of Opn -/- mice were significantly lower than in WT mice. Importantly, intracerebral administration of recombinant OPN into the brains of Opn -/- mice resulted in increased WNV-infected PMN infiltration and viral burden in the brain, which was coupled to increased mortality. The overall results suggest that OPN facilitates WNV neuroinvasion by recruiting WNV-infected PMNs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Laurel Duty
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - E Ashley Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Linda Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Dobrivoje S Stokic
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - A Arturo Leis
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological Recovery, Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
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6
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Functional assessment of glioma pathogenesis by in vivo multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and in vitro analyses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26050. [PMID: 27198662 PMCID: PMC4873752 DOI: 10.1038/srep26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor prognosis. In this study, we report a novel approach combining both in vivo multi-parametric MRI and in vitro cell culture assessments to evaluate the pathogenic development of gliomas. Osteopontin (OPN), a pleiotropic factor, has been implicated in the formation and progression of various human cancers, including gliomas, through its functions in regulating cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration. Using rat C6 glioma model, the combined approach successfully monitors the acquisition and decrease of cancer hallmarks. We show that knockdown of the expression of OPN reduces C6 cell proliferation, survival, viability and clonogenicity in vitro, and reduces tumor burden and prolongs animal survival in syngeneic rats. OPN depletion is associated with reduced tumor growth, decreased angiogenesis, and an increase of tumor-associated metabolites, as revealed by T2-weighted images, diffusion-weighted images, Ktrans maps, and 1H-MRS, respectively. These strategies allow us to define an important role of OPN in conferring cancer hallmarks, which can be further applied to assess the functional roles of other candidate genes in glioma. In particular, the non-invasive multi-parametric MRI measurement of cancer hallmarks related to proliferation, angiogenesis and altered metabolism may serve as a useful tool for diagnosis and for patient management.
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7
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Taka E, Mazzio EA, Goodman CB, Redmon N, Flores-Rozas H, Reams R, Darling-Reed S, Soliman KFA. Anti-inflammatory effects of thymoquinone in activated BV-2 microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:5-12. [PMID: 26298318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the main pharmacological active ingredient within the black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) is believed to be responsible for the therapeutic effects on chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegeneration. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-inflammatory role of TQ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 murine microglia cells. The results obtained indicate that TQ was effective in reducing NO2(-) with an IC50 of 5.04μM, relative to selective iNOS inhibitor LNIL-l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (IC50 4.09μM). TQ mediated reduction in NO2(-) was found to parallel the decline of iNOS protein expression as confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In addition, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of TQ on ninety-six (96) cytokines using a RayBio AAM-CYT-3 and 4 cytokine antibody protein array. Data obtained establish a baseline protein expression profile characteristic of resting BV-2 cells in the order of osteopontin>MIP-1alpha>MIP-1g>IGF-1 and MCP-I. In the presence of LPS [1ug/ml], activated BV-2 cells produced a sharp rise in specific pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine's IL-6, IL-12p40/70, CCL12 /MCP-5, CCL2/MCP-1, and G-CSF which were attenuated by the addition of TQ (10μM). The TQ mediated attenuation of MCP-5, MCP-1 and IL-6 protein in supernatants from activated BV-2 cells were corroborated by independent ELISA. Moreover, the data obtained from the RT(2) PCR demonstrated a similar pattern where the LPS mediated elevation of mRNA for IL-6, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL2/MCP-1 were significantly attenuated by TQ (10μM). Also, in this study, consistent data were obtained for both protein antibody array densitometry and ELISA assays. In addition, TQ was found to reduce LPS mediated elevation in gene expression of Cxcl10 and a number of other cytokines in the panel. These findings demonstrate the significant anti-inflammatory properties of TQ in LPS activated microglial cells. Therefore, the obtained results might indicate the usefulness of TQ in delaying the onset of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders involving activated microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Carl B Goodman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Natalie Redmon
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Hernan Flores-Rozas
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Renee Reams
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Selina Darling-Reed
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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8
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Lamour V, Henry A, Kroonen J, Nokin MJ, von Marschall Z, Fisher LW, Chau TL, Chariot A, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Turtoi A, Peulen O, Rogister B, Castronovo V, Bellahcène A. Targeting osteopontin suppresses glioblastoma stem-like cell character and tumorigenicityin vivo. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1047-57. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lamour
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Aurélie Henry
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Jérôme Kroonen
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Marie-Julie Nokin
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | | | - Larry W. Fisher
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS; Bethesda MD
| | - Tieu-Lan Chau
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Alain Chariot
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Marc Sanson
- UMR 975, INSERM-UPMC, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris
| | | | - Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège; Belgium
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIGA-Development, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège; Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Current cancer research focuses mainly upon the cancer cells in malignant tumours and is providing a growing database about aberrations in their genetic composition. However, tumours also contain non-cancerous host tissue, referred to as the stroma, which plays an active and indispensable role in tumour growth and influences the virulence of the neoplasm towards the host. Many cell types inhabit the stroma, amidst apparently inert fibrous and viscous matrix material, composed of complex polysaccharides, proteins and other molecules. Actually, all of these elements are in constant turnover, causing unpredictable evolution in the properties of the community. This article provides pathologic observations and data on reciprocal interactions between these stromal and neoplastic components of tumours and how they change during the course of the disease. Malignant progression depends upon dauntingly intricate communications between different specialised lineages within the cellular society, which enable rapid adaptation to changing circumstances. Opportunistic misuse of such communication networks enables tumour cells to recruit and incorporate adjacent normal stroma into their midst, so that they may grow, infiltrate and parasitise the host. The absolute dependency of primary tumours and metastases on their diverse stromal components for survival and their insatiable need to continuously recruit more stroma to support expansion, renders them vulnerable to strategies capable of disrupting the cellular interactions involved. This dependency is of critical importance for cancer therapy research, and proposed methods for turning this parasitic behaviour of tumours against themselves are suggested below.
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10
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Brown JM. Vasculogenesis: a crucial player in the resistance of solid tumours to radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20130686. [PMID: 24338942 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours have two main ways to develop a vasculature: by angiogenesis, the sprouting of endothelial cells from nearby blood vessels, and vasculogenesis, the formation of blood vessels from circulating cells. Because tumour irradiation abrogates local angiogenesis, the tumour must rely on the vasculogenesis pathway for regrowth after irradiation. Tumour irradiation produces a marked influx of CD11b(+) myeloid cells (macrophages) into the tumours, and these are crucial to the formation of blood vessels in the tumours after irradiation and for the recurrence of the tumours. This process is driven by increased tumour hypoxia, which increases levels of HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1), which in turn upregulates SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor 1 or CXCL12), the main driver of the vasculogenesis pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1 or of its downstream target SDF-1 prevents the radiation-induced influx of the CD11b(+) myeloid cells and delays or prevents the tumours from recurring following irradiation. Others and we have shown that with a variety of tumours in both mice and rats, the inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway delays or prevents the recurrence of implanted or autochthonous tumours following irradiation or following treatment with vascular disrupting agents or some chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel. In addition to the recruited macrophages, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are also recruited to the irradiated tumours, a process also driven by SDF-1. Together, the recruited proangiogenic macrophages and the EPCs reform the tumour vasculature and allow the tumour to regrow following irradiation. This is a new paradigm with major implications for the treatment of solid tumours by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Yao NW, Chen CCV, Yen CT, Chang C. Promoted Growth of Brain Tumor by the Transplantation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Facilitated by CXCL12. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:S1936-5233(14)00042-4. [PMID: 24862537 PMCID: PMC4145393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted migration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a prerequisite for the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of pathologies. This migration is regulated mainly by C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12). Therefore, promotion of the migratory responses of grafted cells by upregulating CXCL12 signaling has been proposed as a strategy for improving the efficacy of such cell therapies. However, the effects of this strategy on brain tumors have not yet been examined in vivo. The aim of the present study was thus to elucidate the effects of grafted rat green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled NSPCs (GFP-NSPCs) with CXCL12 enhancement on a model of spontaneous rat brain tumor induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was applied to determine the changes in tumor volume and morphology over time. Postmortem histology was performed to confirm the tumor pathology, expression levels of CXCL12 and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, and the fate of GFP-NSPCs. The results showed that the tumor volume and hypointense areas of T2-weighted images were both significantly increased in animals treated with combined NSPC transplantation and CXCL12 induction, but not in control animals or in those with tumors that received only one of the treatments. GFP-NSPCs appear to migrate toward tumors with CXCL12 enhancement and differentiate uniquely into a neuronal lineage. These findings suggest that CXCL12 is an effective chemoattractant that facilitates exogenous NSPC migration toward brain tumors and that CXCL12 and NSPC can act synergistically to promote tumor progression with severe hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wei Yao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chi V Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tung Yen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Martin BJ. Inhibiting vasculogenesis after radiation: a new paradigm to improve local control by radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014; 23:281-7. [PMID: 24012342 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are supported by blood vessels, and it has long been debated whether their response to irradiation is affected by radiation damage to the vasculature. We have shown in preclinical models that, indeed, radiation is damaging to the tumor vasculature and strongly inhibits tumor angiogenesis. However, the vasculature can recover by colonization from circulating cells, primarily proangiogenenic CD11b+ monocytes or macrophages from the bone marrow. This secondary pathway of blood vessel formation, known as vasculogenesis, thus acts to restore the tumor vasculature and allows the tumor to recur following radiation. The stimulus for the influx of these CD11b+ cells into tumors following irradiation is the increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the tumor due to induced tumor hypoxia secondary to blood vessel loss. This increases tumor levels of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, which has chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on monocytes and endothelial cells thereby capturing these cells in the tumors. The increase in CD11b+ monocytes in tumors following irradiation can be prevented using antibodies or small molecules that inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1 or the interaction of stromal cell-derived factor-1 with its receptors. We show that the effect of inhibiting these chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions is a marked increase in the radiation response of transplanted or chemically induced tumors in mice and rats. This strategy of inhibiting vasculogenesis following tumor irradiation is a new paradigm in radiotherapy and suggests that higher levels of local control of tumors in several sites would be achievable with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brown J Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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13
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Walters MJ, Ebsworth K, Berahovich RD, Penfold MET, Liu SC, Al Omran R, Kioi M, Chernikova SB, Tseng D, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Sinyuk M, Ransohoff RM, Lathia JD, Karamchandani J, Kohrt HEK, Zhang P, Powers JP, Jaen JC, Schall TJ, Merchant M, Recht L, Brown JM. Inhibition of CXCR7 extends survival following irradiation of brain tumours in mice and rats. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1179-88. [PMID: 24423923 PMCID: PMC3950859 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In experimental models of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), irradiation (IR) induces local expression of the chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1, which promotes tumour recurrence. The role of CXCR7, the high-affinity receptor for CXCL12, in the tumour's response to IR has not been addressed. Methods: We tested CXCR7 inhibitors for their effects on tumour growth and/or animal survival post IR in three rodent GBM models. We used immunohistochemistry to determine where CXCR7 protein is expressed in the tumours and in human GBM samples. We used neurosphere formation assays with human GBM xenografts to determine whether CXCR7 is required for cancer stem cell (CSC) activity in vitro. Results: CXCR7 was detected on tumour cells and/or tumour-associated vasculature in the rodent models and in human GBM. In human GBM, CXCR7 expression increased with glioma grade and was spatially associated with CXCL12 and CXCL11/I-TAC. In the rodent GBM models, pharmacological inhibition of CXCR7 post IR caused tumour regression, blocked tumour recurrence, and/or substantially prolonged survival. CXCR7 expression levels on human GBM xenograft cells correlated with neurosphere-forming activity, and a CXCR7 inhibitor blocked sphere formation by sorted CSCs. Conclusions: These results indicate that CXCR7 inhibitors could block GBM tumour recurrence after IR, perhaps by interfering with CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Walters
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - K Ebsworth
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - R D Berahovich
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - M E T Penfold
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - S-C Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Al Omran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Kioi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S B Chernikova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Sinyuk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R M Ransohoff
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Lathia
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Karamchandani
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H E K Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J P Powers
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J C Jaen
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - T J Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - M Merchant
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Recht
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J M Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Liu SC, Alomran R, Chernikova SB, Lartey F, Stafford J, Jang T, Merchant M, Zboralski D, Zöllner S, Kruschinski A, Klussmann S, Recht L, Brown JM. Blockade of SDF-1 after irradiation inhibits tumor recurrences of autochthonous brain tumors in rats. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:21-8. [PMID: 24335554 PMCID: PMC3870826 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor irradiation blocks local angiogenesis, forcing any recurrent tumor to form new vessels from circulating cells. We have previously demonstrated that the post-irradiation recurrence of human glioblastomas in the brains of nude mice can be delayed or prevented by inhibiting circulating blood vessel–forming cells by blocking the interaction of CXCR4 with its ligand stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)–1 (CXCL12). In the present study we test this strategy by directly neutralizing SDF-1 in a clinically relevant model using autochthonous brain tumors in immune competent hosts. Methods We used NOX-A12, an l-enantiomeric RNA oligonucleotide that binds and inhibits SDF-1 with high affinity. We tested the effect of this inhibitor on the response to irradiation of brain tumors in rat induced by n-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Results Rats treated in utero with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea began to die of brain tumors from approximately 120 days of age. We delivered a single dose of whole brain irradiation (20 Gy) on day 115 of age, began treatment with NOX-A12 immediately following irradiation, and continued with either 5 or 20 mg/kg for 4 or 8 weeks, doses and times equivalent to well-tolerated human exposures. We found a marked prolongation of rat life span that was dependent on both drug dose and duration of treatment. In addition we treated tumors only when they were visible by MRI and demonstrated complete regression of the tumors that was not achieved by irradiation alone or with the addition of temozolomide. Conclusions Inhibition of SDF-1 following tumor irradiation is a powerful way of improving tumor response of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shie-Chau Liu
- Corresponding author: J. Martin Brown, PhD, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, A246, 1050A Arastradero Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1334.
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15
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Hypoxia-related molecules HIF-1α, CA9, and osteopontin. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 189:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Whitin JC, Jang T, Merchant M, Yu TTS, Lau K, Recht B, Cohen HJ, Recht L. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid proteins in a presymptomatic primary glioma model. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185417 PMCID: PMC3501526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the early relationship between brain tumor cells and their environment could lead to more sensitive biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies. We have been using a rodent model of neurocarcinogenesis in which all animals develop brain tumors by six months of age to establish two early landmarks in glioma development: the appearance of a nestin+ cell at thirty days of age and the appearance of cellular hyperplasia between 60 and 120 days of age. We now report an assessment of the CSF proteome to determine the changes in protein composition that occur during this period. Materials and Methods Nestin+ cell clusters and microtumors were assessed in 63 ethylnitrosourea-exposed rats on 30, 60, and 90 days of age. CSF was obtained from the cisterna magna from 101 exposed and control rats at 30, 60, and 90 days and then analyzed using mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed peaks were isolated and identified. Results Nestin+ cells were noted in all ethylnitrosourea-exposed rats assessed pathologically. Small microtumors were noted in 0%, 18%, and 67% of 30-, 60-, and 90-day old rats, respectively (p<0.05, Chi square). False Discovery Rate analysis of peak intensities showed that the number of true discoveries with p<0.05 increased markedly with increasing age. Isolation and identification of highly differentially detected proteins at 90 days of age revealed increases in albumin and a fragment of α1 macroglobulin and alterations in glutathionylated transthyretin. Conclusions The presence of increased albumin, fragments of cerebrospinal fluid proteins, and glutathione breakdown in temporal association with the development of cellular hyperplasia, suggests that, similar to many other systemic cancers, inflammation and oxidative stress is playing an important early role in the host’s response to brain tumor development and may be involved in affecting the early growth of brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Whitin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Milton Merchant
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tom T-S. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- The Canary Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Recht
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Harvey J. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LR); (HC)
| | - Lawrence Recht
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LR); (HC)
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Nagatani M, Yamakawa S, Saito T, Ando R, Hoshiya T, Tamura K, Uchida K. GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes in spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas of rats. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:653-61. [PMID: 23076037 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312463987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally said that neoplastic cells are immunohistochemically negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in rat spontaneous astrocytomas, and there are no reports describing the existence of GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes in rat spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas which contain neoplastic astrocytes. In the present study, to clarify whether GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes exist in rat spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas or not, immunohistochemical examination was performed on spontaneous oligodendrogliomas (26 cases) and mixed gliomas (5 cases) collected from the carcinogenicity studies and short-term toxicity studies. The neoplastic cells that constitute oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas were morphologically classified into five types: round A, round B, round C, spindle, and bizarre. The cells of round A, B, and C types were thought to be neoplastic oligodendrocytes because of their positive immunostainability for Olig2. The origin of bizarre cells was obscure because they were negative for Olig2, GFAP, and nestin. The spindle cells were considered to be neoplastic astrocytes, because some of them were positive for GFAP or nestin, and GFAP-positive spindle cells could be morphologically distinguished from reactive astrocytes. In conclusion, the present study clarified for the first time that GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes exist in rat spontaneous gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan.
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18
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Jang T, Calaoagan JM, Kwon E, Samuelsson S, Recht L, Laderoute KR. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity is elevated early during primary brain tumor development in the rat. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2230-9. [PMID: 20635388 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We found that adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is considered the "fuel sensor" of mammalian cells because it directly responds to the depletion of the fuel molecule ATP, is strongly activated by tumor-like hypoxia and glucose deprivation. We also observed abundant AMPK activity in tumor cells in vivo, using subcutaneous tumor xenografts prepared from cells transformed with oncogenic H-Ras. Such rapidly growing transplants of tumor cells, however, represent fully developed tumors that naturally contain energetically stressed microenvironments that can activate AMPK. Therefore, to investigate the induction of AMPK activity during experimental tumorigenesis, we used an established model of brain tumor (glioma) development in the offspring of rats exposed prenatally to the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. We observed that immunostaining for a specific readout of AMPK activity (AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase) was prominent during N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-initiated neurocarcinogenesis, from the occurrence of early hyperplasia (microtumors) to the emergence of large gliomas. Moreover, we observed that immunostaining for activating phosphorylation of AMPK correlated with the same stages of glioma development, notably in mitotic tumor cells in which the signal showed punctate as well as cytoplasmic patterns associated with spindle formation. Based on these observations, we propose that neurocarcinogenesis requires AMPK-dependent regulation of cellular energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichang Jang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Atai NA, Bansal M, Lo C, Bosman J, Tigchelaar W, Bosch KS, Jonker A, De Witt Hamer PC, Troost D, McCulloch CA, Everts V, Van Noorden CJF, Sodek J. Osteopontin is up-regulated and associated with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in glioblastoma. Immunology 2010; 132:39-48. [PMID: 20722758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycophosphoprotein with multiple intracellular and extracellular functions. In vitro, OPN enhances migration of mouse neutrophils and macrophages. In cancer, extracellular OPN facilitates migration of cancer cells via its RGD sequence. The present study was designed to investigate whether osteopontin is responsible for neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in human cancer and in particular in glioblastoma. We found that in vitro mouse neutrophil migration was RGD-dependent. In silico, we found that the OPN gene was one of the 5% most highly expressed genes in 20 out of 35 cancer microarray data sets in comparison with normal tissue in at least 30% of cancer patients. In some types of cancer, such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer and melanoma, the OPN gene was one of those with the highest expression levels in at least 90% of cancer patients. In glioblastoma, the most invasive type of brain tumours/glioma, but not in lower grades of glioma it was one of the 5% highest expressed genes in 90% of patients. In situ, we found increased protein levels of OPN in human glioblastoma versus normal human brain confirming in silico results. OPN protein expression was co-localized with neutrophils and macrophages. In conclusion, OPN in tumours not only induces migration of cancer cells but also of leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Atai
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Sreekanthreddy P, Srinivasan H, Kumar DM, Nijaguna MB, Sridevi S, Vrinda M, Arivazhagan A, Balasubramaniam A, Hegde AS, Chandramouli BA, Santosh V, Rao MR, Kondaiah P, Somasundaram K. Identification of Potential Serum Biomarkers of Glioblastoma: Serum Osteopontin Levels Correlate with Poor Prognosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1409-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
SPP1 was found to be significantly upregulated in many kinds of malignant tumors, including gliomas. Considering that gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the development of gliomas, we performed an association study between SPP1 functional promoter region polymorphisms and glioma risk in a Chinese population. We found significant evidence of an association between SPP1 promoter polymorphisms and glioma risk. For the -155_156insG variant, the -155_156GG allele was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of glioma (P=0.020, odds ratio (OR)=1.202, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.028-1.408). Individuals with the genotype containing the GG allele had a 1.372-fold increased risk (P=0.006, OR=1.372, 95% CI: 1.095-1.719). Further stratified analyses suggested that a significant association existed in adult glioma patients, male subjects and in cases without a family history of cancer. Alternatively, the study of single-nucleotide polymorphism -443C/T in a recessive model revealed that the genotype CC+CT significantly decreased the risk of glioma when compared with TT (P=0.023, OR=0.774, 95% CI: 0.621-0.966). After the analysis of haplotypes, the haplotype -155_156GG/-443T was represented at a significantly higher frequency in cases (P=0.029, OR=1.192, 95% CI: 1.018-1.395). Cellular assay indicated that the transcriptional activity of the SPP1 promoter containing the -155_156GG allele significantly increased in glioma cells. Thus, variants of the SPP1 promoter might influence the risk of glioma by regulating promoter activity. Further analyses are necessary to validate our observation in larger samples or in other ethnic groups.
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22
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Lamour V, Le Mercier M, Lefranc F, Hagedorn M, Javerzat S, Bikfalvi A, Kiss R, Castronovo V, Bellahcène A. Selective osteopontin knockdown exerts anti-tumoral activity in a human glioblastoma model. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1797-1805. [PMID: 19609945 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a member of the SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand N-linked Glycoprotein) family, is overexpressed in human glioblastoma. Higher levels of OPN expression correlate with increased tumor grade and enhanced migratory capacity of tumor cells. Based on these observations, we explored the possibility that knocking down OPN expression in glioblastoma cells could exert an anti-tumoral activity using an avian in vivo glioblastoma model that mimics closely human gliobastoma. Human U87-MG glioma cells transfected with specific anti-OPN small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were grafted onto the chicken chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM). OPN-deficient U87-MG cells gave rise to tumors that were significantly smaller than tumors formed from untransfected cells (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Accordingly, the amount of proliferating cells in OPN-deficient tumors showed a six-fold reduction when compared to control tumors. However, OPN inhibition did not affect significantly tumor-associated angiogenesis. In vitro, OPN-silenced U87-MG and U373-MG cells showed decreased motility and migration. This is the first demonstration that OPN inhibition blocks glioma tumor growth, making this invasion-related protein an attractive target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lamour
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie Le Mercier
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Hagedorn
- INSERM U920.,University of Bordeaux, Talence, F-33405, France
| | - Sophie Javerzat
- INSERM U920.,University of Bordeaux, Talence, F-33405, France
| | | | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Akeila Bellahcène
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Yan W, Qian C, Zhao P, Zhang J, Shi L, Qian J, Liu N, Fu Z, Kang C, Pu P, You Y. Expression pattern of osteopontin splice variants and its functions on cell apoptosis and invasion in glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:765-75. [PMID: 20511184 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is widely overexpressed in various cancers, including gliomas, and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, the expression pattern and functions of OPN splice variants expressed in gliomas remain unclear. The aims of our current study were to examine the expression pattern and functions of OPN splice variants in gliomas. In present study, the mRNA levels of OPN splice variants are markedly increased in gliomas tissues, and all OPN splice variants were also found in U251 and U87 cells. Furthermore, knock-down and regain of function experiments were designed to explore the functions of OPN splice variants in U251 and U87 cells. Lentiviral vectors of OPN small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting all three endogenous mRNAs of OPN and OPN splice variants synonymous mutant that were not silenced by OPN siRNA were constructed. Our results showed that all OPN splice variants synonymous mutant-protected glioma cells from apoptosis induced by OPN siRNA through alteration of the levels of Bcl-2 family proteins and OPN-b Mu elicted a significant effect. Both OPN-a Mu and -c Mu promoted glioma cell invasion through alteration of the levels of uPA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions and the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via activation PI-3K/AKT/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Moreover, OPN-c Mu showed the strongest effect on glioma cell invasion, while OPN-b Mu showed no effect on the invasion of U251 and U87 cells. Thus, different splice variants of OPN have divergent functions in regulating apoptosis and invasion of glioma cells, which broadens their importance in glioma biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Jan HJ, Lee CC, Shih YL, Hueng DY, Ma HI, Lai JH, Wei HW, Lee HM. Osteopontin regulates human glioma cell invasiveness and tumor growth in mice. Neuro Oncol 2009; 12:58-70. [PMID: 20150368 PMCID: PMC2940564 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant glioma cells are characterized by local invasion. In the present study, we investigated the role of osteopontin (OPN) in the invasiveness of human glioma cells isolated from grade IV tumors. We found that the expression levels of OPN in these cell lines paralleled matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and cell invasiveness potential. When U87MG glioma cells (with a high-OPN expression level) were stably transformed with specific small hairpin RNA to knock down OPN expression, MMP-2 secretion, cell invasiveness, and tumor growth in implanted brains were dramatically reduced. Conversely, forced expression of OPN in GBM-SKH glioma cells (which expressed OPN at a low level) increased MMP-2 secretion, enhanced cell invasiveness, and increased tumor growth in a rodent xenograft model. Expression of OPN was associated with increased expression of vimentin and decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Treatment of glioma cells with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) suppressed OPN expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Suppression of OPN expression by 5-aza-dC was associated with reductions in MMP-2 secretion, vimentin expression, cell invasion, intravasation, and tumor growth. These data suggest that OPN may play important roles in regulating cell invasion in glioma cells and that 5-aza-dC may serve as a therapeutic agent for human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Jin Jan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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25
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SongTao Q, GuangLong H, Jun P, Jia L, Xi’An Z, LuXiong F, BaoGuo L, Wei M, YongMing Z, XiaoJun L. Involvement of osteopontin as a core protein in craniopharyngioma calcification formation. J Neurooncol 2009; 98:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Glantz M, Kesari S, Recht L, Fleischhack G, Van Horn A. Understanding the origins of gliomas and developing novel therapies: cerebrospinal fluid and subventricular zone interplay. Semin Oncol 2009; 36:S17-24. [PMID: 19660679 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, carries a poor prognosis, with median survival generally less than 1 year. Although initial therapy often eradicates the bulk of the tumor, disease recurrence, usually within 2 cm of the original tumor, is almost inevitable. This may be due to a failure of current therapies to eradicate viable chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-resistant neoplastic progenitor cells, which may then repopulate tumors. An increasing body of preclinical data suggests that these cells may correspond to stem cells derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ), which migrate to tumor sites and contribute to glioma growth and recurrence. Therapeutic targeting of SVZ stem cell populations via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-directed therapy may provide a means for limiting tumor recurrence. This approach has proved successful in the treatment of medulloblastoma, another brain tumor thought to be derived from stem cells. We discuss the rationale and design considerations for a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of CSF-directed therapy for preventing GBM recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glantz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0859, USA.
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Brown MC, Staniszewska I, Lazarovici P, Tuszynski GP, Del Valle L, Marcinkiewicz C. Regulatory effect of nerve growth factor in alpha9beta1 integrin-dependent progression of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2009; 10:968-80. [PMID: 19074980 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we described the role of alpha9beta1 integrin in glioblastoma progression following its interaction with nerve growth factor (NGF). The level of expression of alpha9beta1 on astrocytomas is correlated with increased grade of this brain tumor and is highest on glioblastoma, whereas normal astrocytes do not express this integrin. Two glioblastoma cell lines, LN229 and LN18, that are alpha9beta1 integrin positive and negative, respectively, were used for alpha9beta1 integrin-dependent NGF-induced tumor progression. NGF was a significant promoter of promigratory and pro-proliferative activities of glioblastoma cells through direct interaction with alpha9beta1 integrin and activation of MAPK Erk1/2 pathway. The level of NGF increases approximately threefold in the most malignant glioma tissue when compared with normal brain. This increase is related to secretion of NGF by tumor cells. Specific inhibitors of alpha9beta1 integrin or gene silencing inhibited NGF-induced proliferation of LN229 cell line to the level shown by LN18 cells. VLO5 promoted alpha9beta1-dependent programmed cell death by induction of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. LN229 cells were rescued from proapoptotic effect of VLO5 by the presence of NGF. This disintegrin significantly inhibited tumor growth induced by implantation of LN229 cells to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of quail embryonic model, and this inhibitory effect was significantly abolished by the presence of NGF. alpha9beta1 integrin appears to be an interesting target for blocking the progression of malignant gliomas, especially in light of the stimulatory effect of NGF on the development of these tumors and its ability to transfer proapoptotic signals in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Sareddy GR, Challa S, Panigrahi M, Babu PP. Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway activation in malignant progression of rat gliomas induced by transplacental N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea exposure. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1278-88. [PMID: 19148749 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway has been shown to be a crucial factor in the development of many cancers, little is known about its role in glioma malignancy. In the present study, we report the first evidence that Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway is constitutively activated in experimental gliomas induced by single transplacental dose of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). In the present study we analyzed ENU induced rat gliomas of different stages (P90, P135 and P180) for the expression of beta-catenin, Lef1, Tcf4 and their targets c-Myc, N-Myc and cyclin D1. Western blot analysis revealed upregulation of beta-catenin, Lef1, Tcf4, c-Myc, N-Myc and cyclin D1 in gliomas compared to controls and their levels were progressively increased from initial stage (P90) to progression stage (P180). In consistent with this, immunohistochemistry revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin, and nuclear positivity was evident for Lef1, Tcf4, c-Myc, N-Myc and cyclin D1. Based on these results, we conclude that Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may play a major role in the tumorigenesis and tumor progression in ENU induced rat gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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29
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Toy H, Yavas O, Eren O, Genc M, Yavas C. Correlation between osteopontin protein expression and histological grade of astrocytomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:203-7. [PMID: 19048398 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin is a ligand for the integrin proteins, which are cell surface receptors that mediate the physical and functional interactions between a cell and the extracellular matrix. The expression of osteopontin is reportedly increased in a number of transformed cell lines and tumor tissues. Furthermore, increased expression of osteopontin results in some infiltrative features of tumors. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that expression of osteopontin in human astrocytomas correlates with histological tumor grade. The expression of osteopontin in human astrocytomas was determined with immunohistochemistry. Median osteopontin expression levels were 1%, 7.5%, 60%, and 50% in grade I, II, III, and IV tumors, respectively. Osteopontin staining was significantly higher in high grade (grade III-IV) than low grade (grade I-II) tumors. These findings indicate that osteopontin immunoreactivity in human astrocytomas may correlate with the grade of a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toy
- Department of Pathology, Meram Medical School, Selcuk University, 42080 Meram, Konya, Turkey.
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30
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Brown MC, Staniszewska I, Lazarovici P, Tuszynski GP, Del Valle L, Marcinkiewicz C. Regulatory effect of nerve growth factor in α9β1 integrin–dependent progression of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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31
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Osteopontin Expression Correlates with Angiogenesis and Survival in Malignant Astrocytoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 14:293-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Jang T, Sathy B, Hsu YH, Merchant M, Recht B, Chang C, Recht L. A distinct phenotypic change in gliomas at the time of magnetic resonance imaging detection. J Neurosurg 2008; 108:782-90. [DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/108/4/0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Although gliomas remain refractory to treatment, it is not clear whether this characteristic is fixed at the time of its origin or develops later. The authors have been using a model of neurocarcinogenesis to determine whether a time exists during a glioma's evolution during which it is detectable but still curable, thus providing a justification for exploring the clinical merits of an early detection and treatment strategy. The authors recently reported the presence of 2 distinct cellular subsets, 1 expressing nestin and the other both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and osteopontin (OPN), within all examined gliomas that developed after in utero exposure to ethylnitrosourea.
Methods
In this study, the authors used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess when these 2 subpopulations appeared during glioma evolution.
Results
Using T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR imaging, the authors observed that gliomas grew exponentially once detected at rates that were location-dependent. Despite large differences in growth rates, however, they determined by correlating histochemistry with imaging in a second series of animals, that all lesions initially detected on T2-weighted images contained both subsets of cells. In contrast, lesions containing only nestin-positive cells, which appeared on average 40 days before detection on MR images, were not detected.
Conclusions
The sequential appearance of first the nestin-positive cells followed several weeks later by those expressing GFAP/OPN suggests that all gliomas arise through common early steps in this model. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that the expression of OPN, a molecule associated with cancer aggressiveness, at the time of T2-weighted detection signals a time during glioma development when the lesion becomes refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichang Jang
- 1Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - Binulal Sathy
- 2Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Nan-Kan, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Yi-Hua Hsu
- 2Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Nan-Kan, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Milton Merchant
- 1Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - Benjamin Recht
- 3Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Chang
- 2Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Nan-Kan, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Lawrence Recht
- 1Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
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Bhaskara VK, Sundaram C, Babu PP. pERK, pAkt and pBad: A Possible Role in Cell Proliferation and Sustained Cellular Survival During Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression in ENU Induced Transplacental Glioma Rat Model. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1163-70. [PMID: 16944316 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas remain to be an unresolved medical problem. Better understanding of complex regulation and key molecules involved in glioma pathology are needed for designing new and effective treatment modalities. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is known to be having a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation during the invasion and metastasis of the tumor cells. In the present study, N-ethyl N-nitrosourea induced glioma rat model was used to understand the role of ERK1/2 and Akt pathways in the progression of tumor malignancy. Twenty-four glioma rat brains of early (P90) and progressive (P180) stages were used for histological and immunoblot analysis. Results have shown increased levels of activated ERK1/2, activated Akt or protein kinase B, Bcl-2 and pBad in the glioma rats. This study may indicate increased cell proliferation and angiogenesis, mediated through activation of both ERK and Akt pathways along with increased levels of pBad. Further, pAkt and Bcl-2 levels in the progressive stage glioma rats may indicate existence of sustained tumor cell survival signals. Moreover, enhanced pBad levels in tumor may indicate that there are anti-apoptotic mechanisms, further making the malignant cells resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Kumar Bhaskara
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Central University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500046, India
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