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Wang X, Zhang L, Dong B. Molecular mechanisms in MASLD/MASH-related HCC. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00739. [PMID: 38349726 PMCID: PMC11323288 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and ranks as the sixth most prevalent cancer type globally. NAFLD or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and its more severe manifestation, NASH or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), pose a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 20%-25% of the population. The increased prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and MASH is parallel to the increasing rates of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and fatty liver diseases. MASH can progress to MASH-related HCC (MASH-HCC) in about 2% of cases each year, influenced by various factors such as genetic mutations, carcinogen exposure, immune microenvironment, and microbiome. MASH-HCC exhibits distinct molecular and immune characteristics compared to other causes of HCC and affects both men and women equally. The management of early to intermediate-stage MASH-HCC typically involves surgery and locoregional therapies, while advanced HCC is treated with systemic therapies, including anti-angiogenic therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this comprehensive review, we consolidate previous research findings while also providing the most current insights into the intricate molecular processes underlying MASH-HCC development. We delve into MASH-HCC-associated genetic variations and somatic mutations, disease progression and research models, multiomics analysis, immunological and microenvironmental impacts, and discuss targeted/combined therapies to overcome immune evasion and the biomarkers to recognize treatment responders. By furthering our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying MASH-HCC, our goal is to catalyze the advancement of more potent treatment strategies, ultimately leading to enhanced patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hao S, Cai D, Gou S, Li Y, Liu L, Tang X, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Wu X, Li M, Chen M, Li X, Sun Y, Gu L, Li W, Wang F, Cho CH, Xiao Z, Du F. Does each Component of Reactive Oxygen Species have a Dual Role in the Tumor Microenvironment? Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:4958-4986. [PMID: 37469162 PMCID: PMC11340293 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230719142202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of highly reactive oxidizing molecules, including superoxide anion (O2 •-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), among others. Moderate levels of ROS play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling and maintaining cellular functions. However, abnormal ROS levels or persistent oxidative stress can lead to changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that favor cancer development. This review provides an overview of ROS generation, structure, and properties, as well as their effects on various components of the TME. Contrary to previous studies, our findings reveal a dual effect of ROS on different components of the TME, whereby ROS can either enhance or inhibit certain factors, ultimately leading to the promotion or suppression of the TME. For example, H2O2 has dual effects on immune cells and non-- cellular components within the TME, while O2 •- has dual effects on T cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, each component demonstrates distinct mechanisms of action and ranges of influence. In the final section of the article, we summarize the current clinical applications of ROS in cancer treatment and identify certain limitations associated with existing therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ROS, highlighting their dual effects on different components of the TME, and exploring the potential clinical applications that may pave the way for future treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Dan Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Shuang Gou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Sichuan Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Sichuan Luzhou 646600, China
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Dong S, Chen C, Di C, Wang S, Dong Q, Lin W, Liu D. The Association between NADPH Oxidase 2 (NOX2) and Drug Resistance in Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:1195-1212. [PMID: 38362697 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096277328240110062433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase, as a major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), assumes an important role in the immune response and oxidative stress response of the body. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is the first and most representative member of the NADPH oxidase family, and its effects on the development of tumor cells are gaining more and more attention. Our previous study suggested that NCF4 polymorphism in p40phox, a key subunit of NOX2, affected the outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab. It hypothesized that NOX2-mediated ROS could enhance the cytotoxic effects of some anti-tumor drugs in favor of patients with tumors. Several reviews have summarized the role of NOX2 and its congeners-mediated ROS in anti-tumor therapy, but few studies focused on the relationship between the expression of NOX2 and anti-tumor drug resistance. In this article, we systematically introduced the NOX family, represented by NOX2, and a classification of the latest inhibitors and agonists of NOX2. It will help researchers to have a more rational and objective understanding of the dual role of NOX2 in tumor drug resistance and is expected to provide new ideas for oncology treatment and overcoming drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chang Di
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Shufan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Quan Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Wenxin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Duo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, China
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Bode K, Hauri-Hohl M, Jaquet V, Weyd H. Unlocking the power of NOX2: A comprehensive review on its role in immune regulation. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102795. [PMID: 37379662 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of highly reactive molecules with numerous, often pleiotropic functions within the cell and the organism. Due to their potential to destroy biological structures such as membranes, enzymes and organelles, ROS have long been recognized as harmful yet unavoidable by-products of cellular metabolism leading to "oxidative stress" unless counterbalanced by cellular anti-oxidative defense mechanisms. Phagocytes utilize this destructive potential of ROS released in high amounts to defend against invading pathogens. In contrast, a regulated and fine-tuned release of "signaling ROS" (sROS) provides essential intracellular second messengers to modulate central aspects of immunity, including antigen presentation, activation of antigen presenting cells (APC) as well as the APC:T cell interaction during T cell activation. This regulated release of sROS is foremost attributed to the specialized enzyme NADPH-oxidase (NOX) 2 expressed mainly in myeloid cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). NOX-2-derived sROS are primarily involved in immune regulation and mediate protection against autoimmunity as well as maintenance of self-tolerance. Consequently, deficiencies in NOX2 not only result in primary immune-deficiencies such as Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) but also lead to auto-inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. A comprehensive understanding of NOX2 activation and regulation will be key for successful pharmaceutical interventions of such ROS-related diseases in the future. In this review, we summarize recent progress regarding immune regulation by NOX2-derived ROS and the consequences of its deregulation on the development of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bode
- Section for Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mathias Hauri-Hohl
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital Zurich - Eleonore Foundation & Children`s Research Center (CRC), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Weyd
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity D120, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wang X, Zeldin S, Shi H, Zhu C, Saito Y, Corey KE, Osganian SA, Remotti HE, Verna EC, Pajvani UB, Schwabe RF, Tabas I. TAZ-induced Cybb contributes to liver tumor formation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2022; 76:910-920. [PMID: 34902531 PMCID: PMC8934258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but mechanisms linking NASH to eventual tumor formation remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigate the role of TAZ/WWTR1, which is induced in hepatocytes in NASH, in the progression of NASH to HCC. METHODS The roles of hepatocyte TAZ and its downstream targets were investigated in diet-induced and genetic models of NASH-HCC using gene-targeting, adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8)-H1-mediated gene silencing, or AAV8-TBG-mediated gene expression. The biochemical signature of the newly elucidated pathway was probed in liver specimens from humans with NASH-HCC. RESULTS When hepatocyte-TAZ was silenced in mice with pre-tumor NASH using AAV8-H1-shTaz (short-hairpin Taz), subsequent HCC tumor development was suppressed. In this setting, the tumor-suppressing effect of shTaz was not dependent of TAZ silencing in the tumors themselves and could be dissociated from the NASH-suppressing effects of shTaz. The mechanism linking pre-tumor hepatocyte-TAZ to eventual tumor formation involved TAZ-mediated induction of the NOX2-encoding gene Cybb, which led to NADPH-mediated oxidative DNA damage. As evidence, DNA damage and tumor formation could be suppressed by treatment of pre-tumor NASH mice with AAV8-H1-shCybb; AAV8-TBG-OGG1, encoding the oxidative DNA-repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine glycosylase; or AAV8-TBG-NHEJ1, encoding the dsDNA repair enzyme non-homologous end-joining factor 1. In surrounding non-tumor tissue from human NASH-HCC livers, there were strong correlations between TAZ, NOX2, and oxidative DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS TAZ in pre-tumor NASH-hepatocytes, via induction of Cybb and NOX2-mediated DNA damage, contributes to subsequent HCC tumor development. These findings illustrate how NASH provides a unique window into the early molecular events that can lead to tumor formation and suggest that NASH therapies targeting TAZ might also prevent NASH-HCC. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging as the leading cause of a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but molecular events in pre-tumor NASH hepatocytes leading to HCC remain largely unknown. Our study shows that a protein called TAZ in pre-tumor NASH-hepatocytes promotes damage to the DNA of hepatocytes and thereby contributes to eventual HCC. This study reveals a very early event in HCC that is induced in pre-tumor NASH, and the findings suggest that NASH therapies targeting TAZ might also prevent NASH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sharon Zeldin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Saito
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Helen E. Remotti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Verna
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Utpal B. Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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6
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Prevention of tumor progression in inflammation-related carcinogenesis by anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic effects brought about by ingesting fermented brown rice and rice bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA). J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Okada F, Izutsu R, Goto K, Osaki M. Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Lessons from Animal Models to Clinical Aspects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040921. [PMID: 33671768 PMCID: PMC7926701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In multicellular organisms, inflammation is the body’s most primitive and essential protective response against any external agent. Inflammation, however, not only causes various modern diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, and cancer but also shortens the healthy life expectancy. This review focuses on the onset of carcinogenesis due to chronic inflammation caused by pathogen infections and inhalation/ingestion of foreign substances. This study summarizes animal models associated with inflammation-related carcinogenesis by organ. By determining factors common to inflammatory carcinogenesis models, we examined strategies for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory carcinogenesis in humans. Abstract Inflammation-related carcinogenesis has long been known as one of the carcinogenesis patterns in humans. Common carcinogenic factors are inflammation caused by infection with pathogens or the uptake of foreign substances from the environment into the body. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis as a cause for cancer-related death worldwide accounts for approximately 20%, and the incidence varies widely by continent, country, and even region of the country and can be affected by economic status or development. Many novel approaches are currently available concerning the development of animal models to elucidate inflammation-related carcinogenesis. By learning from the oldest to the latest animal models for each organ, we sought to uncover the essential common causes of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. This review confirmed that a common etiology of organ-specific animal models that mimic human inflammation-related carcinogenesis is prolonged exudation of inflammatory cells. Genotoxicity or epigenetic modifications by inflammatory cells resulted in gene mutations or altered gene expression, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines/growth factors released from inflammatory cells promote cell proliferation and repair tissue injury, and inflammation serves as a “carcinogenic niche”, because these fundamental biological events are common to all types of carcinogenesis, not just inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Since clinical strategies are needed to prevent carcinogenesis, we propose the therapeutic apheresis of inflammatory cells as a means of eliminating fundamental cause of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Okada
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-859-38-6241
| | - Runa Izutsu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (R.I.); (K.G.); (M.O.)
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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8
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NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7095902. [PMID: 33312338 PMCID: PMC7721506 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7095902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the myeloid cell NADPH oxidase NOX2 is critical for the destruction of engulfed microorganisms. However, recent studies imply that ROS, formed by NOX2+ myeloid cells in the malignant microenvironment, exert multiple actions of relevance to the growth and spread of neoplastic cells. By generating ROS, tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and NOX2+ leukemic myeloid cells may thus (i) compromise the function and viability of adjacent cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, (ii) oxidize DNA to trigger cancer-promoting somatic mutations, and (iii) affect the redox balance in cancer cells to control their proliferation and survival. Here, we discuss the impact of NOX2-derived ROS for tumorigenesis, tumor progression, regulation of antitumor immunity, and metastasis. We propose that NOX2 may be a targetable immune checkpoint in cancer.
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Abstract
Significance: The primary function of NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). If inadequately regulated, NOX-associated ROS can promote oxidative stress, aberrant signaling, and genomic instability. Correspondingly, NOX isoforms are known to be overexpressed in multiple malignancies, thus constituting potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent Advances: Multiple genetic studies aimed at suppressing the expression of NOX proteins in cellular and animal models of cancer have provided support for the notion that NOXs play a pro-tumorigenic role. Further, large drug screens and rational design efforts have yielded inhibitor compounds, such as the diphenylene iodonium (DPI) analog series developed by our group, with increased selectivity and potency over "first generation" NOX inhibitors such as apocynin and DPI. Critical Issues: The precise role of NOX enzymes in tumor biology remains poorly defined. The tumorigenic properties of NOXs vary with cancer type, and precise tools, such as selective inhibitors, are needed to deconvolute NOX contribution to cancer development. Most NOX inhibitors developed to date are unspecific, and/or their mechanistic and pharmacological characteristics are not well defined. A lack of high-resolution crystal structures for NOX functional domains has hindered the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Future Directions: In-depth studies of NOX interactions with the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokines, cell-surface antigens) will help identify new approaches for NOX inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ma X, Wang Q, Song F, Li Y, Li J, Dou S, Xie L, Zhou Q. Corneal epithelial injury-induced norepinephrine promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108048. [PMID: 32376471 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury causes the secretion of stress hormone catecholamine and increases susceptibility to opportunistic infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that is a leading cause of microbial keratitis usually associated with ocular injury or contact lens wear. However, the effect of catecholamine on P. aeruginosa induced corneal infection is unknown. Here, we test if norepinephrine (NE) would promote the progression of P. aeruginosa keratitis in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mouse corneas were scarified and then inoculated with P. aeruginosa. The content of NE was elevated in corneas after scarification and inoculation with P. aeruginosa. Then, exogenous NE was applied to the infected corneas at 24 h after inoculation; control eyes were treated with sterile saline. Topical application of NE aggravated the severity of P. aeruginosa keratitis, accompanied with the increase of clinical score, bacterial load, pathological changes, neutrophils infiltration, bacterial virulence factors and proinflammatory factors levels. In order to further verify the role of NE, N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4), a neurotoxin selected to deplete NE, was injected subconjunctivally 12 h before scarification. Pre-depletion of local NE by DSP-4 significantly alleviated the severity of corneal infection. Moreover, NE was also confirmed to increase the bacterial growth and the expression of virulence factors gene in vitro. Together, these data showed that increased corneal NE content facilitated the progression of P. aeruginosa keratitis in mice by amplifying host excessive inflammatory response and bacterial virulence. Therefore, targeting NE may provide a potential strategy for the treatment of P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Ma
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangying Song
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengqian Dou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Abstract
Introduction: Metastatic cancers are extremely difficult to treat, and account for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. The dissemination of tumor cells to distant sites is highly dynamic, asynchronous, and involves both tumor and host intrinsic factors. Effective therapeutic targets to block metastasis will need to disrupt key pathways that are required for multiple stages of metastasis.Areas covered: This review discusses the heterogeneity of cancers and metastasis, with an emphasis on motility as a key driver trait of metastasis. Recent metastatic cancer studies that identified either host or cancer cell intrinsic factors important for metastasis, using single gene-deficient animal models or 3D intravital imaging of avian embryo models, are also discussed. Potential metastatic blocking targets are listed as they relate to metastatic cancer therapy.Expert opinion: The development of metastatic disease is a complex interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors from the host and cancer cells acting in a patient-specific manner. Inhibiting key driver traits of metastasis should yield survival benefit at any stage of the disease, and we look forward to the next generation of personalized medicines for cancer therapy that target cancer cell motility for increased therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perrin H Beatty
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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12
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Thanabalasuriar A, Scott BNV, Peiseler M, Willson ME, Zeng Z, Warrener P, Keller AE, Surewaard BGJ, Dozier EA, Korhonen JT, Cheng LIT, Gadjeva M, Stover CK, DiGiandomenico A, Kubes P. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Confine Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ocular Biofilms and Restrict Brain Invasion. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:526-536.e4. [PMID: 30930127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm infections are difficult to eradicate because of antibiotic insusceptibility and high recurrence rates. Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading cause of bacterial keratitis, is facilitated by the bacterial Psl exopolysaccharide and associated with heightened virulence. Using intravital microscopy, we observed that neutrophilic recruitment to corneal infections limits P. aeruginosa biofilms to the outer eye surface, preventing bacterial dissemination. Neutrophils moved to the base of forming biofilms, where they underwent neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) in response to high expression of the bacterial type-3 secretion system (T3SS). NETs formed a barrier "dead zone," confining bacteria to the external corneal environment and inhibiting bacterial dissemination into the brain. Once formed, ocular biofilms were resistant to antibiotics and neutrophil killing, advancing eye pathology. However, blocking both Psl and T3SS together with antibiotic treatment broke down the biofilm and reversed keratitis, suggesting future therapeutic strategies for this intractable infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada; Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Brittney Noelle Vivian Scott
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle Elizabeth Willson
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Warrener
- Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Bas Gerardus Johannes Surewaard
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Juha Tapio Korhonen
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lily I-Ting Cheng
- Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Kendall Stover
- Microbial Sciences, MedImmune/AstraZeneca LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul Kubes
- University of Calgary, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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13
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Martner A, Aydin E, Hellstrand K. NOX2 in autoimmunity, tumor growth and metastasis. J Pathol 2018; 247:151-154. [PMID: 30270440 PMCID: PMC6587556 DOI: 10.1002/path.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cell NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that participate in defense against microbial pathogens. Humans with compromised NOX2‐mediated ROS formation develop chronic granulomatous disease characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Additionally, impaired NOX2 function entails hyperactive lymphocytes and autoimmunity in humans and in murine models. The impact of NOX2 and ROS on cancer development is only partly explored. Recent research published in the Journal of Pathology showed that genetic depletion of any of the NOX2 subunits Cyba, Cybb, Ncf1, Ncf2 and Ncf4 reduced the formation of lung metastases following intravenous injection of murine tumor cells. These findings, together with the role of NOX2 in maintaining self‐tolerance, imply that NOX2 is a targetable immune checkpoint in cancer. In particular, the possibility of modulating NOX2 to improve lymphocyte‐mediated control of metastatic cells merits further investigation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martner
- Department of Biomedicine, TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ebru Aydin
- Department of Biomedicine, TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- Department of Biomedicine, TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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van der Weyden L, Speak AO, Swiatkowska A, Clare S, Schejtman A, Santilli G, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Pulmonary metastatic colonisation and granulomas in NOX2-deficient mice. J Pathol 2018; 246:300-310. [PMID: 30062795 PMCID: PMC6221033 DOI: 10.1002/path.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients, and successful colonisation of a secondary organ by circulating tumour cells (CTCs) is the rate‐limiting step of this process. We used tail‐vein injection of B16‐F10 melanoma cells into mice to mimic the presence of CTCs and to allow for the assessment of host (microenvironmental) factors that regulate pulmonary metastatic colonisation. We found that mice deficient for the individual subunits of the NADPH oxidase of myeloid cells, NOX2 (encoded by Cyba, Cybb, Ncf1, Ncf2, and Ncf4), all showed decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. To understand the role of NOX2 in controlling tumour cell survival in the pulmonary microenvironment, we focused on Cyba‐deficient (Cybatm1a) mice, which showed the most significant decrease in metastatic colonisation. Interestingly, histological assessment of pulmonary metastatic colonisation was not possible in Cybatm1a mice, owing to the presence of large granulomas composed of galectin‐3 (Mac‐2)‐positive macrophages and eosinophilic deposits; granulomas of variable penetrance and severity were also found in Cybatm1a mice that were not injected with melanoma cells, and these contributed to their decreased survival. The decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation of Cybatm1a mice was not due to any overt defects in vascular permeability, and bone marrow chimaeras confirmed a role for the haematological system in the reduced metastatic colonisation phenotype. Examination of the lymphocyte populations, which are known key regulators of metastatic colonisation, revealed an enhanced proportion of activated T and natural killer cells in the lungs of Cybatm1a mice, relative to controls. The reduced metastatic colonisation, presence of granulomas and altered immune cell populations observed in Cybatm1a lungs were mirrored in Ncf2‐deficient (Ncf2tm1a) mice. Thus, we show that NOX2 deficiency results in both granulomas and the accumulation of antitumoural immune cells in the lungs that probably mediate the decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh, Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Antony S, Jiang G, Wu Y, Meitzler JL, Makhlouf HR, Haines DC, Butcher D, Hoon DS, Ji J, Zhang Y, Juhasz A, Lu J, Liu H, Dahan I, Konate M, Roy KK, Doroshow JH. NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5)-induced reactive oxygen signaling modulates normoxic HIF-1α and p27 Kip1 expression in malignant melanoma and other human tumors. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2643-2662. [PMID: 28762556 PMCID: PMC5675809 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in signaling cascades that regulate cancer cell proliferation. To evaluate and validate NOX5 expression in human tumors, we screened a broad range of tissue microarrays (TMAs), and report substantial overexpression of NOX5 in malignant melanoma and cancers of the prostate, breast, and ovary. In human UACC-257 melanoma cells that possesses high levels of functional endogenous NOX5, overexpression of NOX5 resulted in enhanced cell growth, increased numbers of BrdU positive cells, and increased γ-H2AX levels. Additionally, NOX5-overexpressing (stable and inducible) UACC-257 cells demonstrated increased normoxic HIF-1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression. Similarly, increased normoxic HIF-1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression were observed in stable NOX5-overexpressing clones of KARPAS 299 human lymphoma cells and in the human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in decreased cell growth, decreased HIF-1α expression, and increased p27Kip1 expression. Likewise, in an additional human melanoma cell line, WM852, and in PC-3 cells, transient knockdown of endogenous NOX5 resulted in increased p27Kip1 and decreased HIF-1α expression. Knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC-257 cells resulted in decreased Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, signaling pathways known to modulate p27Kip1 levels. In summary, our findings suggest that NOX5 expression in human UACC-257 melanoma cells could contribute to cell proliferation due, in part, to the generation of high local concentrations of extracellular ROS that modulate multiple pathways that regulate HIF-1α and networks that signal through Akt/GSK3β/p27Kip1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Jennifer L. Meitzler
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Hala R. Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMaryland
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMaryland
| | - Dave S. Hoon
- Department of Molecular OncologyJohn Wayne Cancer InstituteSanta MonicaCalifornia
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Iris Dahan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Mariam Konate
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Krishnendu K. Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
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16
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van der Weyden L, Karp NA, Swiatkowska A, Adams DJ, Speak AO. Genome wide in vivo mouse screen data from studies to assess host regulation of metastatic colonisation. Sci Data 2017; 4:170129. [PMID: 28895944 PMCID: PMC5827107 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of metastasis is a multi-stage cascade with prior studies suggesting that the colonisation of the secondary site is the rate limiting step. This process involves contributions from the tumour cells and also non-tumour intrinsic factors such as the stroma and the haematopoietic system. In this study, we present data from screening 810 genetically-modified mouse lines with the experimental metastasis assay where intravenous delivery of murine metastatic melanoma B16-F10 cells was used to assess the formation of pulmonary metastasic foci. To date, these data have been studied with a two-step process cumulating in an integrative data analysis to identify genes controlling metastatic colonisation. We present the raw data, and a description to support fresh analyses where researchers can look both within and across gene sets to further elucidate process that regulate metastatic colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Quantitative Biology, IMED, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building (Unit 310), Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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17
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Thomas DC. The phagocyte respiratory burst: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:88-96. [PMID: 28864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen. Firstly, their rate of oxygen uptake increases greatly. This is accompanied by (i) the production of large amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and (ii) the metabolism of large quantities of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. We now know that the oxygen used is not for respiration but for the production of powerful microbiocidal agents downstream of the initial production of superoxide. Concomitantly, glucose is oxidised through the hexose monophosphate shunt to re-generate the NADPH that has been consumed through the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. This phagocyte respiratory burst is generated by an NADPH oxidase multi-protein complex that has a catalytic core consisting of membrane-bound gp91phox (CYBB) and p22phox (CYBA) sub-units and cytosolic components p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2) and p40phox (NCF4). Finally, another cytosolic component, the small G-protein Rac (Rac2 in neutrophils and Rac1 in macrophages) is also required for full activation. The importance of the complex in host defence is underlined by chronic granulomatous disease, a severe life-limiting immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding the individual subunits. In this review, I will discuss the experimental evidence that underlies our knowledge of the respiratory burst, outlining how elegant biochemical analysis, coupled with study of patients deficient in the various subunits has helped elucidate the function of this essential part of innate immunity. I will also discuss some exciting recent studies that shed new light on how the abundance of the various components is controlled. Finally, I will explore the emerging role of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the pathogenesis of major human diseases including auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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18
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Kanda Y, Osaki M, Okada F. Chemopreventive Strategies for Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Current Status and Future Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E867. [PMID: 28422073 PMCID: PMC5412448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustained and chronically-inflamed environment is characterized by the presence of heterogeneous inflammatory cellular components, including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts. These infiltrated cells produce growth stimulating mediators (inflammatory cytokines and growth factors), chemotactic factors (chemokines) and genotoxic substances (reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide) and induce DNA damage and methylation. Therefore, chronic inflammation serves as an intrinsic niche for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date findings regarding definitive/possible causes and mechanisms of inflammation-related carcinogenesis derived from experimental and clinical studies. We also propose 10 strategies, as well as candidate agents for the prevention of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanda
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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19
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Thomas DC, Clare S, Sowerby JM, Pardo M, Juss JK, Goulding DA, van der Weyden L, Storisteanu D, Prakash A, Espéli M, Flint S, Lee JC, Hoenderdos K, Kane L, Harcourt K, Mukhopadhyay S, Umrania Y, Antrobus R, Nathan JA, Adams DJ, Bateman A, Choudhary JS, Lyons PA, Condliffe AM, Chilvers ER, Dougan G, Smith KG. Eros is a novel transmembrane protein that controls the phagocyte respiratory burst and is essential for innate immunity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1111-1128. [PMID: 28351984 PMCID: PMC5379978 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte respiratory burst is crucial for innate immunity. The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane-bound heterodimer, comprising gp91phox and p22phox subunits. Deficiency of either subunit leads to severe immunodeficiency. We describe Eros (essential for reactive oxygen species), a protein encoded by the previously undefined mouse gene bc017643, and show that it is essential for host defense via the phagocyte NAPDH oxidase. Eros is required for expression of the NADPH oxidase components, gp91phox and p22phox Consequently, Eros-deficient mice quickly succumb to infection. Eros also contributes to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) and impacts on the immune response to melanoma metastases. Eros is an ortholog of the plant protein Ycf4, which is necessary for expression of proteins of the photosynthetic photosystem 1 complex, itself also an NADPH oxio-reductase. We thus describe the key role of the previously uncharacterized protein Eros in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - John M. Sowerby
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - David A. Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Daniel Storisteanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Ananth Prakash
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Marion Espéli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Shaun Flint
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Kim Hoenderdos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - James A. Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G.C. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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20
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Juhasz A, Markel S, Gaur S, Liu H, Lu J, Jiang G, Wu X, Antony S, Wu Y, Melillo G, Meitzler JL, Haines DC, Butcher D, Roy K, Doroshow JH. NADPH oxidase 1 supports proliferation of colon cancer cells by modulating reactive oxygen species-dependent signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7866-7887. [PMID: 28330872 PMCID: PMC5427267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cell signaling and proliferation. NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), a membrane-bound flavin dehydrogenase that generates O2˙̄, is highly expressed in colon cancer. To investigate the role that NOX1 plays in colon cancer growth, we used shRNA to decrease NOX1 expression stably in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. The 80–90% decrease in NOX1 expression achieved by RNAi produced a significant decline in ROS production and a G1/S block that translated into a 2–3-fold increase in tumor cell doubling time without increased apoptosis. The block at the G1/S checkpoint was associated with a significant decrease in cyclin D1 expression and profound inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Decreased steady-state MAPK phosphorylation occurred concomitant with a significant increase in protein phosphatase activity for two colon cancer cell lines in which NOX1 expression was knocked down by RNAi. Diminished NOX1 expression also contributed to decreased growth, blood vessel density, and VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression in HT-29 xenografts initiated from NOX1 knockdown cells. Microarray analysis, supplemented by real-time PCR and Western blotting, revealed that the expression of critical regulators of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, including c-MYC, c-MYB, and VEGF, were down-regulated in association with a decline in hypoxic HIF-1α protein expression downstream of silenced NOX1 in both colon cancer cell lines and xenografts. These studies suggest a role for NOX1 in maintaining the proliferative phenotype of some colon cancers and the potential of NOX1 as a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Juhasz
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Susan Markel
- the Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research and
| | - Shikha Gaur
- the Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research and
| | - Han Liu
- the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jiamo Lu
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Guojian Jiang
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Xiwei Wu
- the Bioinformatics Group, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Smitha Antony
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Giovanni Melillo
- the Developmental Therapeutics Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Jennifer L Meitzler
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research
| | - Diana C Haines
- the Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos, Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Donna Butcher
- the Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos, Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - James H Doroshow
- From the Developmental Therapeutics Branch of the Center for Cancer Research, .,the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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van der Weyden L, Arends MJ, Campbell AD, Bald T, Wardle-Jones H, Griggs N, Velasco-Herrera MDC, Tüting T, Sansom OJ, Karp NA, Clare S, Gleeson D, Ryder E, Galli A, Tuck E, Cambridge EL, Voet T, Macaulay IC, Wong K, Spiegel S, Speak AO, Adams DJ. Genome-wide in vivo screen identifies novel host regulators of metastatic colonization. Nature 2017; 541:233-236. [PMID: 28052056 PMCID: PMC5603286 DOI: 10.1038/nature20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death for cancer patients. This multi-stage process requires tumour cells to survive in the circulation, extravasate at distant sites, then proliferate; it involves contributions from both the tumour cell and tumour microenvironment ('host', which includes stromal cells and the immune system). Studies suggest the early steps of the metastatic process are relatively efficient, with the post-extravasation regulation of tumour growth ('colonization') being critical in determining metastatic outcome. Here we show the results of screening 810 mutant mouse lines using an in vivo assay to identify microenvironmental regulators of metastatic colonization. We identify 23 genes that, when disrupted in mouse, modify the ability of tumour cells to establish metastatic foci, with 19 of these genes not previously demonstrated to play a role in host control of metastasis. The largest reduction in pulmonary metastasis was observed in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) transporter spinster homologue 2 (Spns2)-deficient mice. We demonstrate a novel outcome of S1P-mediated regulation of lymphocyte trafficking, whereby deletion of Spns2, either globally or in a lymphatic endothelial-specific manner, creates a circulating lymphopenia and a higher percentage of effector T cells and natural killer (NK) cells present in the lung. This allows for potent tumour cell killing, and an overall decreased metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, Institute of Genetics &Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Tobias Bald
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Department of Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Hannah Wardle-Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nicola Griggs
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Thomas Tüting
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Diane Gleeson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma L Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thierry Voet
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Iain C Macaulay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, USA
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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22
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Liu Y, Yuan X, Li W, Cao Q, Shu Y. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway by reducing the expression of PKM2 and is closely linked to oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1235-42. [PMID: 27573422 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a potent stimulator of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a key event in the initiation of tumor cell metastasis. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is known to be involved in the resolution of inflammation; however, whether AT-RvD1 exerts effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT remains unclear. Thus, we first explored the effects of AT-RvD1 on the EMT of lung cancer cells. Treatment with TGF-β1 increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). The expression of E-cadherin in A549 lung cancer cells was reduced, and the expression of vimentin was enhanced. AT-RvD1 enhanced the expression of E-cadherin in a concentration‑dependent manner and suppressed the expression of Nrf2 and vimentin. AT-RvD1 did not affect the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells whereas it suppressed the TGF-β1‑induced migration and invasion of A549 cells. The expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (Pkm2), which is associated with TGF-β-induced factor homeobox 2 (TGIF2), was significantly increased during the TGF-β1-induced EMT of A549 lung cancer cells. The mTOR pathway is known to regulate the expression of various glycolytic enzymes including Pkm2. We examined the involvement of the mTOR pathway in the suppressive effects of AT-RvD1 on Pkm2 expression in A549 cells. The mTOR activator restored the expression of Pkm2 and partially downregulated the expression of E-cadherin. However, the mTOR activator had no clear effect on the TGF-β1-induced EMT. These results suggest that AT-RvD1 is closely linked to oxidative stress and partially inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway by reducing the expression of Pkm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Shu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
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23
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Onuma K, Kanda Y, Suzuki Ikeda S, Sakaki R, Nonomura T, Kobayashi M, Osaki M, Shikanai M, Kobayashi H, Okada F. Fermented Brown Rice and Rice Bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) Prevents Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis in Mice, through Inhibition of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration. Nutrients 2015; 7:10237-50. [PMID: 26670250 PMCID: PMC4690083 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established an inflammation-related carcinogenesis model in mouse, in which regressive QR-32 cells subcutaneously co-implanted with a foreign body—gelatin sponge—convert themselves into lethal tumors due to massive infiltration of inflammatory cells into the sponge. Animals were fed with a diet containing 5% or 10% fermented brown rice and rice bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA). In 5% and 10% FBRA diet groups, tumor incidences were lower (35% and 20%, respectively) than in the non-treated group (70%). We found that FBRA reduced the number of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the sponge. FBRA administration did not cause myelosuppression, which indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of FBRA took place at the inflammatory lesion. FBRA did not have antitumor effects on the implanted QRsP-11 tumor cells, which is a tumorigenic cell line established from a tumor arisen after co-implantation of QR-32 cells with sponge. FBRA did not reduce formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanine adducts, a marker of oxidative DNA damage in the inflammatory lesion; however, it reduced expression of inflammation-related genes such as TNF-α, Mac-1, CCL3 and CXCL2. These results suggest that FBRA will be an effective chemopreventive agent against inflammation-related carcinogenesis that acts by inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration into inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunishige Onuma
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kanda
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | | | - Ryuta Sakaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Takuya Nonomura
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Masanobu Kobayashi
- School of Nursing and Social Services, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | | | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Sapporo Cancer Seminar Foundation, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0012, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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24
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Okada F. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis: current findings in epidemiological trends, causes and mechanisms. Yonago Acta Med 2014; 57:65-72. [PMID: 25324587 PMCID: PMC4198572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a definite cancer-causing factor as revealed by cumulative basic, clinical and epidemiological studies. It is mostly induced by infectious agents. For instance, infection with papillomaviruses associates with anogenital cancers, especially cervical cancers; Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach tends to increase the risk of stomach cancer; chronic hepatitis B & C viruses and fluke infections of the liver increase liver cancers; autoimmune diseases, e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, associate with development of colorectal cancer, and aerial irritants (foreign bodies) such as asbestos or fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in outdoor air increase malignant pleural mesotheliomas or lung cancers. These are typical examples of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. It is apparent that the pathogens to induce inflammatory reactions in specific organs are not related to each other. However, the underlying pathogenesis in common is to induce and/or sustain inflammation. In this article, I would like to review the up-to-date findings of epidemiological trends, causes and mechanisms of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan ; †Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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25
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Maeda H. The link between infection and cancer: tumor vasculature, free radicals, and drug delivery to tumors via the EPR effect. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:779-89. [PMID: 23495730 PMCID: PMC7657157 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses primarily on my own research, including pathogenic mechanisms of microbial infection, vascular permeability in infection and tumors, and effects of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion radical (O₂⁻), and 8-nitroguanosine in the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for the tumor-selective delivery of macromolecular agents (nanomedicines). Infection-induced vascular permeability is mediated by activation of the kinin-generating protease cascade (kallikrein-kinin) triggered by exogenous microbial proteases. A similar mechanism operates in cancer tissues and in carcinomatosis of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Infection also stimulates O₂⁻ generation via activation of xanthine oxidase while generating NO by inducing NO synthase. These chemicals function in mutation and carcinogenesis and promote inflammation, in which peroxynitrite (a product of O₂⁻ and NO) activates MMP, damages DNA and RNA, and regenerates 8-nitroguanosine and 8-oxoguanosine. We showed vascular permeability by using macromolecular drugs, which are not simply extravasated through the vascular wall into the tumor interstitium but remain there for prolonged periods. We thus discovered the EPR effect, which led to the rational development of tumor-selective delivery of polymer conjugates, micellar and liposomal drugs, and genes. Our styrene-maleic acid copolymer conjugated with neocarzinostatin was the first agent of its kind used to treat hepatoma. The EPR effect occurs not only because of defective vascular architecture but also through the generation of various vascular mediators such as kinin, NO, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Although most solid tumors, including human tumors, show the EPR effect, heterogeneity of tumor tissue may impede drug delivery. This review describes the barriers and countermeasures for improved drug delivery to tumors by using nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Institute of Drug Delivery System Research, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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26
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Ikemura M, Nishikawa M, Kusamori K, Fukuoka M, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Pivotal role of oxidative stress in tumor metastasis under diabetic conditions in mice. J Control Release 2013; 170:191-7. [PMID: 23735571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are reported to have a high incidence and mortality of cancer, but little is known about the linkage. In this study, we investigated whether high oxidative stress is involved in the acceleration of tumor metastasis in diabetic mice. Murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells stably labeled with firefly luciferase (B16-BL6/Luc) were inoculated into the tail vein of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated or untreated mice. A luciferase assay demonstrated that tumor cells were present largely in the lung of untreated mice, whereas large numbers of tumor cells were detected in both the lung and liver of STZ-treated mice. Repeated injections of polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase (PEG-catalase), a long-circulating derivative, reduced the elevated fasting blood glucose levels and plasma lipoperoxide levels of STZ-treated mice, but had no significant effects on these parameters in untreated mice. In addition, the injections significantly reduced the number of tumor cells in the lung and liver in both untreated and STZ-treated mice. Culture of B16-BL6/Luc cells in medium containing over 45 mg/dl glucose hardly affected the proliferation of the cells, whereas the addition of plasma of STZ-treated mice to the medium significantly increased the number of cells. Plasma samples of STZ-treated mice receiving PEG-catalase exhibited no such effect on proliferation. These findings indicate that a hyperglycemia-induced increase in oxidative stress is involved in the acceleration of tumor metastasis, and the removal of systemic hydrogen peroxide by PEG-catalase can inhibit the progression of diabetic conditions and tumor metastasis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ikemura
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Oxidative damage and carcinogenesis. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:230-3. [PMID: 23788885 PMCID: PMC3687415 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is an essential element to conduct life processes but some of the metabolic byproducts e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS), are toxic for living organisms. Endogenous ROS are produced e.g. reduction of dioxygen; some exogenous sources of radicals also exist, including nicotine and ionizing radiation. Reactive oxygen species include superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process. The exact reasons for the development of cancer are still unknown. Many factors contribute to the development of carcinogenesis, one of which is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between oxidizing agents (pro-oxidants) and antioxidants, agents that protect biomolecules against injury by pro-oxidants. When reactive oxygen species are overproduced it can damage nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. ROS are considered as a significant class of carcinogens participating in cancer initiation, promotion and progression.
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28
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Development of a quantitative bioassay to assess preventive compounds against inflammation-based carcinogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:183-94. [PMID: 21345376 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reducing cancer incidence and mortality by use of cancer-chemopreventive agents is an important goal. We have established an in vitro bioassay that is able to screen large numbers of candidate chemicals that are positive for prevention of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. To accomplish this we have added candidate chemicals or vehicles and freshly isolated, fluorescent dye-labeled inflammatory cells that were overlaid on TNF-alpha-stimulated mouse endothelial cells in a 96-well plate. Inhibition of inflammatory cell attachment to the endothelial cells by the chemicals was quantified by the intensity of fluorescence from the adherent inflammatory cells after removing unattached cells. Using this assay, we selected two chemicals, auraptene and turmerones, for further study. As an in vivo test, diets containing these test chemicals were administered to mice with a piece of foreign body, gelatin sponge, that had been implanted to cause inflammation, and we found that the number of inflammatory cells that infiltrated into the subcutaneously implanted gelatin sponge was reduced compared to that found in the mice fed with a control diet. Moreover, diets containing either of the two chemicals prevented inflammation-based carcinogenesis in a mouse model. We found that the compounds reduced not only the number of infiltrating cells but also the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) in the infiltrated cells. Moreover, both compounds but not controls sustained the reducing activity in the inflammatory lesion, and this finding was confirmed by using non-invasive in vivo electron spin resonance. The newly established in vitro screening assay will be useful for finding biologically effective chemopreventive agents against inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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29
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Gianni D, Taulet N, DerMardirossian C, Bokoch GM. c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of NoxA1 and Tks4 induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent formation of functional invadopodia in human colon cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4287-98. [PMID: 20943948 PMCID: PMC2993755 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-08-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the NADPH oxidase system have been shown to be necessary for the invadopodia formation and function. We show here that the abolishment of Src-mediated phosphorylation of NoxA1 and Tks4 blocks their binding, decreases Nox1-dependent ROS generation, and inhibits the invadopodia formation and ECM degradation. The NADPH oxidase family, consisting of Nox1-5 and Duox1-2, catalyzes the regulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Highly expressed in the colon, Nox1 needs the organizer subunit NoxO1 and the activator subunit NoxA1 for its activity. The tyrosine kinase c-Src is necessary for the formation of invadopodia, phosphotyrosine-rich structures which degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many Src substrates are invadopodia components, including the novel Nox1 organizer Tks4 and Tks5 proteins. Nox1-dependent ROS generation is necessary for the maintenance of functional invadopodia in human colon cancer cells. However, the signals and the molecular machinery involved in the redox-dependent regulation of invadopodia formation remain unclear. Here, we show that the interaction of NoxA1 and Tks proteins is dependent on Src activity. Interestingly, the abolishment of Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr110 on NoxA1 and of Tyr508 on Tks4 blocks their binding and decreases Nox1-dependent ROS generation. The contemporary presence of Tks4 and NoxA1 unphosphorylable mutants blocks SrcYF-induced invadopodia formation and ECM degradation, while the overexpression of Tks4 and NoxA1 phosphomimetic mutants rescues this phenotype. Taken together, these results elucidate the role of c-Src activity on the formation of invadopodia and may provide insight into the mechanisms of tumor formation in colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gianni
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Jiang Y, Zhang SH, Han GQ, Qin CY. Interaction of Pdcd4 with eIF4E inhibits the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:424-9. [PMID: 20359850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress can contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ability of the carcinoma. It has been found that oxidative stress stimulates the phosphorylation of eIF4E primarily through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways resulting in increased protein translation. Utilizing specific inhibitors of MAPK pathways (SP600125 for c-Jun amino-terminal kinases [JNKs], PD098059 for extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERKs], and SB203580 for p38 MAPK), we determined that it is primarily the inhibition of JNK that results in the suppression of the increase of p-eIF4E. We also found that PDCD4 inhibits JNK activity resulting in inhibition of the phosphorylation of c-Jun, one isoform of AP-1. We demonstrated that transfection with PDCD4 or inhibition of JNK by SP600125 alters the expression and phosphorylation of eIF4E in the presence of H(2)O(2). PDCD4 results in a stronger inhibitory effect than SP600125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324, JingWu Road, Jinan Shandong, 250021, PR China
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31
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Onuma K, Sato Y, Ogawara S, Shirasawa N, Kobayashi M, Yoshitake J, Yoshimura T, Iigo M, Fujii J, Okada F. Nano-scaled particles of titanium dioxide convert benign mouse fibrosarcoma cells into aggressive tumor cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2171-83. [PMID: 19815711 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are prevalent in both commercial and medicinal products; however, the contribution of nanomaterials to carcinogenesis remains unclear. We therefore examined the effects of nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) on poorly tumorigenic and nonmetastatic QR-32 fibrosarcoma cells. We found that mice that were cotransplanted subcutaneously with QR-32 cells and nano-sized TiO(2), either uncoated (TiO(2)-1, hydrophilic) or coated with stearic acid (TiO(2)-2, hydrophobic), did not form tumors. However, QR-32 cells became tumorigenic after injection into sites previously implanted with TiO(2)-1, but not TiO(2)-2, and these developing tumors acquired metastatic phenotypes. No differences were observed either histologically or in inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression between TiO(2)-1 and TiO(2)-2 treatments. However, TiO(2)-2, but not TiO(2)-1, generated high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell-free conditions. Although both TiO(2)-1 and TiO(2)-2 resulted in intracellular ROS formation, TiO(2)-2 elicited a stronger response, resulting in cytotoxicity to the QR-32 cells. Moreover, TiO(2)-2, but not TiO(2)-1, led to the development of nuclear interstices and multinucleate cells. Cells that survived the TiO(2) toxicity acquired a tumorigenic phenotype. TiO(2)-induced ROS formation and its related cell injury were inhibited by the addition of antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. These results indicate that nano-sized TiO(2) has the potential to convert benign tumor cells into malignant ones through the generation of ROS in the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunishige Onuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamagata University, Japan
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32
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Gianni D, Diaz B, Taulet N, Fowler B, Courtneidge SA, Bokoch GM. Novel p47(phox)-related organizers regulate localized NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) activity. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra54. [PMID: 19755710 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine localized formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase (Nox) family members in nonphagocytic cells are unknown. We show that the c-Src substrate proteins Tks4 (tyrosine kinase substrate with four SH3 domains) and Tks5 are functional members of a p47(phox)-related organizer superfamily. Tks proteins selectively support Nox1 and Nox3 (and not Nox2 and Nox4) activity in reconstituted cellular systems and interact with the NoxA1 activator protein through an Src homology 3 domain-mediated interaction. Endogenous Tks4 is required for Rac guanosine triphosphatase- and Nox1-dependent ROS production by DLD1 colon cancer cells. Our results are consistent with the Tks-mediated recruitment of Nox1 to invadopodia that form in DLD1 cells in a Tks- and Nox-dependent fashion. We propose that Tks organizers represent previously unrecognized members of an organizer superfamily that link Nox to localized ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gianni
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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33
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Brigelius-Flohé R, Kipp A. Glutathione peroxidases in different stages of carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1555-68. [PMID: 19289149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells produce high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and evade apoptosis. Hydroperoxides support proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis, but at higher levels induce apoptosis, thus being pro- and anti-carcinogenic. Accordingly, glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) regulating hydroperoxide levels might have dual roles too. GPx1, clearly an antioxidant enzyme, is down-regulated in many cancer cells. Its main role would be prevention of cancer initiation by ROS-mediated DNA damage. GPx2 is up-regulated in cancer cells. GPx1/GPx2 double knockout mice develop colitis and intestinal cancer. However, GPx2 knockdown cancer cells grow better in vitro and in vivo probably reflecting the physiological role of GPx2 in intestinal mucosa homeostasis. GPx2 counteracts COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production, which explains its potential to inhibit migration and invasion of cultured cancer cells. Overexpression of GPx3 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. GPx4 is decreased in cancer tissues. GPx4-overexpressing cancer cells have low COX-2 activity and tumors derived therefrom are smaller than from control cells and do not metastasize. Collectively, GPxs prevent cancer initiation by removing hydroperoxides. GPx4 inhibits but GPx2 supports growth of established tumors. Metastasis, but also apoptosis, is inhibited by all GPxs. GPx-mediated regulation of COX/LOX activities may be relevant to early stages of inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- Department Biochemistry of Micronutrients, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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An R, Chu YL, Tian C, Dai XX, Chen JH, Shi Q, Han J, Dong XP. Over-expression of nm23-H1 in HeLa cells provides cells with higher resistance to oxidative stress possibly due to raising intracellular p53 and GPX1. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1451-8. [PMID: 19026164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the antitumor factor nm23 is related with antioxidation. METHODS Full-length human nm23-H1 was cloned into a mammalianexpressing vector and transiently introduced into HeLa cells. RESULTS A remarkably low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in the cells overexpressing nm23-H1. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays found that the cells transfected with a nm23- H1-expressing plasmid had higher viability and stronger resistance to oxidative stress. Immunoprecipitation tests revealed that endogenous nm23-H1 formed a protein complex with p53. Furthermore, the intracellular levels of p53 and p53- regulated gene GPX1 were obviously increased in the cells overexpressing nm23- H1. The downregulation of p53 in the cells overexpressing nm23-H1 resulted in a higher cellular ROS level and lower cell viability. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that nm23-H1 may act as a cellular protector against oxidative stress, possibly triggering the p53-related antioxidative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run An
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao-Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Kobayashi Y, Nishikawa M, Hyoudou K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated nuclear factor kappaB activation in both liver and tumor cells during initial stages of hepatic metastasis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1546-52. [PMID: 18754865 PMCID: PMC11158348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors involved in tumor metastasis are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Because NF-kappaB activation may contribute to establishment of hepatic metastasis, its activation in liver cells and tumor cells was separately evaluated in a mouse model of hepatic metastasis. pNF-kappaB-Luc, a firefly luciferase-expressing plasmid DNA depending on the NF-kappaB activity, was injected into the tail vein of mice by the hydrodynamics-based procedure, a well-established method for gene transfer to BALB/c male mouse liver. The luciferase activity in the liver was significantly increased by an intraportal inoculation of murine adenocarcinoma colon26 cells, but not of peritoneal macrophages, suggesting that the NF-kappaB in liver cells is activated when tumor cells enter the hepatic circulation. Then, colon26 cells stably transfected with pNF-kappaB-Luc were inoculated. The firefly luciferase activity, an indicator of NF-kappaB activity in tumor cells, was significantly increased when colon26/NFkappaB-Luc cells were inoculated into the portal vein of BALB/c male mice. The NF-kappaB activation in both liver and tumor cells was significantly inhibited by injection of catalase derivatives, which have been reported to inhibit hepatic metastasis of tumor cells. These findings indicate for the first time that NF-kappaB, a key agent regulating the expression of various molecules involved in tumor metastasis, is activated in both liver and tumor cells during the initial stages of tumor metastasis through a hydrogen peroxide mediated pathway. Thus, the removal of hydrogen peroxide will be a promising approach to treating hepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Oxidative stress, DNA methylation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:6-11. [PMID: 18372104 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of a normal cell to a malignant one requires phenotypic changes often associated with each of the initiation, promotion and progression phases of the carcinogenic process. Genes in each of these phases acquire alterations in their transcriptional activity that are associated either with hypermethylation-induced transcriptional repression (in the case of tumor suppressor genes) or hypomethylation-induced activation (in the case of oncogenes). Growing evidence supports a role of ROS-induced generation of oxidative stress in these epigenetic processes and as such we can hypothesize of potential mode(s) of action by which oxidative stress modulates epigenetic regulation of gene expression. This is of outmost importance given that various components of the epigenetic pathway and primarily aberrant DNA methylation patterns are used as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Abstract
'Reactive species' (RS) of various types are formed in vivo and many are powerful oxidizing agents, capable of damaging DNA and other biomolecules. Increased formation of RS can promote the development of malignancy, and the 'normal' rates of RS generation may account for the increased risk of cancer development in the aged. Indeed, knockout of various antioxidant defence enzymes raises oxidative damage levels and promotes age-related cancer development in animals. In explaining this, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain RS, such as hydroxyl radical (OH*). However, increased levels of DNA base oxidation products such as 8OHdg (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) do not always lead to malignancy, although malignant tumours often show increased levels of DNA base oxidation. Hence additional actions of RS must be important, possibly their effects on p53, cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis. Chronic inflammation predisposes to malignancy, but the role of RS in this is likely to be complex because RS can sometimes act as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, MD7 Level 2 Singapore 117597.
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Okada F. Beyond foreign-body-induced carcinogenesis: Impact of reactive oxygen species derived from inflammatory cells in tumorigenic conversion and tumor progression. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2364-72. [PMID: 17893867 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foreign-body-induced carcinogenesis is a traditional, maybe old, way of understanding cancer development. A number of novel approaches are available today to elucidate cancer development. However, there are things we learn from the old, and thus I bring out some examples of various clinical cases and experimental models of foreign-body-induced tumorigenesis. What is notable is that the foreign bodies themselves are unrelated to each other, whereas commonly underlying in them is to induce inflammatory reaction, especially stromal proliferation, where those exogenous materials are incorporated and undigested. Such foreign-body-induced carcinogenesis is also recognized in the step of tumor progression, the final step of carcinogenesis that tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypes including metastatic properties. And the phenomenon is universally observed in several cell lines of different origins. In this review I would like to show the evidence that tumor development and progression are accelerated inevitably by inflammation caused from foreign bodies, and that reactive oxygen species derived from inflammatory cells are one of the most important genotoxic mediators to accelerate the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Okada
- Department of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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