1
|
Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Brink Z, Engle TE, Gonzalez-Berrios CL, Georges HM, Kincade JN, Murtazina DA, Hansen TR. Epigenetic Modifications of White Blood Cell DNA Caused by Transient Fetal Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:721. [PMID: 38793603 PMCID: PMC11125956 DOI: 10.3390/v16050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections cause USD 1.5-2 billion in losses annually. Maternal BVDV after 150 days of gestation causes transient fetal infection (TI) in which the fetal immune response clears the virus. The impact of fetal TI BVDV infections on postnatal growth and white blood cell (WBC) methylome as an index of epigenetic modifications was examined by inoculating pregnant heifers with noncytopathic type 2 BVDV or media (sham-inoculated controls) on Day 175 of gestation to generate TI (n = 11) and control heifer calves (n = 12). Fetal infection in TI calves was confirmed by virus-neutralizing antibody titers at birth and control calves were seronegative. Both control and TI calves were negative for BVDV RNA in WBCs by RT-PCR. The mean weight of the TI calves was less than that of the controls (p < 0.05). DNA methyl seq analysis of WBC DNA demonstrated 2349 differentially methylated cytosines (p ≤ 0.05) including 1277 hypomethylated cytosines, 1072 hypermethylated cytosines, 84 differentially methylated regions based on CpGs in promoters, and 89 DMRs in islands of TI WBC DNA compared to controls. Fetal BVDV infection during late gestation resulted in epigenomic modifications predicted to affect fetal development and immune pathways, suggesting potential consequences for postnatal growth and health of TI cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Van Campen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Zella Brink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Terry E. Engle
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Carolina L. Gonzalez-Berrios
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Hanah M. Georges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
- Currently at Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jessica N. Kincade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Dilyara A. Murtazina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (Z.B.); (C.L.G.-B.); (H.M.G.); (J.N.K.); (D.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Abrahams VM, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Mathiason CK, Bouma GJ, Winger QA, Mayo CE, Bowen RA, Hansen TR. Maternal Influenza A Virus Infection Restricts Fetal and Placental Growth and Adversely Affects the Fetal Thymic Transcriptome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091003. [PMID: 32911797 PMCID: PMC7551156 DOI: 10.3390/v12091003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal influenza A viral infections in humans are associated with low birth weight, increased risk of pre-term birth, stillbirth and congenital defects. To examine the effect of maternal influenza virus infection on placental and fetal growth, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intranasally with influenza A virus A/CA/07/2009 pandemic H1N1 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at E3.5, E7.5 or E12.5, and the placentae and fetuses collected and weighed at E18.5. Fetal thymuses were pooled from each litter. Placentae were examined histologically, stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD34 (hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen) and vascular channels quantified. RNA from E7.5 and E12.5 placentae and E7.5 fetal thymuses was subjected to RNA sequencing and pathway analysis. Placental weights were decreased in litters inoculated with influenza at E3.5 and E7.5. Placentae from E7.5 and E12.5 inoculated litters exhibited decreased labyrinth development and the transmembrane protein 150A gene was upregulated in E7.5 placentae. Fetal weights were decreased in litters inoculated at E7.5 and E12.5 compared to controls. RNA sequencing of E7.5 thymuses indicated that 957 genes were downregulated ≥2-fold including Mal, which is associated with Toll-like receptor signaling and T cell differentiation. There were 28 upregulated genes. It is concluded that maternal influenza A virus infection impairs fetal thymic gene expression as well as restricting placental and fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Van Campen
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.K.M.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Vikki M. Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.K.M.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Gerrit J. Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Quinton A. Winger
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Christie E. Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.K.M.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.K.M.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (G.J.B.); (Q.A.W.); (R.A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garoussi MT, Mehrzad J, Nejati A. Investigation of persistent infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Holstein dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:853-858. [PMID: 30535897 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the persistent infection (PI) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) along with its coexistence between BVDV antibody titer and BVD virus in blood of Holstein dairy cows. Only large commercial farms (each contained < 1000-3000 unvaccinated cows) were included. There were 11 dairy cattle herds. They included nearly 20,000 dairy cows. Totally, 140 cows, > 3 months to almost 10 years old, were randomly sampled. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect BVDV antibody and virus, respectively. The percent positivity (PP) < 14 and ≥ 14 values are interpreted negative and positive, respectively. Simultaneously, whole blood samples pooled in groups of 10 animals were used for molecular detection of BVDV. The results revealed that 138 (98.56%) out of 140 cows were positive for BVDV antibody, while the BVDV antigen was detected only in 2 (1.42%) cows, which were negative for BVDV antibody and so were considered as persistent infection (PI) cows. They were also retested 3 weeks apart. Since the results showed the strong coexistence between seropositivity and BVD virus, in the infected dairy cattle herds, the combination of simple ELISA and pooled whole blood RT-PCR strategy could be an achievable approach to detect PI animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Garoussi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran.
| | - J Mehrzad
- Section of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Nejati
- Section of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dereje T, Benti D, Feyisa B, Abiy G. Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattle
in Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2017.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
5
|
Innate and adaptive immune responses to in utero infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 16:15-26. [PMID: 26050568 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252315000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection of pregnant cows with noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces rapid innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the virus in less than 3 weeks. Seven to 14 days after inoculation of the cow, ncpBVDV crosses the placenta and induces a fetal viremia. Establishment of persistent infection with ncpBVDV in the fetus has been attributed to the inability to mount an immune response before 90-150 days of gestational age. The result is 'immune tolerance', persistent viral replication and shedding of ncpBVDV. In contrast, we describe the chronic upregulation of fetal Type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes and the induction of IFN-γ pathways in fetuses of cows infected on day 75 of gestation. Persistently infected (PI) fetal IFN-γ concentrations also increased at day 97 at the peak of fetal viremia and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly elevated in fetal thymus, liver and spleen 14-22 days post maternal inoculation. PI fetuses respond to ncpBVDV infection through induction of Type I IFN and IFN-γ activated genes leading to a reduction in ncpBVDV titer. We hypothesize that fetal infection with BVDV persists because of impaired induction of IFN-γ in the face of activated Type I IFN responses. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the IFN-associated pathways during BVDV fetal infection may lead to better detection methods, antiviral compounds and selection of genetically resistant breeding animals.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gates MC, Humphry RW, Gunn GJ, Woolhouse MEJ. Not all cows are epidemiologically equal: quantifying the risks of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) transmission through cattle movements. Vet Res 2014; 45:110. [PMID: 25323831 PMCID: PMC4206702 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many economically important cattle diseases spread between herds through livestock movements. Traditionally, most transmission models have assumed that all purchased cattle carry the same risk of generating outbreaks in the destination herd. Using data on bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Scotland as a case example, this study provides empirical and theoretical evidence that the risk of disease transmission varies substantially based on the animal and herd demographic characteristics at the time of purchase. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that purchasing pregnant heifers and open cows sold with a calf at foot were associated with an increased risk of beef herds being seropositive for BVDV. Based on the results from a dynamic within-herd simulation model, these findings may be partly explained by the age-related probability of animals being persistently infected with BVDV as well as the herd demographic structure at the time of animal introductions. There was also evidence that an epidemiologically important network statistic, "betweenness centrality" (a measure frequently associated with the potential for herds to acquire and transmit disease), was significantly higher for herds that supplied these particular types of replacement beef cattle. The trends for dairy herds were not as clear, although there was some evidence that open heifers and open lactating cows were associated with an increased risk of BVDV. Overall, these findings have important implications for developing simulation models that more accurately reflect the industry-level transmission dynamics of infectious cattle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carolyn Gates
- Epidemiology Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Roger W Humphry
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, IV2 4JZ, UK.
| | - George J Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, IV2 4JZ, UK.
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Epidemiology Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Love WJ, Lehenbauer TW, Kass PH, Van Eenennaam AL, Aly SS. Development of a novel clinical scoring system for on-farm diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves. PeerJ 2014; 2:e238. [PMID: 24482759 PMCID: PMC3898311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical scoring systems for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves have been proposed. However, such systems were based on subjective judgment, rather than statistical methods, to weight scores. Data from a pair-matched case-control study on a California calf raising facility was used to develop three novel scoring systems to diagnose BRD in preweaned dairy calves. Disease status was assigned using both clinical signs and diagnostic test results for BRD-associated pathogens. Regression coefficients were used to weight score values. The systems presented use nasal and ocular discharge, rectal temperature, ear and head carriage, coughing, and respiratory quality as predictors. The systems developed in this research utilize fewer severity categories of clinical signs, require less calf handling, and had excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8) when compared to an earlier scoring system. The first scoring system dichotomized all clinical predictors but required inducing a cough. The second scoring system removed induced cough as a clinical abnormality but required distinguishing between three levels of nasal discharge severity. The third system removed induced cough and forced a dichotomized variable for nasal discharge. The first system presented in this study used the following predictors and assigned values: coughing (induced or spontaneous coughing, 2 points), nasal discharge (any discharge, 3 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C or 102.5°F, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 95.4% cases and 88.6% controls. The second presented system categorized the predictors and assigned weights as follows: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), mild nasal discharge (unilateral, serous, or watery discharge, 3 points), moderate to severe nasal discharge (bilateral, cloudy, mucoid, mucopurlent, or copious discharge, 5 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 1 point), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 89.3% cases and 92.8% controls. The third presented system used the following predictors and scores: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), nasal discharge (any, 4 points), ocular discharge (any, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥5. This system correctly classified 89.4% cases and 90.8% controls. Each of the proposed systems offer few levels of clinical signs and data-based weights for on-farm diagnosis of BRD in dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Love
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Tulare, CA , USA
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Tulare, CA , USA ; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | | | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Tulare, CA , USA ; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Chiang YW, Waldbillig J. Stability of Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 nucleic acid in fetal bovine samples stored under different conditions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 26:6-9. [PMID: 24352225 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713512315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of pregnant cattle with both species of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can result in reproductive disease that includes fetal reabsorption, mummification, abortion, stillbirths, congenital defects affecting structural, neural, reproductive, and immune systems, and the birth of calves persistently infected with BVDV. Accurate diagnosis of BVDV-associated reproductive disease is important to control BVDV at the production unit level and assessment of the cost of BVDV infections in support of BVDV control programs. The purpose of the current study was to examine the stability of viral nucleic acid in fetal tissues exposed to different conditions, as measured by detection by polymerase chain reaction. Five different types of fetal tissue, including brain, skin and muscle, ear, and 2 different pooled organ samples, were subjected to conditions that mimicked those that might exist for samples collected after abortions in production settings or possible storage conditions after collection and prior to testing. In addition, tissues were archived for 36 months at -20°C and then retested, to mimic conditions that might occur in the case of retrospective surveillance studies. Brain tissue showed the highest stability under the conditions tested. The impact of fecal contamination was increased following archiving in all tissue types suggesting that, for long-term storage, effort should be made to reduce environmental contaminants before archiving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- 1Julia F. Ridpath, NADC/ARS/USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Associations between bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) seropositivity and performance indicators in beef suckler and dairy herds. Vet J 2013; 198:631-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Smith RL, Sanderson MW, Jones R, N'Guessan Y, Renter D, Larson R, White BJ. Economic risk analysis model for bovine viral diarrhea virus biosecurity in cow-calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:492-503. [PMID: 24360189 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A stochastic model was designed to calculate the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity strategies for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cow-calf herds. Possible sources of BVDV introduction considered were imported animals, including the calves of pregnant imports, and fenceline contact with infected herds, including stocker cattle raised in adjacent pastures. Spread of BVDV through the herd was modeled with a stochastic SIR model. Financial consequences of BVDV, including lost income, treatment costs, and the cost of biosecurity strategies, were calculated for 10 years, based on the risks of a herd with a user-defined import profile. Results indicate that importing pregnant animals and stockers increased the financial risk of BVDV. Strategic testing in combination with vaccination most decreased the risk of high-cost outbreaks in most herds. The choice of a biosecurity strategy was specific to the risks of a particular herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States.
| | - Rodney Jones
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Yapo N'Guessan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - David Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Robert Larson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Brad J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kelling CL, Topliff CL. Bovine maternal, fetal and neonatal responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus infections. Biologicals 2013; 41:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
12
|
Uetake K. Newborn calf welfare: a review focusing on mortality rates. Anim Sci J 2012; 84:101-5. [PMID: 23384350 PMCID: PMC7159576 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calf mortality control is vitally important for farmers, not only to improve animal welfare, but also to increase productivity. High calf mortality rates can be related to larger numbers of calves in a herd, employee performance, severe weather, and the neonatal period covering the first 4 weeks of life. Although the basic premise of preventing newborn calf mortality is early detection and treatment of calves at risk for failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins, calf mortality due to infectious diseases such as acute diarrhea increases in the presence of these physical and psychological stressors. This suggests that farmers should not ignore the effects of secondary environmental factors. For prevention rather than cure, the quality of the environment should be improved, which will improve not only animal welfare but also productivity. This paper presents a review of the literature on newborn calf mortality and discusses its productivity implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Uetake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fulton RW. Host response to bovine viral diarrhea virus and interactions with infectious agents in the feedlot and breeding herd. Biologicals 2012; 41:31-8. [PMID: 22890128 PMCID: PMC7106515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) have significant impact on beef and dairy production worldwide. The infections are widespread in the cattle populations, and in many production systems, vaccinations are utilized. BVDV strains have the hallmark of adversely affecting the immune system's many components, both the innate and acquired systems. While BVDV do cause primary infections and disease, their role in the pathogenesis of other agents underscores the complexity of viral–bacterial synergy. A greater understanding of the role of the persistently infected (PI) animal resulting from susceptible females infected at a critical stage of pregnancy has permitted acknowledgment of a major source of infection to susceptible animals. Not only do we understand the role of the PI in transmitting infections and complicating other infections, but we now focus attempts to better diagnose and remove the PI animal. Vaccinations now address the need to have an immune population, especially the breeding females in the herd. Biosecurity, detection and removal of the PI, and effective vaccinations are tools for potential successful BVDV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xue W, Mattick D, Smith L. Protection from persistent infection with a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1b strain by a modified-live vaccine containing BVDV types 1a and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2011; 29:4657-62. [PMID: 21596076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that BVDV-1b subgenotype is dominant in North and South American field BVDV isolates. However, nearly all commercially available BVDV-1 vaccines contain BVDV-1a strains. In order to study the efficacy of BVDV-1a vaccine against BVDV-1b infection, this study was designed to evaluate a modified-live vaccine (MLV) containing BVDV-1a and BVDV-2 strains for its efficacy in prevention of persistent infection of fetuses against BVDV-1b strain, when the heifers were vaccinated prior to breeding. Heifers were vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of the MLV and bred four weeks after vaccination. The pregnant heifers were challenged with a non-cytopathic BVDV-1b strain at approximately 80 days of gestation. Vaccinated heifers were protected from clinical disease and viremia caused by the BVDV-1b virus. At approximately 155 days of gestation, the fetuses were harvested and tissue samples of thymus, lungs, spleen, kidney and intestines were collected for virus isolation. BVDV was isolated from 100% of the fetuses in the non-vaccinated control group, and from only one fetus (4.3%) from the vaccinated group. Results demonstrated that the MLV containing BVDV-1a and BVDV-2 strains provided 96% protection from fetal persistent infection caused by the BVDV-1b strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Xue
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, 35500W. 91st Street, De Soto, KS 66018, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsuboi T, Osawa T, Kimura K, Kubo M, Haritani M. Experimental infection of early pregnant cows with bovine viral diarrhea virus: Transmission of virus to the reproductive tract and conceptus. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
The Contribution of Infections with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses to Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:335-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
17
|
A stochastic risk-analysis model for the spread of bovine viral diarrhea virus after introduction to naïve cow–calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2010; 95:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
The apparent prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected cattle has been found to be low in U.S. dairies, beef herds and feedlots. Current management practices within U.S. cattle industries that impact the epidemiology of BVDV infections include purchasing untested cattle, lack of biosecurity procedures, large herd sizes, mixing cattle from multiple sources, high cattle densities in dairy and feedlot operations, synchronous breeding of beef herds, communal grazing and widespread vaccination. Evidence for BVDV infection has been found in farmed and free-ranging wildlife in North America; however the risk of BVDV transmission from wildlife to cattle is not known. The perception of a low prevalence of BVDV herd infections, the unrestricted sale of PI cattle, lack of economic data, intensive marketing of vaccines, reluctance to accept federal regulations, and a "gambler's" attitude among producers are impediments to implementation of a national systematic BVD control program. Since 2004, voluntary BVDV control programs have been organized in nine states reflecting the recognition of BVD as an important and preventable problem in the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Van Campen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Byers SR, Snekvik KR, Righter DJ, Evermann JF, Bradway DS, Parish SM, Barrington GM. Disseminated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Persistently Infected Alpaca (Vicugna Pacos) Cria. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:145-8. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an emerging infectious pathogen of concern to the alpaca industry. A 4-month-old, intact, male alpaca cria was diagnosed as persistently infected with BVDV on the basis of repeated positive antemortem polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation (VI) assays and negative serologic titers to BVDV. Immunohistochemistry, real-time reverse transcription PCR, and VI performed on tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated disseminated BVDV-1b infection. Virus was detected in multiple tissues, including parotid salivary gland, testes, prostate, kidneys, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Demonstration of BVDV in previously unreported tissues suggests additional potential routes of BVDV transmission in alpacas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey R. Byers
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Kevin R. Snekvik
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
- the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Daniel J. Righter
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
- the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - James F. Evermann
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Daniel S. Bradway
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
- the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Steven M. Parish
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - George M. Barrington
- From the Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schefers J, Munoz-Zanzi C, Collins JE, Goyal SM, Ames TR. Serological Evaluation of Precolostral Serum Samples to Detect Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections in Large Commercial Dairy Herds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:625-8. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors propose that screening newborn calves for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibody prior to colostrum feeding is a useful strategy to detect herds with endemic BVDV infection. In the current study, precolostral serum samples of newborn calves in 2 Minnesota and 2 California dairy farms were examined. Precolostral BVDV antibodies were detected by serum neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 7.4% (33/446) and 6.2% (32/515) of newborn calves in the California and Minnesota herds, respectively. The serum samples were also tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and BVDV was detected in 1.6% (7/446) and 3.5% (18/515) of newborn calves in the California and Minnesota herds, respectively. The primary advantages of precolostral testing are that calves congenitally infected with BVDV and seropositive at birth represent a larger percentage of calves born than BVDV-viremic calves and that fewer animals would need to be tested with an antibody test than a RT-PCR or antigen detection test to detect endemic BVDV infections at the herd level. Testing for BVDV antibody in calves prior to colostrum feeding detects fetal infections in both late-gestating cows and nonlactating heifers. Precolostral serum antibody detection is not confounded by vaccination and may be a more sensitive screening method than bulk milk RT-PCR and nonvaccinated sentinel calf strategies in large dairy herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Schefers
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Claudia Munoz-Zanzi
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - James E. Collins
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Trevor R. Ames
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maunsell F, Donovan GA. Biosecurity and risk management for dairy replacements. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2008; 24:155-90. [PMID: 18299037 PMCID: PMC7134781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity, biocontainment, and disease risk management on dairy replacement operations are time- and labor-intensive, planned programs. Oftentimes the value of these programs is realized only after disease is introduced to a facility or a disease outbreak occurs. There is no “one-plan-fits-all;” each plan must be tailored to meet the needs of management's goals and expectations and problems specific to a production enterprise or geographic region. A standard framework applicable to biosecurity programs includes: (1) hazard identification, (2) exposure assessment, (3) risk characterization, and (4) risk management. The discussion presented here helps lay the framework for development and implementation of biosecurity and risk-management programs within dairy replacement facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Maunsell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In this article we cover the immunologic response as it develops, the components of passive immunity, and the immune response of young calves. We discuss interference from maternal immunity in the development of specific immunity and vaccine strategies for developing protection against pathogens in calves.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Leptospira spp. are two of the common pathogenic organisms responsible for reproductive losses in cattle worldwide. Both can be come endemic in herds resulting in chronic low-grade reproductive losses or they can be introduced into relatively naïve herds, resulting in substantial reproductive losses over a short period of time. Both organisms are a differential diagnoses for common reproductive losses that veterinarians investigate, including low conception rates and abortions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, A100 VTH, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Fourichon C, Beaudeau F, Bareille N, Seegers H. Quantification of economic losses consecutive to infection of a dairy herd with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Prev Vet Med 2005; 72:177-81; discussion 215-9. [PMID: 16162364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Production losses and treatment expenditures consecutive to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in a dairy herd were calculated by partial budgeting based on published estimates of production effects. Overall costs (losses plus expenditures) resulted in a decreased gross margin of 10.7 euros and 19.0 per 1000 l of milk for an average and severe infection, respectively. With a milk quota system allowing no lease of quota, assuming adjustment of the herd size by the farmer to produce the quota, decrease in gross margin was limited to 7.9 euros and 13.9 per 1000 l of milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fourichon
- Unit of Animal Health Management, Veterinary School - INRA, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thobokwe G, Heuer C, Hayes DP. Validation of a bulk tank milk antibody ELISA to detect dairy herds likely infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2004; 52:394-400. [PMID: 15768141 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the sensitivity and specificity of a bulk tank milk (BTM) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect likely infection of a dairy herd with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The ELISA was subsequently used to estimate the prevalence of likely infected herds in parts of the North Island of New Zealand. METHODS BTM samples from 724 randomly selected dairy herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand were tested for BVDV antibodies. From this group, 20 herds were again randomly selected from each of the quartiles of the ELISA percentage inhibition (%INH) result. From each participant herd, serum from 15 randomly selected calves aged 6-18 months and 15 cows was collected and tested using an indirect blocking ELISA for BVDV antibodies. RESULTS Among serum results from calves from 50 herds available for analysis, 34 (68%) herds were classified as likely non-infected (0-3 seropositive among 15 calves) and 16 (32%) as likely infected (5-15 seropositive among 15 calves). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis identified an optimal cut-off for BTM of 80%INH associated with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity for likely herd infection. The prevalence of BVDV antibodies in cows within herds and %INH for BVDV in bulk milk were positively correlated (p<0.01). The association between bulk milk %INH and the prevalence of BVDV antibodies in calves was stronger than the same association in cows. Based on the threshold of 80%INH, the 95% confidence interval (CI) for prevalence of likely infection in the 724 herds in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Northland regions of New Zealand was 12-17%. Vaccination against BVDV was not significantly associated with the likely infection status of the herd based on prevalence of BVDV antibodies among calves. CONCLUSION An ELISA test result for BVDV antibodies in BTM >/=80%INH can be used as a threshold to indicate the presence of likely infection with BVDV in dairy herds in New Zealand, with 81% sensitivity and 91% specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Thobokwe
- Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Thurmond MC, Hietala SK. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers. Theriogenology 2004; 61:1085-99. [PMID: 15036997 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A prospective field study in heifers from birth to first breeding was undertaken on two commercial dairies to assess the effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) congenital and post-natal infection (PNI) on fertility. A high BVDV Type 2 antibody titer (1:4096) at 10 months of age was associated with 32 more days to conceive, compared with a low titer (1:128). Conversely, infection with BVDV by 5-6 months of age and high BVDV Type 2 titers 1 month before conception or breeding was associated with improved fertility. Heifers with evidence of congenital BVDV infection had lower fertility than non-infected heifers (15-42 days longer time-to-first AI), which depended on BVDV Type 2 titers at 10 months of age. Neospora caninum infection was associated with additional services per conception (SPC) and Leptospira interrogans infection was associated with a delay in the time-to-first breeding. It appears that under field conditions, the effect of subclinical BVDV infection on subsequent heifer fertility may be due to a complex of interrelationships among multiple BVDV infections that depend on the type and timing of infection relative to reproductive development and events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Muñoz-Zanzi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grooms DL. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:5-19. [PMID: 15062471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive efficiency is imperative for the maintenance of profitability in both dairy and cow-calf enterprises. Bovine viral diarrhea virus is an important infectious disease agent of cattle that can potentially have a negative effect on all phases of reproduction. Reduced conception rates,early embryonic deaths, abortions, congenital defects, and weak calves have all been associated BVDV infection of susceptible females. In addition, the birth of calves PI with BVDV as a result of in utero fetal exposure is extremely important in the perpetuation of the virus in an infected herd or spread to other susceptible herds. Bulls acutely or PI with BVDV may bea source of viral spread through either natural service or semen used in artificial insemination. Management practices including elimination of PI cattle, biosecurity measures and strategic use of vaccination can be implemented to reduce the risk of BVDV related reproductive losses. Development of vaccines and vaccine strategies capable of providing better protection against fetal infection would be of benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, A100 VTH, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brock KV. Strategies for the control and prevention of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:171-80. [PMID: 15062481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several key factors influence the success of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and control measures. Current knowledge and an understanding of the problem and the impact of BVDV-associated disease by the livestock industry will facilitate the organization and tremendous effort required to control BVDV successfully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny V Brock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smith DR, Grotelueschen DM. Biosecurity and biocontainment of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:131-49. [PMID: 15062479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cattle with BVDV results in a variety of clinical illnesses costly to the cattle industry worldwide. The reservoir and primary source of transmission is cattle born PI with BVDV after transplacental infection in early gestation. It is a challenge to determine with certainty whether or not BVDV is circulating among a herd of cattle. If the virus is present in a herd,then biocontainment strategies are used to eliminate the virus by testing to removing PI cattle, preventing exposure of pregnant cattle to the virus, and increasing resistance to infection using vaccination. If it is clear that the virus is not present in a herd then, biosecurity actions must be taken to prevent introducing the virus into the herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830907, 124 VDC, Fair St. and E. Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|