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Biomarkers of sepsis in pigs, horses and cattle: from acute phase proteins to procalcitonin. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:82-99. [PMID: 35795920 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome triggered by an inflammatory host response to an infection. It is usually complicated to detect and diagnose, and has severe consequences in human and veterinary health, especially when treatment is not started early. Therefore, efforts to detect sepsis accurately are needed. In addition, its proper diagnosis could reduce the misuse of antibiotics, which is essential fighting against antimicrobial resistance. This case is a particular issue in farm animals, as antibiotics have been traditionally given massively, but now they are becoming increasingly restricted. When sepsis is suspected in animals, the most frequently used biomarkers are acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, but their concentrations can increase in other inflammatory conditions. In human patients, the most promising biomarkers to detect sepsis are currently procalcitonin and presepsin, and there is a wide range of other biomarkers under study. However, there is little information on the application of these biomarkers in veterinary species. This review aims to describe the general concepts of sepsis and the current knowledge about the biomarkers of sepsis in pigs, horses, and cattle and to discuss possible advances in the field.
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Serum proteins and lipids in mild form of calf bronchopneumonia: candidates for reliable biomarkers. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Calf bronchopneumonia is complex multifactorial disease and for its accurate diagnosis and therapy, besides clinical examination, microbiologic, hematologic and biochemical analyses could be necessary. In general, additional analyses are not implemented, mainly because the disease biomarkers are not defined.
To establish which analysis might be useful for determining the severity of the disease, we analyzed 23 three-month old calves with mild clinical signs of bronchopneumonia and 15 age-matched healthy calves. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from deep nasal swabs of diseased calves. Peripheral blood erythrocyte and leukocyte count of bronchopneumonic and healthy calves showed no difference. Serum proteins, lipoproteins and lipids were analyzed with spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, non-reducing SDS-PAGE, gel zymography, and thin-layer chromatography. The bronchopneumonic calves had an increased level of circulating immune complexes and α globulins, which contain some of the positive acute phase proteins. In diseased calves the increased concentration of total γ globulins (IgG), due to an increased concentration of anionic γ globulins (predominately IgG1), was detected. The increased concentration of anionic γ globulins followed by increased concentration of transferrin (negative acute phase protein) and HDL cholesterol, decreased concentration of LDL-cholesterol, unchanged activity of matrix metalloproteases and leukocyte counts might reflect the obvious absence of generalized inflammation. A positive correlation was found between the acquired results and the appearance of mild clinical signs. Therefore, we believe that the parameters analyzed in the peripheral blood could be applied as reliable disease markers to distinguish between severe (inflammatory) and mild forms of calf bronchopneumonia and to predict a better outcome for these calves.
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The origin of Pasteurella multocida impacts pathology and inflammation when assessed in a mouse model. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:139-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sandersen C, Bienzle D, Cerri S, Franck T, Derochette S, Neven P, Mouytis-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. Effect of inhaled hydrosoluble curcumin on inflammatory markers in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of horses with LPS-induced lung neutrophilia. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015; 10:16. [PMID: 25908974 PMCID: PMC4407840 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-015-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horses commonly suffer from chronic respiratory disease and are also used in large animal models of spontaneous or induced airway inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin are largely described but its low bioavailability precludes its clinical use. NDS27, a lysin salt of curcumin incorporated in beta-cyclodextrine, has high bioavailability and can be administered by inhalation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled NDS27 on inflammatory cytokines and proteins in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid using a model of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Methods Airway neutrophilia was induced in eight horses by inhalation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Horses were treated with either inhalation of NDS27 or with placebo in a randomized cross-over design. Broncho-alveolar lavages were performed 6 hours after stimulation with LPS. Percentage of neutrophils, concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, Club cell secretory protein, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) concentrations were determined. Results LPS stimulation induced significant increases in neutrophil counts and concentrations of IL-6 (70.2 ± 66.0 pg/ml), TNF-α (43.9 ± 31.2 pg/ml), MPO (580.9 ± 327.0 ng/ml) and ELT (27.6 ± 16.7 ng/ml). Treatment with NDS27 significantly prevented the increase in active and total MPO (216.4 ± 118.1 ng/ml) and ELT (5.9 ± 3.2 ng/ml) while there was a trend towards reduced IL-6 concentration. Conclusions Results show that, although not reducing neutrophil recruitment, NDS27 largely abolishes LPS-induced neutrophil degranulation. Reduced levels of ELT and MPO, as well as reduced MPO activity may have beneficial effects via a reduced production of reactive oxygen species implicated in chronic inflammation and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sandersen
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Simona Cerri
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Derochette
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Philippe Neven
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Ange Mouytis-Mickalad
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
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Hanthorn CJ, Dewell GA, Dewell RD, Cooper VL, Wang C, Plummer PJ, Lakritz J. Serum concentrations of haptoglobin and haptoglobin-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Hp-MMP 9) complexes of bovine calves in a bacterial respiratory challenge model. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:285. [PMID: 25480520 PMCID: PMC4263037 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum haptoglobin (Hp) and haptoglobin matrix metalloproteinase 9 complexes (Hp-MMP 9) have been identified as biomarkers with diagnostic potential in cattle with conditions resulting in an acute inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential diagnostic applications of serum Hp and Hp-MMP 9 concentrations in calves with BRD and establish a timeline for their detection in calves experimentally challenged with Bibersteinia trehalosi and Mannheimia haemolytica. Thirty-five cross bred dairy calves were inoculated via tracheal catheterization with either a PCR confirmed leukotoxin negative B. trehalosi isolate, a PCR confirmed leukotoxin positive B. trehalosi isolate, a Mannheimia haemolytica isolate, a combination of leukotoxin negative B. trehalosi and M. haemolytica, or a negative control. Serum samples were collected throughout the study. Calves were euthanized and necropsy performed on day 10 post inoculation. Results M. haemolytica inoculated calves had increased lung involvement. Serum Hp and Hp- MMP 9 concentrations were elevated compared to the other treatment groups. Increases in serum Hp and Hp-MMP 9 concentrations for the M. haemolytica group were significantly different from other study groups on day 7 of the study. B. trehalosi inoculated calves did not have increased lung involvement compared to control calves, but the leukotoxin positive B. trehalosi group demonstrated increased serum Hp-MMP 9 concentrations from day 3 to the end of the study compared to the pre-inoculation concentrations. Conclusion Serum Hp-MMP 9 concentration is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting early pulmonary inflammation in calves challenged with B. trehalosi and M. haemolytica. Serum Hp-MMP 9 may also be a useful tool in detecting subclinical pulmonary inflammation in challenged calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy J Hanthorn
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Grant A Dewell
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Renee D Dewell
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Ramírez-Romero R, Nevárez-Garza AM, Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Wong-González A, Ledezma-Torres RA, Hernández-Vidal G. Histopathological analogies in chronic pulmonary lesions between cattle and humans: basis for an alternative animal model. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:647403. [PMID: 22629176 PMCID: PMC3353567 DOI: 10.1100/2012/647403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the natural cases of pneumonia in feedlot cattle are characterized by a longer clinical course due to chronic lung lesions. Microscopically, these lesions include interstitial fibroplasia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and epithelial metaplasia of the airways. Herein, the aim was to review, under a medical perspective, the pathologic mechanisms operating in these chronic pneumonic lesions in calves. Based on the similarities of these changes to those reported in bronchiolitis obliterans/organising pneumonia (BO/OP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human beings, calves are proposed as an alternative animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ramírez-Romero
- Pathobiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Avenida Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 66451 San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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Suzuki K, Higuchi H, Iwano H, Lakritz J, Sera K, Koiwa M, Taguchi K. Analysis of trace and major elements in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia in calves. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 145:166-71. [PMID: 21870151 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of direct determination of trace and major element concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from Holstein calves with Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 20). The samples were obtained during bronchoscopy using a standard examination method. A total of 18 elements (aluminum, bromine, calcium, chlorine, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, strontium, titanium, and zinc) were detected by particle-induced X-ray emission. The average bromine, iron, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorous concentrations were higher in calves with bronchopneumonia than in controls (p < 0.05). They were found to have higher amounts of calcium and zinc, and a higher zinc-copper ratio than that in healthy calves (p < 0.001). Based on the receiver operating characteristics curves, we propose a diagnostic cutoff point for zinc-copper ratio for identification of Mycoplasma pneumonia of 8.676. Our results indicate that assessment of the elemental composition of broncholaveolar lavage fluid is a promising diagnostic tool for Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Bannikov GA, Lakritz J, Premanandan C, Mattoon JS, Abrahamsen EJ. Kinetics of inhibition of purified bovine neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase 9 by low-molecular-weight inhibitors. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:633-9. [PMID: 19405903 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the effects of lowmolecular-weight inhibitors on the activity of bovine neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). SAMPLE POPULATION Bovine MMP-9 purified from bovine neutrophilconditioned medium. PROCEDURES Neutrophils were degranulated by stimulation with phorbol ester. Enzyme purification was performed by use of gelatin affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. Activated enzyme was incubated with inhibitors prior to addition of substrate (gelatin fluorescein conjugate or fluorogenic peptide). Rates of enzymatic cleavage were determined by monitoring fluorescence as the reactions progressed. Values of IC(50) (molar concentration of compound that inhibits specific activity by 50%) and K(I) (in vitro inhibition constant) were determined. RESULTS Rates of enzymatic activity of monomeric and dimeric bovine MMP-9 measured by use of gelatin and peptide substrates were linear with respect to time and concentrations of enzyme and substrate. The MMP-9 was potently inhibited by hydroxamic acids (IC(50) for gelatin, 29.2 to 55.7 nM; IC(50) for peptide, 4.8 to 24.6 nM; K(I), 0.2 to 0.5 nM), whereas tetracyclines (IC(50) for gelatin, 30.1 to 112.7 MM; IC(50) for peptide, 48.0 to 123.8 MM; K(I), 25.2 to 61.4 microM) and chlorhexidine (IC(50) for gelatin, 139.1MM; IC(50) for peptide, 672.5MM to 1.7 mM; K(I), 495.0 to 663.0 MM) had limited inhibition. Gelatinase-specific inhibitor SB-3CT had intermediate potency (IC(50) for peptide, 185.0 to 290.0 nM; K(I), 66.5 to 86.0 nM). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bovine MMP-9 was potently inhibited by hydroxamic acids and gelatinase inhibitor. These compounds may be useful as modulators of neutrophil-mediated protease activity in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Bannikov
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Francoz D, Desrochers A, Simard N, Saint Pierre Y, Fecteau G, Latouche JS, Fortin M. Relative expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in synovial fluid from healthy calves and calves with experimentally induced septic arthritis. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1022-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.8.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jaeger J, Liebler-Tenorio E, Kirschvink N, Sachse K, Reinhold P. A clinically silent respiratory infection withChlamydophilaspp. in calves is associated with airway obstruction and pulmonary inflammation. Vet Res 2007; 38:711-28. [PMID: 17621440 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating functional and inflammatory consequences of persistent chlamydial infections on the respiratory system in clinically inconspicuous calves aged 2-7 months. Thirteen calves persistently infected with Chlamydophila (C.) abortus and/or C. pecorum (Chl+) were compared to 12 calves without chlamydial infections (Chl-). In order to evaluate lung function, 36 non-invasive impulse oscillometry tests were performed per animal within 6 months. The group of chronically infected animals was distinguished by significantly higher peripheral airway resistance (indicating peripheral airway obstruction), significantly higher respiratory rates, and significantly higher minute volumes of ventilation. At the age of seven months, all calves were necropsied, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained ex vivo, and lungs were examined histologically. Significantly higher concentrations of total protein and 8-iso-prostane (8-IP), as well as higher activities of matrix metalloprotease 2 were measured in BALF samples of Chl+ calves. Histologically, markedly activated bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) causing partial obstruction of bronchiolar lumina was found in the apical pulmonary lobes of Chl+ calves. Chlamydial DNA was detected in the lung tissue of 7 out of 13 Chl+ calves by real-time PCR. In conclusion, respiratory chlamydial infection appeared to be associated with chronic inflammation of the lungs and airways. Despite the lack of clinical symptoms, pulmonary dysfunctions persisted in calves until the age of seven months. Data obtained in this study provide new insight illustrating the impact of nearly ubiquitous subclinical infections on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis in the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Higuchi ML, Santos MH, Roggério A, Kawakami JT, Bezerra HG, Canzian M. A role for archaeal organisms in development of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques and myxoid matrices. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2006; 61:473-8. [PMID: 17072447 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322006000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a myxoid matrix, necrotic lipidic core, reactive oxygen species, and high levels of microorganisms. Aerobic microbes such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae usually do not survive in oxidative stress media. Archaea are anaerobic microbes with powerful anti-oxidative enzymes that allow detoxification of free radicals whose presence might favor the survival of aerobic microorganisms. We searched for archaeal organisms in vulnerable plaques, and possible associations with myxoid matrix, chlamydia, and mycoplasma bodies. METHODS Twenty-nine tissue samples from 13 coronary artherectomies from large excentric ostial or bifurcational lesions were studied using optical and electron microscopy. Infectious agents compatible with archaea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma were semiquantified using electron micrographs and correlated with the amounts of fibromuscular tissue, myxoid matrix, and foam cells, as determined from semi-thin sections. Six of the cases were also submitted to polymerase chain reaction with archaeal primers. RESULTS All 13 specimens showed archaeal-compatible structures and chlamydial and mycoplasmal bodies in at least 1 sample. There was a positive correlation between extent of the of myxoid matrix and archaeal bodies (r = 0.44, P = 0.02); between archaeal and mycoplasmal bodies (r = 0.41, P = 0.03), and between chlamydial bodies and foam cells (r = 0.42; P = 0.03). The PCR test was positive for archaeal DNA in 4 of the 6 fragments. DISCUSSION DNA and forms suggestive of archaea are present in vulnerable plaques and may have a fundamental role in the proliferation of mycoplasma and chlamydia. This seems to be the first description of apparently pathogenic archaea in human internal organ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Higuchi
- Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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