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Yupiana Y, Vallee E, Wilson P, Collins-Emerson J, Weston J, Benschop J, Heuer C. Emerging Leptospira strain poses public health risk for dairy farmers in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med 2019; 170:104727. [PMID: 31421493 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira infection in dairy cattle and leptospirosis in dairy farm workers were common in New Zealand prior to the introduction of dairy cattle vaccination in the 1980s. Despite widespread vaccination within the dairy industry, the long-term effectiveness of vaccination and current Leptospira exposure status remained unknown. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-April 2016 to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA in urine at cow and herd level, and its relationship to five Leptospira serovars known to be endemic. Two hundred dairy farms were randomly selected from the national database. Twenty paired blood and urine samples were collected on each farm from adult cows (n = 4000). Sera were tested using the Microscopic Agglutination Test against serovars Hardjobovis (termed Hardjo), Pomona, Copenhageni, Ballum and Tarassovi with titres ≥48 being considered positive. Urine was tested using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) that amplifies the gryB gene. All but one herd had been vaccinated with a bivalent Hardjo/Pomona or trivalent vaccine incorporating Copenhageni. In total, 2.4% of cows were urine qPCR positive and 27% of farms had at least one urine qPCR positive cow. Overall 63% of cows were seropositive to one or more serovars: 44% for Hardjo, 28% for Pomona, 15% for Copenhageni (in vaccinated herds), and for unvaccinated cows: 1% for Copenhageni, and 3% for Ballum and 17% for Tarassovi. Of the 94 qPCR urine-positive cows, 51 were seropositive to Tarassovi, 3 to Ballum, 3 to Copenhageni, 24 to Hardjo, and 17 to Pomona, the latter two presumably reflecting vaccination titres. A strong association was found between shedding and serology for Tarassovi. While there was no evidence that current vaccination programmes were ineffective in protecting against their target serovars, serovar Tarassovi has apparently emerged in NZ dairy cattle. As Tarassovi is currently not included in vaccines and is prevalent in notified leptospirosis cases in dairy workers, we concluded that this serovar poses a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yupiana
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - E Vallee
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Wilson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Collins-Emerson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Fang F, Collins-Emerson JM, Heuer C, Hill FI, Tisdall DJ, Wilson PR, Benschop J. Interlaboratory and between-specimen comparisons of diagnostic tests for leptospirosis in sheep and cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:734-47. [PMID: 25292194 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714548476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was performed to investigate interlaboratory test agreement between a research and a commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory on blood and urine samples, and to investigate test agreement between blood, urine, and kidney samples (research laboratory) for leptospirosis diagnosis. Samples were sourced from 399 sheep and 146 beef cattle from a local abattoir. Interlaboratory agreement for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results on urine samples was almost perfect (kappa = 0.90), despite the use of different amplification targets (DNA gyrase subunit B gene vs. 16s ribosomal RNA gene), chemistries (SYTO9 vs. TaqMan probe), and pre-PCR processing. Interlaboratory agreement for microscopic agglutination test (MAT) positivity was almost perfect (kappa = 0.93) for Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis (Hardjobovis) but moderate (kappa = 0.53) for Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona (Pomona). Among animals that had different titers recorded, higher Hardjobovis and lower Pomona titers were reported by the commercial laboratory than by the research laboratory (P < 0.005). These interlaboratory comparisons can assist researchers and diagnosticians in interpreting the sometimes discrepant test results. Within the research laboratory, the comparison of qPCR results on urine and kidney showed almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.84), suggesting that the qPCR on these 2 specimens can be used interchangeably. The agreement between MAT positivity and urine and kidney qPCR results was fair (kappa = 0.32 and kappa = 0.33, respectively). However, the prevalence ratio of urine and kidney qPCR positivity in Hardjobovis-seropositive versus Hardjobovis-seronegative sheep indicated that Hardjobovis seropositivity found in sheep may be able to predict shedding or renal carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - Julie M Collins-Emerson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - Cord Heuer
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - Fraser I Hill
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - David J Tisdall
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - Peter R Wilson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
| | - Jackie Benschop
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Fang, Collins-Emerson, Benschop)Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Heuer)Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Wilson)Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Hill, Tisdall)
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Fang F, Collins-Emerson JM, Cullum A, Heuer C, Wilson PR, Benschop J. Shedding and seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in sheep and cattle at a New Zealand Abattoir. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:258-68. [PMID: 25043226 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out on sheep and cattle slaughtered at a New Zealand abattoir from September to November 2010 to investigate the supplier-specific shedding rate, renal carriage rate and seroprevalence of leptospires. In the 2008/2009 season, this abattoir experienced three human leptospirosis cases from 20 staff, of which two were hospitalized. Urine, kidney and blood samples were collected from carcasses of 399 sheep (six suppliers, 17 slaughter lines) and 146 cattle (three suppliers, 22 slaughter lines). The urine and kidney samples were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), while serum samples (from coagulated blood samples) were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In total, 27% (73/274; 95% CI: 18-37) of urine samples tested positive by qPCR. Species-specific shedding rates (prevalence of positive urine qPCR) were 31% (95% CI: 17-48) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 14-30) for cattle. For 545 kidney samples tested, 145 were qPCR positive (27%; 95% CI: 17-39). The average prevalence of kidney qPCR positivity was 29% (95% CI: 17-45) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 15-28) for cattle. Three hundred and thirty of 542 sampled sheep and cattle had antibodies against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis (Hardjobovis) and/or Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona (Pomona), based on reciprocal MAT titre ≥1 : 48 (overall seroprevalence of 61%; 95% CI: 48-73). Seroprevalence was 57% (95% CI: 40-72) for sheep and 73% (95% CI: 59-83) for cattle. Among the seropositive animals, 41% (70/170; 95% CI: 30-54) were shedding (tested positive by urine qPCR) and 42% (137/330; 95% CI: 30-54) had renal carriage (tested positive by kidney qPCR). Some risk management options for abattoirs or farms to prevent human leptospirosis infections include vaccination of maintenance hosts, the use of personal protective equipment, and the application of urine qPCR to detect shedding status of stock as surveillance and as an alert.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fang
- Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab) and Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Segawa T, Nomura KH, Villanueva SYAM, Saito M, Nomura K, Gloriani NG, Yoshida SI. Identification of leptospiral 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase released in the urine of infected hamsters. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:132. [PMID: 24884439 PMCID: PMC4036750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. The non-specific clinical signs and symptoms of leptospirosis lead to its misdiagnosis. To date, there is still no reliable rapid test kit that can accurately diagnose leptospirosis at bedside or in field. In this research, with the ultimate goal of formulating a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for leptospirosis, we aimed to identify leptospiral proteins excreted in urine of infected hamsters, which are thought to mimic Weil’s disease. Results Hamsters were subcutaneously infected with leptospires, and the general attributes of urine as well as the proteins excreted in it were examined. Some leptospiral proteins were found to be excreted in the urine from the early phase of infection. The most important finding of this study was the detection of the lipid-metabolizing enzyme, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), before the onset of illness, when leptospires were not yet detected in the urine of infected hamsters. Conclusions This is the first report on the detection of leptospiral HADH in the host urine, which may be a possible candidate leptospiral antigen that can be used in the early diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Segawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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