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Bermingham EN, Patterson KA, Shoveller AK, Fraser K, Butowski CF, Thomas DG. Nutritional needs and health outcomes of ageing cats and dogs: is it time for updated nutrient guidelines? Anim Front 2024; 14:5-16. [PMID: 38910950 PMCID: PMC11188961 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keely A Patterson
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Cabrita ARJ, Maia MRG, Alves AP, Aires T, Rosa A, Almeida A, Martins R, Fonseca AJM. Protein hydrolysate and oil from fish waste reveal potential as dog food ingredients. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372023. [PMID: 38711535 PMCID: PMC11071340 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased fish consumption by the growing human population in the world translates into an increase in fish waste. The reintroduction of these fish by-products into food and feed chains presents economic benefits and contributes to counteracting their negative environmental impact. Under this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of fish hydrolysate and oil obtained from fish waste (experimental diet) in substitution of shrimp hydrolysate and salmon oil (control diet) mainly imported from third countries on palatability, apparent total tract digestibility, fecal characteristics and metabolites, blood fatty acid profile, flatulence, and coat quality of adult dogs. A two-bowl test was performed to evaluate palatability by the pairwise comparison between the two diets. A feeding trial was conducted according to a crossover design with two diets (control and experimental diets), six adult Beagle dogs per diet, and two periods of 6 weeks each. The replacement of shrimp hydrolysate and salmon oil with fish hydrolysate and oil did not affect the first diet approach and taste, as well as the intake ratio. Generally, the digestibility of dry matter, nutrients, and energy was not affected by diet, but the intake of digestible crude protein (CP) and ether extract was higher, respectively, with the control and the experimental diet. The higher intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with the experimental diet was reflected in a higher content of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the omega-3 index of red blood cells, but it did not affect coat quality. The significantly higher intake of digestible CP with the control diet might have contributed to the higher fecal ammonia-N and valerate concentrations. Daily fecal output and characteristics were similar between diets. Overall, results suggest that fish hydrolysate and oil from the agrifood industry might constitute sustainable functional ingredients for dog feeding while adding value for wild fisheries, aquaculture, and fish farming under a circular economy approach and reducing dependence on imports from third countries with a high carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Alves
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Aires
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, S.A., Lugar da Pardala, S. João Ovar, Portugal
| | - Ana Rosa
- SEBOL, Comércio e Indústria de Sebo, S.A., Santo Antão do Tojal, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- Indústria Transformadora de Subprodutos, S.A., Herdade da Palmeira—Olheiros do Meio—São José da Lamarosa Agolada Coruche, Coruche, Portugal
| | - Rui Martins
- Indústria Transformadora de Subprodutos, S.A., Herdade da Palmeira—Olheiros do Meio—São José da Lamarosa Agolada Coruche, Coruche, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bonder BSA, Teixeira FA, Porsani MYH, Gonçales LA, Nagashima JK, de-Oliveira CM, Balieiro JCC, Pfrimer K, Massoco CDO, Fantoni DT, Pontieri CFF, Brunetto MA. Evaluation of an onco-diet on body composition and inflammatory status of dogs with mammary tumor-Pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287797. [PMID: 37410738 PMCID: PMC10325094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-protein hypercaloric diet enriched with glutamine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was called an onco-diet. The goal was to verify the modulation of the inflammatory response and body composition of female dogs with mammary tumor after mastectomy, during onco-diet consumption, using a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial. Six bitches (average age of 8.6 years) were allocated into Control Group-diet without glutamine, EPA and DHA supplementation; and six bitches (10.0 years) were allocated into Test-diet enriched with glutamine and omega-3. Serum measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IGF-1, C-reactive protein and determination of body composition were performed at pre- and post-surgical times. Statistical tests were used to compare the nutrient intake and dietary effects on inflammatory variables between the diets. No differences in concentrations of different cytokines (p>0.05) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.51) were observed between the groups. The test group had a higher concentration of IGF-1 (p<0.05), higher percentage of muscle mass (p<0.01) and lower body fat (p<0.01), but the difference was present from initial and throughout the study. Onco-diet, enriched with glutamine and omega-3, in the amounts evaluated in this study, was not sufficient to modulate the inflammation and body composition of female dogs with mammary tumors submitted to unilateral mastectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brana S. A. Bonder
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Y. H. Porsani
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A. Gonçales
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio K. Nagashima
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clair M. de-Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C. C. Balieiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Pfrimer
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina de O. Massoco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise T. Fantoni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang H, Yao Y, Zhong X, Meng F, Hemminki K, Qiu J, Shu X. Association between intake of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 PUFA DHA) and reduced risk of ovarian cancer: A systematic Mendelian Randomization study. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1379-1388. [PMID: 37421851 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Whether the intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is beneficial for ovarian cancer (OC) remains controversial and we hope to disentangle this puzzle using genetic data from large-scale populations in European and Asian. METHODS We employed, for the first time, a systematic Mendelian randomization (MR) design to comprehensively evaluate the causal effect of plasma DHA levels, an objective biomarker of DHA intake, on OC risk in European and then verified the extrapolation of the results in the Asian. Data in the analysis included genetic association data obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies with 13,499 individuals for plasma DHA measurements and 66,450 individuals for OC in the European population, and 1361 individuals for plasma DHA measurements and 61,457 individuals for OC in the Asian population. The causal relationship between DHA and OC was estimated using the inverse-variance weighted approach, together with extensive validation and sensitivity analyses to verify the main results. RESULTS In the European population, MR evidence suggested a causal relationship between higher plasma DHA levels and lower OC risk (OR, 0.89 for OC per one-SD increment in DHA; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.96; P = 0.003). Subgroup analysis by histological type of OC indicated that this observed association was stronger among endometrioid ovarian cancer (EOC) (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.96; P = 0.014). A similar causal association of borderline significance was reached in the Asian replication set. The above results were consistently supported by a series of validation and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Our study provided robust genetic evidence for a protective association between plasma DHA levels and lower risk of OC, especially EOC, in the European population. These findings may inform prevention strategies and interventions directed towards DHA intake and OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinshuang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fang Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Junlan Qiu
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, 215153, China.
| | - Xiaochen Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Badary DM, Galal HA, Abdelraheim MH, Sedeek MI, Mohamed NM, Abd Elmageed ZY, Farrag MMY. The combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum improves the deleterious effects resulting from dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in rats. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:267. [DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Osteoporosis is characterized by deterioration of bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mass and can increase the risk of fracture. To reduce this risk, the aim of this study was to compare the combination effects of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the conventional drug therapy alendronate.
Methods
Osteoporosed-induced rat model was established by administration of dexamethasone in female adult albino rats. The serum level of Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin was assessed. In addition, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin within bone specimens were performed.
Results
Our results showed that a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum had a beneficial therapeutic effect in the treatment of osteoporosis as compared to alendronate therapy. This was demonstrated by increase of serum Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin levels in treated compared to control groups. Intriguingly, the highest effect was noticed in rats that received a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the individual treatment. This was reflected by an increase in the cortical bone thickness and a decrease in immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin compared to individual treated groups.
Conclusion
We concluded that the administration of a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum improves bone mineral health and intensity and reduces the risk of osteoporosis in a rat model.
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Omer M, Ali H, Orlovskaya N, Ballesteros A, Cheong VS, Martyniak K, Wei F, Collins BE, Yarmolenko SN, Asiatico J, Kinzel M, Ngo C, Sankar J, Calder A, Gilbertson T, Meckmongkol T, Ghosh R, Coathup M. Omega-9 Modifies Viscoelasticity and Augments Bone Strength and Architecture in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Murine Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153165. [PMID: 35956341 PMCID: PMC9370223 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of diet on the development of osteoporosis is significant and not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of diets of varying lipid profiles and ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 composition on the structural and mechanical properties of bone. The hypothesis studied was that a diet high in saturated fat would induce osteoporosis and produce an overall increased detrimental bony response when compared with a diet high in unsaturated ω-6, or ω-9. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet, 50:50 mix (saturated:unsaturated) high in ω-9 (HFD50:50), a diet high in saturated fat (HSF) or a polyunsaturated fat diet high in ω-6 (PUFA) over an 8-week duration. Tibiae were retrieved and evaluated using DMA, 3-point-bending, histomorphometry, and microCT. Mice fed a HSF diet displayed key features characteristic of osteoporosis. The loss tangent was significantly increased in the HFD50:50 diet group compared with control (p = 0.016) and PUFA-fed animals (p = 0.049). HFD50:50-fed mice presented with an increased viscous component, longer tibiae, increased loss modulus (p = 0.009), and ultimate stress, smaller microcracks (p < 0.001), and increased trabecular width (p = 0.002) compared with control animals. A diet high in ω-9 resulted in an overall superior bone response and further analysis of its role in bone health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Omer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hessein Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Nina Orlovskaya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Amelia Ballesteros
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Vee San Cheong
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - Kari Martyniak
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Boyce E. Collins
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Sergey N. Yarmolenko
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Jackson Asiatico
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Michael Kinzel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Christopher Ngo
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (B.E.C.); (S.N.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Ashley Calder
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Timothy Gilbertson
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
| | - Teerin Meckmongkol
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Ranajay Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (H.A.); (N.O.); (J.A.); (M.K.); (R.G.)
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.B.); (K.M.); (F.W.); (C.N.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (A.C.); (T.G.)
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de Santiago MS, Arribas JLG, Llamas YM, Becvarova I, Meyer H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial measuring the effect of a dietetic food on dermatologic scoring and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:354. [PMID: 34798876 PMCID: PMC8603501 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common condition that often requires multimodal therapy. Including a diet in the multimodal management of AD may reduce medication doses, saving pet owners money and reducing side effects. The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to determine if a diet fortified in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the clinical signs of AD. Forty client-owned dogs with AD were enrolled in the study and assigned to either an enriched diet (diet B) or control diet (diet A) for 60-days. CADESI-4 index scores and owner-reported pruritus scores were measured periodically. Results Total CADESI-4 index scores for dogs eating diet B were lower on day 60 compared to baseline (P = 0.003). There was no statistical difference in scores for dogs eating diet A over a 60-day period. Diet B dogs had 25 and 49% reductions in CADESI-4 index scores on days 30 and 60, respectively (P = 0.0007) while diet A had no change over the study period. When comparing the percent change in owner-reported pruritus scores, diet B also performed better than diet A. By day 60, owners feeding diet B to their dogs reported a significant reduction (P < 0.0001) of 46.4% in itching, while those on diet A reported a 26.8% reduction, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Conclusions These study results demonstrate feeding a diet enriched with ingredients to improve skin health and reduce inflammation improves the clinical signs of AD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda Moral Llamas
- Clinical Veterinary Hospital, Complutense University, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iveta Becvarova
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 400 Southwest Eighth Avenue, Topeka, KS, 66603, USA
| | - Hein Meyer
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 400 Southwest Eighth Avenue, Topeka, KS, 66603, USA.
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Nasciutti PR, Moraes AT, Santos TK, Gonçalves Queiroz KK, Costa APA, Amaral AR, Fernando Gomes Olivindo R, Pontieri CFF, Jeremias JT, Vendramini THA, Brunetto MA, Carvalho RDOA. Protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease stages B2 and C. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254887. [PMID: 34265016 PMCID: PMC8282066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is characterized by thickening of the valve leaflets and omega-3 (ω-3) supplementation has been associated with modulation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, improvement of doppler echocardiographic indices, antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory and anti-dislipidemic effects in dogs and humans, although prospective studies of it single use are still absent in the veterinary literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ω-3 supplementation in dogs with MMVD. Twenty-nine dogs were followed quarterly for 12 months by clinical evaluation, arterial blood pressure, electrocardiography, doppler echocardiography, thoracic radiography and laboratory tests including inflammatory mediators and cardiac biomarker blood concentrations. The dogs were classified in stages B2 and C, according to the classification proposed by ACVIM 2019. They were randomly assigned to either ω-3 group (ω-3G) or control group (CG). The ingestion of ω-3 reduced the chance of developing arrhythmias by 2.96 times (p = 0.003). The vertebral heart size (VHS) measurements were higher in the control group (p = 0.033). In conclusion, at the dosages used in this study, ω-3 dietary supplementation reduces the volumetric overload, has antiarrhythmic effect and keeps dogs with B2 and C stages of MMVD in milder stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Regina Nasciutti
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Aline Tavares Moraes
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Krawczyk Santos
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Karine Kelly Gonçalves Queiroz
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Araújo Costa
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Nutrition and Production Department, Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fernando Gomes Olivindo
- Nutrition and Production Department, Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Toloi Jeremias
- Nutritional Development Center, Grandfood Indústria e Comércio Ltda (Premier Pet), Dourado, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Nutrition and Production Department, Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Nutrition and Production Department, Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rosângela de Oliveira Alves Carvalho
- Veterinary Cardiology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
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9
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Dillon GP, Cardinall C, Keegan JD, Yiannikouris A, Brandl W, Moran CA. The Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Dried Dog Food Enriched with an Aurantiochytrium limacinum Biomass: Matrix Extension Validation and Verification of AOAC Method 996.06. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:68-77. [PMID: 33150938 PMCID: PMC8372133 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays an important role in brain and retinal development in dogs. However, supranutritional dietary supplementation can result in health issues, including gastrointestinal bleeding, making the accurate analysis of DHA in dog food important for nutritional and welfare regulatory compliance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to conduct a validation and verification of the AOAC 996.06 method, and hence establish its fitness for purpose, for the analysis of DHA in dried dog food supplemented with a heterotrophically grown unextracted DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass. METHODS The AOAC 996.06 method, which involves the use of gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection (GC-FID), was used to conduct a validation of the analysis of DHA in dried dog food and the results were verified in a second laboratory. RESULTS The method was found to be linear over the ranges analyzed and results were found to be within the acceptance criteria for precision and accuracy, verifying the applicability for this matrix. The selectivity and sensitivity of the method were also determined. CONCLUSIONS The AOAC 996.06 method is fit for purpose for the analysis of DHA in dry dog food kibble. HIGHLIGHTS The method can be applied to various dog food samples, supplemented with an unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum biomass, using alternative manufacturing methods, i.e. pelleted and extruded with no significant matrix effects being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Patrick Dillon
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech Ireland, Summerhill Rd., Dunboyne, County Meath, Ireland
| | | | - Jason D Keegan
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech Ireland, Summerhill Rd., Dunboyne, County Meath, Ireland
| | | | - Walter Brandl
- Research Department, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA
| | - Colm Anthony Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, ZA La Papillonière, Rue Charles Amand, 14500 Vire, France
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Porsani MYH, Bonder BSA, Teixeira FA, Gomes COMS, Gonçales LA, Nagashima JK, Balieiro JCC, Fantoni DT, Pontieri CFF, Jeremias JT, Brunetto MA. Effects of a diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and glutamine on cytokines as immunological markers for systemic inflammation in bitches before and after ovariohysterectomy. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:79-88. [PMID: 31637790 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The post-operative period can generate immunological stress and can be modulated through supplementation with the omega-3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets enriched with high doses of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids and glutamine on inflammatory mediators in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Twelve female dogs were divided into two groups: group A was fed a commercial diet without the addition of EPA and DHA, and group B was fed an experimental diet enriched with EPA and DHA (0.2 g/100 kcal). Experimental diet intake initiated 21 days before surgery and continued until 30 days after OVH. Parameters measured were serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), IGF-1, lymphoproliferation and body composition before and after surgery. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS software considering the effects of age and diet and their interactions, and means were compared by the Tukey test. There was no difference between groups in body weight (p = .682), lean mass (p = .101) and body fat (p = .103). There were no group differences in serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IGF-1, CRP and the percentage of lymphocyte proliferation. However, a time effect for TNF-α was observed (p < .001), in which T0P (10 days after the surgical procedure) presented lower values of this cytokine when compared to the other evaluation time points; and interaction effects between group and time were observed for serum concentrations of IL-6 (p < .001) and IL-10 (p = .002). OVH procedure was not considered invasive enough to increase inflammatory cytokines after 30 days of surgery, as well as the dosage of the EPA and DHA used before and after the surgery did not modulate the inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Y H Porsani
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brana S A Bonder
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Teixeira
- Veterinary Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina O M S Gomes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Gonçales
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio K Nagashima
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C C Balieiro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Denise T Fantoni
- Department of Surgery Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcio A Brunetto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, Brazil
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11
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The effectiveness of marine based fatty acid compound (PCSO-524) and firocoxib in the treatment of canine osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:349. [PMID: 31623621 PMCID: PMC6798752 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NSAIDs are accepted as the most predictably efficacious medical treatment of the clinical signs of osteoarthritis (OA). The marine-based fatty-acid compound PCSO-524 has been proposed as an adjunctive treatment for canine OA, however benefits of this agent is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of PCSO-524 combined with the NSAID firocoxib using force plate gait analysis, orthopedic assessment score (OAS) and canine brief pain inventory score (CBPI) in dogs with OA. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted. Seventy-nine dogs that had hip and/or stifle OA were assigned randomly into three treatment groups: firocoxib, PCSO-524 and combination of firocoxib and PCSO-524, orally for 4 weeks. Peak vertical force (PVF, expressed as a percentage of bodyweight), OAS, CBPI, serum prostaglandin E2 concentration, hematology and blood chemistry values were evaluated before treatment (Day0), as well as at the second (Day14) and fourth week (Day28) during treatment. Results Within group analysis revealed significant increases in PVF over the 4-week treatment period for firocoxib, PCSO-524 and the combination (p < 0.05). Mean increases in PVF were 3.25 ± 4.13, 2.01 ± 3.86, 4.11 ± 4.69%BW (mean ± SD) respectively. The OAS showed non-significant change in all treatment groups. There were significant decreases in CBPI pain severity score (PSS) and CBPI pain interference scores (PIS) within some groups over time, however no significant differences were found between the groups. Significantly decreased serum PGE2 concentration (p < 0.05) was found in the combination group. Significant increases in BUN and creatinine (p < 0.05) compared to pre-treatment values were found in the firocoxib and combination groups but not in the PCSO-524 group at day28, but all values in all dogs remained within the normal ranges. Conclusions The results of this study suggested combination of both PCSO-524 and firocoxib is more effective in alleviation of inflammation and improvement of weight bearing ability when compared to the uses of either PCSO-524 or firocoxib alone. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm this, and to determine if there is any benefit of PCSO-524 over placebo.
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12
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Witzel-Rollins A, Murphy M, Becvarova I, Werre SR, Cadiergues MC, Meyer H. Non-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of a dietetic food on pruritus and dermatologic scoring in atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:220. [PMID: 31253166 PMCID: PMC6599232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate food designed to improve skin barrier function and lower inflammation to reduce pruritus and clinical severity in client-owned atopic dogs. The food contained an antioxidant blend to reduce oxidative stress, plant polyphenols to stabilize mast cells, and polyunsaturated fatty acids to improve skin health and reduce inflammation. RESULTS Seventeen dogs were included in the analysis. Initially 48 adult atopic dogs were enrolled and exclusively fed a dermatologic food for 8 weeks in a non-controlled, open-label study. Thirty-one dogs were excluded for the following reasons: oral and topical medication changes (n = 17), missing data (n = 4), fatty acid supplementation (n = 3), food refusal (n = 3), dropped out (n = 3), and owner concerns (n = 1). Using a scale from 0 (normal) - 4 (severe), veterinarians evaluated the presence and severity of clinical signs of atopy at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Pet owners also rated their pet's clinical signs of atopy on a scale from 0 (not present) - 10 (present continuously) at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Compared with initial baseline scores (median 19, range 3-69), the total veterinarian scores were significantly lower at weeks 4 (median 11, range 1-15) and 8 (median 7, range 3-46) (p < 0.05). Similarly, owner assessments showed significant improvements in the least squares mean (LSM) from baseline to 4 weeks (itching, redness, licking, and scratching) continuing to 8 weeks (itching, redness, and scratching) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this open, non-controlled study evaluating a dermatologic diet in seventeen client-owned dogs, owner and veterinarian assessments showed statistically significant reductions in clinical scores designed to measure severity of atopic dermatitis. While these results show promise for the management of canine atopic dermatitis, controlled clinical trials are also needed to affirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Witzel-Rollins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Maryanne Murphy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Iveta Becvarova
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition Europe, 4106 Therwil, Grabetsmattweg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061 USA
| | | | - Hein Meyer
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition Europe, 4106 Therwil, Grabetsmattweg, Switzerland
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13
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Bernard JY, Pan H, Aris IM, Moreno-Betancur M, Soh SE, Yap F, Tan KH, Shek LP, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Calder PC, Godfrey KM, Chong MFF, Kramer MS, Karnani N, Lee YS. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, gestation duration, and birth size: a Mendelian randomization study using fatty acid desaturase variants. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:92-100. [PMID: 29878044 PMCID: PMC6038907 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In randomized trials, supplementation of n-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) during pregnancy has resulted in increased size at birth, which is attributable to longer gestation. Objective We examined this finding by using a Mendelian randomization approach utilizing fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene variants affecting LC-PUFA metabolism. Design As part of a tri-ethnic mother-offspring cohort in Singapore, 35 genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3 were genotyped in 898 mothers and 1103 offspring. Maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA concentrations at 26-28 wk of gestation were measured. Gestation duration was derived from an ultrasound dating scan in early pregnancy and from birth date. Birth length and weight were measured. Eight FADS variants were selected through a tagging-SNP approach and examined in association with PUFA concentrations, gestation duration among spontaneous labors, and birth size with the use of ethnicity-adjusted linear regressions and survival models that accounted for the competing risks of induced labor and prelabor cesarean delivery. Results Maternal FADS1 variant rs174546, tagging for 8 other variants located on FADS1 and FADS2, was strongly related to plasma n-6 but not n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations. Offspring and maternal FADS3 variants were associated with gestation duration among women who had spontaneous labor: each copy of rs174450 minor allele C was associated with a shorter gestation by 2.2 d (95% CI: 0.9, 3.4 d) and 1.9 d (0.7, 3.0 d) for maternal and offspring variants, respectively. In survival models, rs174450 minor allele homozygotes had reduced time to delivery after spontaneous labor compared with major allele homozygotes [HR (95% CI): 1.51 (1.18, 1.95) and 1.51 (1.20, 1.89) for mothers and offspring, respectively]. Conclusions With the use of a Mendelian randomization approach, we observed associations between FADS variants and gestation duration. This suggests a potential role of LC-PUFAs in gestation duration. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y. Bernard
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL)
| | - Hong Pan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL)
| | - Izzuddin M. Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL)
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (MMB),Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (MMB)
| | - Shu-E Soh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (SES, LPS, YSL)
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore (FY)
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore (KHT),Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore (KHT)
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (SES, LPS, YSL),Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore (LPS, YSL)
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (YSC, MSK)
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG)
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (PCC, KMG),NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (PCC, KMG)
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (PCC, KMG),NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (PCC, KMG),Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (KMG)
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore (MFFC),Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore (MFFC)
| | - Michael S. Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (YSC, MSK),Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MSK)
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (NK)
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (JYB, HP, IMA, SES, LPS, YSC, PDG, MFFC, NK, YSL),Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (SES, LPS, YSL),Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore (LPS, YSL)
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14
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Bolin SR, Schenck PA. Dietary Fatty Acids Differentially Regulate Secretion of Adiponectin and Interleukin-6 in Primary Canine Adipose Tissue Culture. Lipids 2018; 53:205-216. [PMID: 29573267 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on canine adipose tissue secretion of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 16 healthy intact female dogs. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocyte cultures, and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in undifferentiated stromovascular cell (SVC) cultures following treatment with eicosapentaenic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), or palmitic acid (PAM, 16:0) at 25, 50, or 100 μM. Secretion of adiponectin from mature adipocytes was higher (p < 0.001) following EPA treatment at 50 μM compared to control in subcutaneous tissue, and higher following EPA treatment compared to PAM treatment at 25 μM in both subcutaneous (p < 0.001) and visceral tissues (p = 0.010). Secretion of IL6 from SVC derived from subcutaneous tissue was lower following EPA treatment and higher following PAM treatment compared to control both at 50 μM (p = 0.001 and p = 0.041, respectively) and 100 μM (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively). These findings of stimulation of adiponectin secretion and inhibition of IL6 secretion by EPA, and stimulation of IL6 secretion by PAM, are consistent with findings of increased circulating concentrations of adiponectin and decreased circulating concentration of IL6 in dogs supplemented with dietary fish oil, and show that the effect of fish oil on circulating concentrations of adiponectin and IL6 is, at least partially, the result of local effects of EPA and PAM on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Patricia A Schenck
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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15
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Ghasemi Fard S, Wang F, Sinclair AJ, Elliott G, Turchini GM. How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1684-1727. [PMID: 29494205 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of fish oil, and its omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, have attracted much scientific attention in the last four decades. Fish oils that contain higher amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in a distinctive ratio of 18/12, are typically the most abundantly available and are commonly studied. Although the two fatty acids have traditionally been considered together, as though they were one entity, different physiological effects of EPA and DHA have recently been reported. New oils containing a higher quantity of DHA compared with EPA, such as fractionated and concentrated fish oil, tuna oil, calamari oil and microalgae oil, are increasingly becoming available on the market, and other oils, including those extracted from genetically modified oilseed crops, soon to come. This systematic review focuses on the effects of high DHA fish oils on various human health conditions, such as the heart and cardiovascular system, the brain and visual function, inflammation and immune function and growth/Body Mass Index. Although inconclusive results were reported in several instances, and inconsistent outcomes observed in others, current data provides substantiated evidence in support of DHA being a beneficial bioactive compound for heart, cardiovascular and brain function, with different, and at times complementary, effects compared with EPA. DHA has also been reported to be effective in slowing the rate of cognitive decline, while its possible effects on depression disorders are still unclear. Interestingly, gender- and age- specific divergent roles for DHA have also been reported. This review provides a comprehensive collection of evidence and a critical summary of the documented physiological effects of high DHA fish oils for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ghasemi Fard
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Fenglei Wang
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- a School of Medicine, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition , Dietetics and Food, Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Glenn Elliott
- b Nu-Mega Ingredients Pty Ltd , Altona North , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Giovanni M Turchini
- d School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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16
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Kuroda T, Ohta H, Onoe Y, Tsugawa N, Shiraki M. Intake of omega-3 fatty acids contributes to bone mineral density at the hip in a younger Japanese female population. Osteoporos Int 2017. [PMID: 28646239 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the relationships between intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids and bone mineral density in Japanese women aged 19 to 25 years. Intakes of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) were positively associated with peak bone mass at the hip. INTRODUCTION Lifestyle factors such as physical activity and nutrition intake are known to optimize the peak bone mass (PBM). Recently, intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been reported to contribute to bone metabolism. In this study, the relationships of intakes of n-3 and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids with PBM were evaluated in Japanese female subjects. METHODS A total of 275 healthy female subjects (19-25 years) having PBM were enrolled, and lumbar and total hip bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolic parameters were measured. Dietary intakes of total energy, total n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-6 fatty acids were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Physical activity information was also assessed. RESULTS The mean ± SD age was 20.6 ± 1.4 years, and BMI was 21.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2. BMI and serum bone alkaline phosphatase contributed significantly to lumbar BMD on multiple regression analysis. Intake of n-3 fatty acids and physical activity were also significantly related to total hip BMD. Using EPA or DHA instead of total n-3 fatty acids in the model did not result in a significant result. CONCLUSION Adequate total n-3 fatty acid intake may help maximize PBM at the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuroda
- Public Health Research Foundation, 1-1-7 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan.
| | - H Ohta
- Clinical Medical Research Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Women's Medical Center, Sanno Medical Center, 8-5-35 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan
| | - Y Onoe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - N Tsugawa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, 4-2-26 Hishiyanishi, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8550, Japan
| | - M Shiraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Practice for Involutional Diseases, 1610-1 Meisei, Misato, Azumino, Nagano, 399-8101, Japan
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17
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Tsuruta K, Backus RC, DeClue AE, Fritsche KL, Mann FA. Effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma nonesterified fatty acids and systemic inflammatory mediators in dogs following ovariohysterectomy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:512-523. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tsuruta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Robert C. Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Amy E. DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kevin L. Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65203
| | - Fred A. Mann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine
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18
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Chen YY, Sun ZW, Jiang JP, Kang XD, Wang LL, Shen YL, Xie XD, Zheng LR. α-adrenoceptor-mediated enhanced inducibility of atrial fibrillation in a canine system inflammation model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3767-3774. [PMID: 28440455 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanism associated with inflammation and atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of connexin 43 (Cx43) and a1‑adrenergic receptor (α1‑AR) activation in the pathogenesis of system inflammation‑induced AF. A canine model of chronic low‑grade system inflammation was established by administrating a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1 µg/kg) for 2 weeks. Programmed stimulation was applied on the right atrial appendage to determine the effective refractory periods (ERP) and the window of vulnerability (WOV). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‑α) and interleukin 6 (IL‑6) levels in plasma and atrial tissue were measured by ELISA. Cx43, Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) proteins were analyzed using western blotting or immunohistochemistry. Administration of LPS for 2 weeks increased the concentration of TNF‑α and IL‑6 in the plasma and right atrium. ERP was markedly shortened and cumulative WOV was significantly widened in the LPS group. Following treatment with LPS, the amount of Cx43 protein in the area of intercalated disk increased. In addition, a high‑density of Cx43 in the lateral connection was identified. LPS also induced the activation of NF‑κB in the canine atrium. Administration with the α1‑AR blocker doxazosin prevented the production of LPS‑induced inflammatory cytokine and reversed the enhanced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation. Doxazosin inhibited the LPS‑induced increase in Cx43 protein and heterogeneous distribution, and prevented the activation of NF‑κB. These results indicated that chronic low‑grade system inflammation may increase the inducibility of AF in a canine model. The underlying mechanism may be involved in the LPS‑induced activation of NF‑κB, and the increase in Cx43 expression and lateral distribution via an α1-AR-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Kang
- Experimental Animal Center, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Rong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Schwanke RC, Marcon R, Bento AF, Calixto JB. EPA- and DHA-derived resolvins' actions in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:156-164. [PMID: 26325092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic diseases divided into two major forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which are both associated with a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have shown that the resolution of inflammatory conditions is a biosynthetically active process where new pro-resolution lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), such as E- and D-series resolvins, protectins, and macrophage mediator in resolving inflammation (maresins), have potent anti-inflammatory activity and serve as specialised mediators that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies have also shown the role of resolvins in referred hyperalgesia associated with different inflammatory processes, such as the visceral pain caused by inflammatory bowel disease. There are many reports describing the principal effects of EPA- and DHA-derived mediators in experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. This review focuses on the recent studies on the important role played by pro-resolution lipid mediators in controlling the inflammatory process associated with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cristina Schwanke
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Av Luiz Boiteux Piazza 1302, Cachoeira do Bom Jesus, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88056-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Marcon
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Av Luiz Boiteux Piazza 1302, Cachoeira do Bom Jesus, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88056-000, Brazil
| | - Allisson Freire Bento
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Av Luiz Boiteux Piazza 1302, Cachoeira do Bom Jesus, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88056-000, Brazil
| | - João B Calixto
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Av Luiz Boiteux Piazza 1302, Cachoeira do Bom Jesus, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88056-000, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88049-900, Brazil.
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20
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Comblain F, Serisier S, Barthelemy N, Balligand M, Henrotin Y. Review of dietary supplements for the management of osteoarthritis in dogs in studies from 2004 to 2014. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Comblain
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit; Institute of Pathology; Arthropôle Liège; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - S. Serisier
- Royal Canin Research Center; Aimargues France
| | - N. Barthelemy
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - M. Balligand
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Y. Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit; Institute of Pathology; Arthropôle Liège; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation; Princess Paola Hospital; Vivalia; Marche-en-Famenne Belgium
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21
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Streeter RM, Struble AM, Mann S, Nydam DV, Bauer JE, Castelhano MG, Todhunter RJ, Cummings BP, Wakshlag JJ. The associations between serum adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, insulin, and serum long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in Labrador Retrievers. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:103-110. [PMID: 30155437 PMCID: PMC6065592 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s60478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with an increased inflammatory response and insulin resistance due to adipose tissue–derived adipokines and increases in C-reactive protein (CRP). Dogs appear to be similar to other species with the exception of adiponectin, which might not be affected by obesity status. Serum long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations have been positively and negatively associated with serum adipokines. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between leptin, CRP, adiponectin, and insulin to body condition score (BCS) and to the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in serum lipoproteins, including alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentanenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a reflection of dietary omega-3 status in the Labrador Retriever. Seventy-seven Labrador Retrievers were evaluated for BCS, percent fasting serum lipoprotein fatty acid concentrations, as well as serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and CRP. A multivariable general linear regression model was constructed to examine the association between the dependent variables leptin, CRP, adiponectin, and insulin and the predictor variables of BCS, age, and sex, as well as concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA, and DPA. Adiponectin concentration was positively associated with age (P<0.0008), EPA (P=0.027) and negatively associated with DHA (P=0.008). Leptin concentration was positively associated with an increased DHA (P=0.009), BCS (P<0.0001), age (P=0.02), and decreased DPA (P=0.06). Insulin concentration was only associated with BCS (P<0.0001), and no meaningful associations were found for CRP. Longer chain omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in regulating adiponectin concentrations in dogs. However, because insulin concentrations were associated only with BCSs, further examination of the role of adiponectin in canine obesity is warranted. EPA and DPA may reduce the overall inflammatory state in dogs as these omega-3 fatty acids reflect increased adiponectin (increased EPA and decreased DHA) and decreased leptin (decreased DHA and increased DPA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daryl V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John E Bauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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22
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Verbrugghe A, Janssens GPJ, Van de Velde H, Cox E, De Smet S, Vlaeminck B, Hesta M. Failure of a dietary model to affect markers of inflammation in domestic cats. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:104. [PMID: 24885092 PMCID: PMC4016662 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and inflammation can be altered by dietary factors in various species. However, little data are available in true carnivorous species such as domestic cats. As numerous anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative additives become available and might be of use in cats with chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases, the current study aimed to develop a model of diet-induced inflammation by use of two opposite diets. It was hypothesized that a high fat diet enhanced in n-6 PUFA and with lower concentrations of antioxidants would evoke inflammation and oxidative stress in domestic cats. Results Sixteen healthy adult cats were allocated to two groups. One group received a moderate fat diet, containing pork lard and salmon oil (AA:(EPA + DHA) ratio 0.19) (MFn-3), while the other group was fed a high fat diet, containing pork lard and chicken fat (AA:(EPA + DHA) ratio 2.06) (HFn-6) for 12 weeks. Prior to and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after starting the testing period, blood samples were collected. Erythrocytic fatty acid profile showed clear alterations in accordance to the dietary fatty acid profile. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was higher when fed MFn-3 compared to the HFn-6, suggesting augmented oxidative stress. This was associated with a reduced serum vitamin E status, as serum α-tocopherol concentrations were lower with MFn-3, even with higher dietary levels of vitamin E. Serum cytokine and serum amyloid A concentrations were not influenced by diet. Conclusion These results point towards a resistance of cats to develop dietary fat-induced inflammation, but also suggest a high susceptibility to oxidative stress when fed a fish oil-supplemented diet even with moderate fat level and additional vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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Koren N, Simsa-Maziel S, Shahar R, Schwartz B, Monsonego-Ornan E. Exposure to omega-3 fatty acids at early age accelerate bone growth and improve bone quality. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:623-33. [PMID: 24746838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are essential nutritional components that must be obtained from foods. Increasing evidence validate that omega-3 FAs are beneficial for bone health, and several mechanisms have been suggested to mediate their effects on bone, including alterations in calcium absorption and urinary calcium loss, prostaglandin synthesis, lipid oxidation, osteoblast formation and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. However, to date, there is scant information regarding the effect of omega-3 FAs on the developing skeleton during the rapid growth phase. In this study we aim to evaluate the effect of exposure to high levels of omega-3 FAs on bone development and quality during prenatal and early postnatal period. For this purpose, we used the fat-1 transgenic mice that have the ability to convert omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and the ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line as models. We show that exposure to high concentrations of omega-3 FAs at a young age accelerates bone growth through alterations of the growth plate, associated with increased chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. We further propose that those effects are mediated by the receptors G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) and hepatic nuclear factor 4α, which are expressed by chondrocytes in culture. Additionally, using a combined study on the structural and mechanical bone parameters, we show that high omega-3 levels contribute to superior trabecular and cortical structure, as well as to stiffer bones and improved bone quality. Most interestingly, the fat-1 model allowed us to demonstrate the role of maternal high omega-3 concentration on bone growth during the gestation and postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Koren
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Individual variation in lipidomic profiles of healthy subjects in response to omega-3 Fatty acids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76575. [PMID: 24204640 PMCID: PMC3811983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conflicting findings in both interventional and observational studies have resulted in a lack of consensus on the benefits of ω3 fatty acids in reducing disease risk. This may be due to individual variability in response. We used a multi-platform lipidomic approach to investigate both the consistent and inconsistent responses of individuals comprehensively to a defined ω3 intervention. METHODS The lipidomic profile including fatty acids, lipid classes, lipoprotein distribution, and oxylipins was examined multi- and uni-variately in 12 healthy subjects pre vs. post six weeks of ω3 fatty acids (1.9 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.5 g/d docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). RESULTS Total lipidomic and oxylipin profiles were significantly different pre vs. post treatment across all subjects (p=0.00007 and p=0.00002 respectively). There was a strong correlation between oxylipin profiles and EPA and DHA incorporated into different lipid classes (r(2)=0.93). However, strikingly divergent responses among individuals were also observed. Both ω3 and ω6 fatty acid metabolites displayed a large degree of variation among the subjects. For example, in half of the subjects, two arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase products, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and a lipoxygenase product, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) significantly decreased post intervention, whereas in the other half they either did not change or increased. The EPA lipoxygenase metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) varied among subjects from an 82% decrease to a 5,000% increase. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that certain defined responses to ω3 fatty acid intervention were consistent across all subjects. However, there was also a high degree of inter-individual variability in certain aspects of lipid metabolism. This lipidomic based phenotyping approach demonstrated that individual responsiveness to ω3 fatty acids is highly variable and measurable, and could be used as a means to assess the effectiveness of ω3 interventions in modifying disease risk and determining metabolic phenotype.
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25
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Mangano KM, Sahni S, Kerstetter JE, Kenny AM, Hannan MT. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relation with bone and muscle health in adults. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2013; 11:203-12. [PMID: 23857286 PMCID: PMC3884553 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-013-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone and muscle loss are major public health problems. Investigational therapies to reduce these losses include anti-inflammatory dietary supplementations, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Surprisingly, this topic has received little attention in the osteoporosis community. Recent research highlights the role of PUFA in inflammatory regulation of bone remodeling via cellular pathways. Emerging research suggests significant roles for PUFA in reducing bone and muscle loss with aging; however, findings are conflicted for PUFA and fracture risk. Limited studies suggest a relation between higher omega-3 FA and better muscle/bone in older adults. This review highlights new research since 2008 and synthesizes our current understanding of PUFA in relation to bone and muscle. Across study designs, evidence indicates that PUFA has positive effects upon bone. As data are sparse, future clinical trials and prospective studies are important to determine the long term benefits of PUFA supplementation upon bone and muscle outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Mangano
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, 1200 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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26
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Hesta M, Verbrugghe A, Gulbrandsen KE, Christophe A, Zentek J, Hellweg P, Janssens GPJ. Biological effects of short-term salmon oil administration, using distinct salmon oil sources in healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:699-704. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.12000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; B-9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - G. P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; B-9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
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27
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Abood SK, Schenck PA. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and body condition on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1273-81. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Moreau M, Troncy E, Del Castillo JRE, Bédard C, Gauvin D, Lussier B. Effects of feeding a high omega-3 fatty acids diet in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:830-7. [PMID: 22805303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blinded trial was to compare the effect of a veterinary therapeutic diet (VTD) rich in omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3) from fish origin to a regular diet used as control (CTR) over a period of 13 weeks in dogs afflicted by naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA). Thirty privately owned dogs were selected. Dogs had lameness confirmed by an orthopaedic examination, had stifle/hip OA and had locomotor disability based on the peak of the vertically oriented ground reaction force (PVF) measured using a force platform. At Baseline, all owners were asked to determine 2-5 activities of daily living that were the most impaired. Activities were scores (0-4) in accordance with severity using case-specific outcome measures (CSOM). The PVF was also measured. Dogs (15/group) were then randomly assigned to receive either the CTR or the VTD. The CSOM was completed twice weekly. The recording of PVF was repeated at Week 7 and 13. The VTD-fed dogs showed a significantly higher PVF at Week 7 (p < 0.001) and at Week 13 (p < 0.001) when compared to Baseline. From Baseline to Week 13, VTD-fed dogs had a mean (± SD) change in PVF recording of 3.5 ± 6.8% of body weight (%BW) compared with 0.5 ± 6.1%BW (p = 0.211) in CTR-fed dogs. This change in primary outcome was consistent with an effect size of 0.5. Conversely, dogs fed the CTR did not show significant change in PVF measurements. At the end of the study, the CSOM was significantly decreased (p = 0.047) only in VTD fed dogs. In lame OA dogs, a VTD that contains high level of omega-3 from fish origin improved the locomotor disability and the performance in activities of daily living. Such nutritional approach appears interesting for the management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreau
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Troncy
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J R E Del Castillo
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - C Bédard
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - D Gauvin
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - B Lussier
- GREPAQ (Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Veterinarians need to be prepared to provide nutritional advice for healthy pets as well as for pets that are ill. Before instituting a dietary change in any patient, especially an older dog or cat, a nutritional evaluation should be completed. This should include an evaluation of the patient, the current diet, and feeding management. Diets should be appropriate to the unique needs of the individual patient. Many diseases in senior pets are “diet-sensitive” meaning that diet can play a role in managing the effects of the disease. Common examples discussed include cognitive dysfunction of aging, osteoarthritis, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Laflamme
- Nestlé Purina PetCare Research, Checkerboard Square - 2S, St Louis, MO 63164, USA.
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30
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Lewis D, Chan D, Pinheiro D, Armitage‐Chan E, Garden O. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient-based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Present address:
Langford Veterinary ServicesSmall Animal HospitalLangford HouseLangfordBristol, BS40 5DUUK
| | - D.L. Chan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
| | - D. Pinheiro
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
| | - E. Armitage‐Chan
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsManor Farm Business ParkHertfordshireSG5 3HR, UK (Armitage‐Chan)
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
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31
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Plasma phospholipid fatty acid and ex vivo neutrophil responses are differentially altered in dogs fed fish- and linseed-oil containing diets at the same n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Lipids 2012; 47:425-34. [PMID: 22252853 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diets containing either 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids (FA) or 20/22-carbon n-3 FA on canine plasma and neutrophil membrane fatty acid composition, superoxide and leukotriene B₄ and B₅ production when fed at the same n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio was investigated. Four groups of ten dogs each were fed a low fat basal diet supplemented with safflower oil (SFO), beef tallow (BTO), linseed oil (LSO), or Menhaden fish oil (MHO) for 28 days. Dietary fat provided 40.8% of energy and the n-6:n-3 of the diets were ~100:1, 9.7:1, 0.38:1, and 0.34:1 for the SFO, BTO, LSO and MHO groups, respectively. The MHO and LSO groups had increased incorporation of EPA and DPA in both the plasma and neutrophil membranes compared to the BTO and SFO groups. DHA was observed in the MHO but not in the LSO group. Neutrophils from the MHO diet fed dogs had less LTB₄ and greater LTB₅ than the other three groups. The LSO group also showed a reduction in LTB₄ and greater LTB₅ production compared to the SFO and BTO groups. Both LSO and MHO groups had lower superoxide production compared to the SFO and BTO groups. Diets containing 18 or 20/22 carbon n-3 FA fed at the same n-6:n-3 resulted in differential incorporation of long chain n-3 FA into neutrophil membranes. Thus, fatty acid type and chain length individually affect neutrophil membrane structure and function and these effects exist independent of dietary total n-6:total n-3 FA ratios.
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Abood SK, Schenck PA. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of adipokines in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1259-65. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hofer J, DeFrancesco TC, Williams LE. Detection of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in dogs with lymphoma*. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 9:290-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rondeau I, Picard S, Bah TM, Roy L, Godbout R, Rousseau G. Effects of different dietary omega-6/3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios on infarct size and the limbic system after myocardial infarction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:169-76. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes in dietary omega-6/3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios affect anti- and proinflammatory equilibrium. As reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) is an inflammatory pathology that alters the cell integrity of the myocardium but also of other tissues, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, attenuation of the inflammation could be helpful in maintaining cell integrity after MI. Therefore, we hypothesized that a decrease in the dietary omega-6/3 PUFA ratio, without altering the diet content in total fat, proteins, or carbohydrates, will result in a reduction of infarct size and a diminution of postreperfusion apoptosis observed in the amygdala and hippocampus. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed 1 of 3 diets containing different omega-6/3 PUFA ratios for 2 weeks (5:1; 1:1; 1:5). Then, myocardial ischemia was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 40 min, followed by reperfusion. Cardioprotective mechanisms were studied in the myocardium at 15 min of reperfusion, along with myocardial infarct size after 24 h of reperfusion. Apoptosis was evaluated in the hippocampus and the amygdala. We found that infarct size was significantly reduced by 32% in groups 1:5 and 1:1 vs. group 5:1. Akt activity was higher in groups 1:5 and 1:1 compared with group 5:1. Caspase-3 enzymatic activity doubled in area CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) in group 5:1 compared with groups 1:1 and 1:5. In addition, caspase-8 enzymatic activity was increased in the DG at 24 h, and caspase-9 was enhanced in CA1 at 24 h in group 5:1 vs. groups 1:1 and 1:5. These results demonstrate that the increase in the dietary omega-3 PUFA, at the expense of omega-6 PUFA, reduces infarct size and helps to inhibit apoptosis in the limbic system after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Rondeau
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S. Picard
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - T. M. Bah
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - L. Roy
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - R. Godbout
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - G. Rousseau
- Centre de biomédecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Kruger M, Coetzee M, Haag M, Weiler H. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Selected mechanisms of action on bone. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:438-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Walters JM, Hackett TB, Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid dietary supplementation induces lipid peroxidation in normal dogs. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:619083. [PMID: 20613960 PMCID: PMC2896855 DOI: 10.4061/2010/619083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory effects at low concentrations; however increased dietary consumption may conversely increase susceptibility to oxidation by free radicals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of PUFAs on selective oxidative injury and inflammatory biomarkers in canine urine and serum. Dogs (n = 54) consumed a diet supplemented with 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter, 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter, or 200 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid for 21 days. All dogs exhibited significantly increased plasma PUFA concentrations. All dogs had significant elevations in urinary F2a isoprostane concentration, though dogs consuming a diet containing 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter had the highest increase (P = .0052). Reduced glutathione concentrations within erythrocytes decreased significantly in all three dietary treatment groups (P = .0108). Treatment with diets containing 1.0% conjugated linoleic acid/dry matter resulted in the greatest increase in oxidant injury. Caution should be exercised when supplementing PUFAs as some types may increase oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Walters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Flatland B, Fry MM, LeBlanc CJ, Rohrbach BW. Leukocyte and platelet changes following low-dose lipopolysaccharide administration in five dogs. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:89-94. [PMID: 20965082 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of low-dose LPS (0.1 μg/kg i.v.) on leukocyte and platelet parameters measured using an Advia 120 hematology analyzer were investigated. Five dogs received a saline sham treatment prior to LPS, and blood was collected before and 3, 6, and 24 h post-treatment. LPS-treated dogs had mild neutrophil toxic change and increased neutrophil bands at 3 and 6 h. Compared to saline-treated controls, total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts of LPS-treated dogs were significantly decreased at 3 h and increased at 24 h. Compared to baseline, total leukocyte counts of LPS-treated dogs were significantly decreased at 3 h and increased at 24 h. Mean platelet volume was significantly increased and mean platelet component concentration was decreased at 3 h compared to baseline. Platelet count was significantly decreased at 3 and 6 h; plateletcrit did not change significantly. High dosage is not required in order to detect LPS-mediated hematologic effects in dogs. Low-dose LPS administration causes significant changes in leukocyte and platelet indices in dogs without causing severe clinical signs or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Flatland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 379996, United States.
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Lascelles BDX, DePuy V, Thomson A, Hansen B, Marcellin-Little DJ, Biourge V, Bauer JE. Evaluation of a therapeutic diet for feline degenerative joint disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:487-95. [PMID: 20337921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline degenerative joint disease (DJD) is common and there are no approved therapies for the alleviation of the associated pain. OBJECTIVE To test a diet high in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate (test-diet) for its pain-relieving and activity-enhancing effects in cats with painful, mobility-impairing DJD over a 9-week period. ANIMALS Forty client-owned cats. METHODS Randomized, controlled, blinded, parallel group, prospective clinical study. Cats with no detectable systemic disease, and with at least 1 appendicular joint with radiographic evidence of DJD where manipulation elicited an aversive response were included. Cats were randomly allocated to the test-diet or control diet (C-diet). Outcome measures were subjective owner and veterinarian assessments, and objective activity monitoring (accelerometry). Nonparametric statistics were used to evaluate changes within and between groups for both subjective and objective data, and locally weighted scatterplot smoothing regression analysis was used to predict activity changes. RESULTS The primary objective outcome measures indicated that activity declined significantly (P < .001) in the C-diet group, significantly increased (P < .001) in the test-diet group and there was a significant difference between the groups (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A diet high in EPA and DHA and supplemented with green-lipped mussel extract and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate improved objective measures of mobility. Dietary modulation might be 1 method to use to improve mobility in cats with DJD-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Gleissman H, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Omega-3 fatty acids in cancer, the protectors of good and the killers of evil? Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1365-73. [PMID: 20211172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have been implicated in cancer prevention and treatment. Conventional chemotherapeutics are considered "double-edged swords", as they kill the cancer cells but also strike the healthy cells causing severe morbidity and sometimes also mortality. Could omega-3 fatty acids in this setting work as a "sword and shield" instead, by being cytotoxic to cancer cells, but at the same time protect healthy cells from these deleterious effects? In addition, may our current diet with decreased omega-3/omega-6 ratio contribute to the increased cancer incidence, and could an omega-3 enriched diet be used as a preventive measure against cancer? Here, we seek answers to these questions by reviewing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, on various cancers with emphasis on a cancer of neural origin, neuroblastoma. Results from preventive and therapeutic animal as well as human studies together with mechanisms behind the observed toxicity are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gleissman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Duda MK, O'Shea KM, Stanley WC. omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of heart failure: mechanisms and clinical potential. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:33-41. [PMID: 19474179 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with multiple aetiologies. Current treatment options can slow the progression to HF, but overall the prognosis remains poor. Clinical studies suggest that high dietary intake of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3PUFA) found in fish oils (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) may lower the incidence of HF, and that supplementation with pharmacological doses prolongs event-free survival in patients with established HF. The mechanisms for these potential benefits are complex and not well defined. It is well established that fish oil supplementation lowers plasma triglyceride levels, and more recent work demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, including reduced circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, and elevated plasma adiponectin. In animal studies, fish oil favourably alters cardiac mitochondrial function. All of these effects may work to prevent the development and progression of HF. The omega-3PUFA found in plant sources, alpha-linolenic acid, may also be protective in HF; however, the evidence is not as compelling as for fish oil. This review summarizes the evidence related to use of omega-3PUFA supplementation as a potential treatment for HF and discusses possible mechanisms of action. In general, there is growing evidence that supplementation with omega-3PUFA positively impacts established pathophysiological targets in HF and has potential therapeutic utility for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Duda
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
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