1
|
Niemeyer F, Galbusera F, Beukers M, Jonas R, Tao Y, Fusellier M, Tryfonidou MA, Neidlinger‐Wilke C, Kienle A, Wilke H. Automatic grading of intervertebral disc degeneration in lumbar dog spines. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1326. [PMID: 38633660 PMCID: PMC11022603 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc degeneration is frequent in dogs and can be associated with symptoms and functional impairments. The degree of disc degeneration can be assessed on T2-weighted MRI scans using the Pfirrmann classification scheme, which was developed for the human spine. However, it could also be used to quantify the effectiveness of disc regeneration therapies. We developed and tested a deep learning tool able to automatically score the degree of disc degeneration in dog spines, starting from an existing model designed to process images of human patients. Methods MRI midsagittal scans of 5991 lumbar discs of dog patients were collected and manually evaluated with the Pfirrmann scheme and a modified scheme with transitional grades. A deep learning model was trained to classify the disc images based on the two schemes and tested by comparing its performance with the model processing human images. Results The determination of the Pfirrmann grade showed sensitivities higher than 83% for all degeneration grades, except for grade 5, which is rare in dog spines, and high specificities. In comparison, the correspondent human model had slightly higher sensitivities, on average 90% versus 85% for the canine model. The modified scheme with the fractional grades did not show significant advantages with respect to the original Pfirrmann grades. Conclusions The novel tool was able to accurately and reliably score the severity of disc degeneration in dogs, although with a performance inferior than that of the human model. The tool has potential in the clinical management of disc degeneration in canine patients as well as in longitudinal studies evaluating regenerative therapies in dogs used as animal models of human disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Niemeyer
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma ResearchUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
- SpineServ GmbH & Co. KGUlmGermany
| | - Fabio Galbusera
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma ResearchUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
- SpineServ GmbH & Co. KGUlmGermany
- Head Research Group Spine, Spine CenterSchulthess ClinicZürichSwitzerland
| | - Martijn Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - René Jonas
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma ResearchUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Marion Fusellier
- Maitre de Conférences Imagerie Médicale, INSERM UMRS1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS Team STEPSchool of Dental SurgeryNantesFrance
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelia Neidlinger‐Wilke
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma ResearchUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
- SpineServ GmbH & Co. KGUlmGermany
| | | | - Hans‐Joachim Wilke
- Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre for Trauma ResearchUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
- SpineServ GmbH & Co. KGUlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swahn H, Mertens J, Olmer M, Myers K, Mondala TS, Natarajan P, Head SR, Alvarez‐Garcia O, Lotz MK. Shared and Compartment-Specific Processes in Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus During Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309032. [PMID: 38403470 PMCID: PMC11077672 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating how cell populations promote onset and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has the potential to enable more precise therapeutic targeting of cells and mechanisms. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is performed on surgically separated annulus fibrosus (AF) (19,978; 26,983 cells) and nucleus pulposus (NP) (20,884; 24,489 cells) from healthy and diseased human intervertebral discs (IVD). In both tissue types, depletion of cell subsets involved in maintenance of healthy IVD is observed, specifically the immature cell subsets - fibroblast progenitors and stem cells - indicative of an impairment of normal tissue self-renewal. Tissue-specific changes are also identified. In NP, several fibrotic populations are increased in degenerated IVD, indicating tissue-remodeling. In degenerated AF, a novel disease-associated subset is identified, which expresses disease-promoting genes. It is associated with pathogenic biological processes and the main gene regulatory networks include thrombospondin signaling and FOXO1 transcription factor. In NP and AF cells thrombospondin protein promoted expression of genes associated with TGFβ/fibrosis signaling, angiogenesis, and nervous system development. The data reveal new insights of both shared and tissue-specific changes in specific cell populations in AF and NP during IVD degeneration. These identified mechanisms and molecules are novel and more precise targets for IDD prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Swahn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Jasmin Mertens
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Kevin Myers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Tony S. Mondala
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics CoreScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Padmaja Natarajan
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics CoreScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Steven R. Head
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics CoreScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Oscar Alvarez‐Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Molecular MedicineScripps ResearchLa JollaCA92037USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bitterli T, Schmid D, Ettinger L, Krupkova O, Bach FC, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP, Pozzi A, Steffen F, Wuertz‐Kozak K, Smolders LA. Targeted screening of inflammatory mediators in spontaneous degenerative disc disease in dogs reveals an upregulation of the tumor necrosis superfamily. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1292. [PMID: 38222814 PMCID: PMC10782068 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The regulation of inflammatory mediators in the degenerating intervertebral disc (IVD) and corresponding ligamentum flavum (LF) is a topic of emerging interest. The study aimed to investigate the expression of a broad array of inflammatory mediators in the degenerated LF and IVD using a dog model of spontaneous degenerative disc disease (DDD) to determine potential treatment targets. Methods LF and IVD tissues were collected from 22 normal dogs (Pfirrmann grades I and II) and 18 dogs affected by DDD (Pfirrmann grades III and IV). A qPCR gene array was used to investigate the expression of 80 inflammatory genes for LF and IVD tissues, whereafter targets of interest were investigated in additional tissue samples using qPCR, western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry. Results Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) signaling was identified as a regulated pathway in DDD, based on the significant regulation (n-fold ± SD) of various TNFSF members in the degenerated IVD, including nerve growth factor (NGF; -8 ± 10), CD40LG (464 ± 442), CD70 (341 ± 336), TNFSF Ligand 10 (9 ± 8), and RANKL/TNFSF Ligand 11 (85 ± 74). In contrast, TNFSF genes were not significantly affected in the degenerated LF compared to the control LF. Protein expression of NGF (WB) was significantly upregulated in both the degenerated LF (4.4 ± 0.5) and IVD (11.3 ± 5.6) compared to the control group. RANKL immunopositivity was significantly upregulated in advanced stages of degeneration (Thompson grades IV and V) in the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of the IVD, but not in the LF. Conclusions DDD involves a significant upregulation of various TNFSF members, with tissue-specific expression profiles in LF and IVD tissues. The differential involvement of TNFSF members within multiple spinal tissues from the same individual provides new insights into the inflammatory processes involved in DDD and may provide a basis to formulate hypotheses for the determination of potential treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bitterli
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - David Schmid
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ladina Ettinger
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Olga Krupkova
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Spine SurgeryUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of Basel & University Hospital Basel, Tissue EngineeringBaselSwitzerland
| | - Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Björn P. Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Karin Wuertz‐Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRochester Institute of Technology (RIT)RochesterNew YorkUSA
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine CenterAcademic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria)MunichGermany
| | - Lucas A. Smolders
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang H, Noh D, Lee SK, Choi S, Lee K. Deep learning-based reconstruction can improve canine thoracolumbar magnetic resonance image quality and reduce slice thickness. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1063-1070. [PMID: 37667979 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In veterinary practice, thin-sliced thoracolumbar MRI is useful in detecting small lesions, especially in small-breed dogs. However, it is challenging due to the partial volume averaging effect and increase in scan time. Currently, deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR), a part of artificial intelligence, has been applied in diagnostic imaging. We hypothesized that the diagnostic performance of thin-slice thoracolumbar MRI with DLR would be superior to conventional MRI. This prospective, method comparison study aimed to determine the adequate slice thickness of a deep learning model for thin-slice thoracolumbar MRI. Sagittal and transverse T2-weighted MRI at the thoracolumbar region were performed on 12 clinically healthy beagle dogs; the images obtained were categorized into five groups according to slice thickness: conventional thickness of 3 mm (3 CON) and thicknesses of 3, 2, 1.5, and 1 mm with DLR (3 DLR, 2 DLR, 1.5 DLR, and 1 DLR, respectively). Quantitative analysis was performed using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio. Qualitative analysis involved the evaluation of perceived SNR, structural visibility, and overall image quality using a four-point scale. Moreover, nerve root visibility was evaluated using transverse images. Quantitative and qualitative values were compared among the five groups. Compared with the 3 CON group, the 3 DLR, 2 DLR, and 1.5 DLR groups exhibited significantly higher quantitative and qualitative values. Nerve root visibility was significantly higher in 2 DLR, 1.5 DLR, and 1 DLR images than in 3 DLR and 3 CON images. Compared with conventional MRI, DLR reduced the slice thickness by up to one-half and improved image quality in this sample of clinically healthy beagles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daji Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reunanen VLJ, Jokinen TS, Hytönen MK, Junnila JJT, Lappalainen AK. Evaluation of intervertebral disc degeneration in young adult asymptomatic Dachshunds with magnetic resonance imaging and radiography. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:42. [PMID: 37752484 PMCID: PMC10523717 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dachshunds have a high prevalence of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) to which they are predisposed due to early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and calcification. Moreover, the recently found 12-FGF4 retrogene (RG) is associated with calcified discs visible on radiographs (CDVR) and IVDD. Earlier studies suggest that all IVDs of one-year-old Dachshunds show signs of degeneration. This prospective, analytical, blinded study aimed to investigate the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration in young adult (24-31 months) asymptomatic Dachshunds (n = 21) hypothesizing that not all IVDs of two-year-old Dachshunds are degenerated. Another aim was to explore the correlations between IVD degeneration evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the number of CDVR, and the dog's 12-FGF4RG status. The study protocol included grading the CDVR on spinal radiographs, grading the IVD degeneration on T2-weighted sagittal and transverse high-field MR images of all IVDs (n = 546), and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping. RESULTS Of all IVDs evaluated, 2% (n = 11) were normal based on MRI grading. Despite the study population having moderately degenerated IVDs (median MRI grade 3), there was also variation in the degree of IVD degeneration between individuals and in the distribution of IVD degeneration between different vertebral regions. The number of CDVR correlated significantly with the magnitude of IVD degeneration based on MRI evaluation and with the 12-FGF4RG genotype. The odds for being 12-FGF4RG homozygous were higher for Dachshunds with CDVR. However, the 12-FGF4RG variant did not alone explain the phenotypic variation in IVD degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The number of CDVR is a valid indicator of overall IVD degeneration, as it correlates with MRI-based IVD grading. Also, as the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration varies between individual Dachshunds, selective breeding against IVDD using radiographic screening and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarja Susanna Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marjo Kristiina Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Anu Katriina Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alini M, Diwan AD, Erwin WM, Little CB, Melrose J. An update on animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain: Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence to improve research analysis and development of prospective therapeutics. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1230. [PMID: 36994457 PMCID: PMC10041392 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been invaluable in the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and important therapeutic targets have been identified. Some outstanding animal models (murine, ovine, chondrodystrophoid canine) have been identified with their own strengths and weaknesses. The llama/alpaca, horse and kangaroo have emerged as new large species for IVD studies, and only time will tell if they will surpass the utility of existing models. The complexity of IVD degeneration poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate molecular target of many potential candidates, to focus on in the formulation of strategies to effect disc repair and regeneration. It may well be that many therapeutic objectives should be targeted simultaneously to effect a favorable outcome in human IVD degeneration. Use of animal models in isolation will not allow resolution of this complex issue and a paradigm shift and adoption of new methodologies is required to provide the next step forward in the determination of an effective repairative strategy for the IVD. AI has improved the accuracy and assessment of spinal imaging supporting clinical diagnostics and research efforts to better understand IVD degeneration and its treatment. Implementation of AI in the evaluation of histology data has improved the usefulness of a popular murine IVD model and could also be used in an ovine histopathological grading scheme that has been used to quantify degenerative IVD changes and stem cell mediated regeneration. These models are also attractive candidates for the evaluation of novel anti-oxidant compounds that counter inflammatory conditions in degenerate IVDs and promote IVD regeneration. Some of these compounds also have pain-relieving properties. AI has facilitated development of facial recognition pain assessment in animal IVD models offering the possibility of correlating the potential pain alleviating properties of some of these compounds with IVD regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Campus, Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - W. Mark Erwin
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Chirstopher B. Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research LaboratoryKolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research LaboratoryKolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun K, Jiang J, Wang Y, Sun X, Zhu J, Xu X, Sun J, Shi J. The role of nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in regulating intervertebral disc degeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101733. [PMID: 36113765 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been the major contributor to chronic lower back pain (LBP). Abnormal apoptosis, senescence, and pyroptosis of IVD cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and infiltration of immune cells are the major molecular alternations during IVDD. Changes at tissue level frequently occur at advanced IVD tissue. Ectopic ingrowth of nerves within inner annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue has been considered as the primary cause for LBP. Innervation at IVD tissue mainly included sensory and sympathetic nerves, and many markers for these two types of nerves have been detected since 1940. In fact, in osteoarthritis (OA), beyond pain transmission, the direct regulation of neuropeptides on functions of chondrocytes have attracted researchers' great attention recently. Many physical and pathological similarities between joint and IVD have shed us the light on the neurogenic mechanism involved in IVDD. Here, an overview of the advances in the nervous system within IVD tissue will be performed, with a discussion on in the role of nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in regulating IVDD. We hope this review can attract more research interest to address neuromodulation and IVDD itself, which will enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuromodulation to the structural changes within IVD tissue and inflammatory responses and will help identify novel therapeutic targets and enable the effective treatment of IVDD disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China; Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center of PLA, China
| | - Jialin Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jingchuan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee S, Hwang J, Ko J, Jeong J, Eom K, Kim J. Comparison between T2-weighted two-dimensional and three-dimensional fast spin-echo MRI sequences for characterizing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in small-breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:216-223. [PMID: 35023239 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standard test for diagnosis and treatment planning in dogs with degenerative thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). However, published studies evaluating three-dimensional fast-spin echo (3D-FSE) pulse sequences for dogs with IVDD are currently limited. Aims of this retrospective, observational study were to compare findings from T2-weighted two- and three-dimensional fast spin-echo sequences (2D- and 3D-FSE, respectively) for a group of small breed dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD. Inclusion criteria were dogs with IVDD that underwent 1.5-Tesla MRI using both 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences. For each dog and sequence, five pathologic indices were recorded: epidural fat discontinuation, vertebral canal compromise, spinal cord signal change, disc degeneration, and nerve root compression. Two independent investigators also scored visibility of the facet joint, intervertebral foramen, nerve roots, spinal cord grey-white matter differentiation, intervertebral discs, and epidural fat. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate the between-sequence differences in pathologic indices and visibility scores. Interobserver agreement was measured using Cohen's weighted kappa along with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 21 dogs were sampled. The 3D-FSE sequences had higher pathologic indices of vertebral canal compromise (P = 0.020) and spinal cord signal change (P = 0.046) than 2D-FSE sequences. Furthermore, 3D-FSE sequences had higher visibility scores for the facet joint, intervertebral foramen, and nerve root structures (P < 0.001). Findings from the current supported the use of 3D-FSE sequences over 2D-FSE sequences for the evaluation of IVDD and visualization of spinal structures in small breed dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Ko
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Eom
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bergmann W, de Lest CV, Plomp S, Vernooij JCM, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Gröne A, Delany MW, Caliskan N, Tryfonidou MA, Grinwis GCM. Intervertebral disc degeneration in warmblood horses: Histological and biochemical characterization. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:284-298. [PMID: 35291907 PMCID: PMC8928235 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211067463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gross morphology of healthy and degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) is largely similar in horses as in dogs and humans. For further comparison, the biochemical composition and the histological and biochemical changes with age and degeneration were analyzed in 41 warmblood horses. From 33 horses, 139 discs and 2 fetal vertebral columns were evaluated and scored histologically. From 13 horses, 73 IVDs were assessed for hydration, DNA, glycosaminoglycans, total collagen, hydroxyl-lysyl-pyridinoline, hydroxylysine, and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) content. From 7 horses, 20 discs were assessed for aggrecan, fibronectin, and collagen type 1 and 2 content. Histologically, tearing of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cervical annulus fibrosus (AF), and total histological score (tearing and vascular proliferation of the AF, and chondroid metaplasia, chondrocyte-like cell proliferation, presence of notochordal cells, matrix staining, and tearing of the NP) correlated with gross degeneration. Notochordal cells were not seen in IVDs of horses. Age and gross degeneration were positively correlated with AGEs and a fibrotic phenotype, explaining gross degenerative changes. In contrast to dogs and humans, there was no consistent difference in glycosaminoglycan content and hydration between AF and NP, nor decrease of these variables with age or degeneration. Hydroxylysine decrease and collagen 1 and AGEs increase were most prominent in the NP, suggesting degeneration started in the AP. In caudal cervical NPs, AGE deposition was significantly increased in grossly normal IVDs and total collagen significantly increased with age, suggesting increased biomechanical stress and likelihood for spinal disease in this part of the vertebral column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris van de Lest
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D. Wijnberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W. Delany
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nermin Caliskan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Current address: Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Torhout, Belgium
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knell SC, Smolders LA, Pozzi A. Ex vivo Evaluation of the Dynamic Morphometry of the Caudal Cervical Intervertebral Disc Spaces of Small Dogs and Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:706452. [PMID: 34485434 PMCID: PMC8415525 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.706452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide a morphometric description of the caudal cervical intervertebral disc (IVD) spaces of small-breed dogs and cats. Specimens consisting of C4 through C7 from five small-breed dogs and six cats were positioned in neutral, flexion, extension, and lateral bending positions; and CT images were acquired. Height and width of the cranial and caudal vertebral endplates (VEPs), angle between the VEPs (IVD wedge angle), and craniocaudal distance (IVD width) between VEPs for the four loading positions were measured and compared for three segments (C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7). VEP size normalized to body weight from medium-sized dogs was retrieved from a previous study and compared with data from small dogs and cats. A linear mixed model was used to compare outcome measures. Significance was set to p < 0.05. VEP size normalized to body weight was the largest in small dogs compared with cats (p = 0.0422) and medium-sized dogs (p = 0.0064). Cats and medium-sized dogs were similar (p = 0.2763) in this regard. Flexion and extension induced a reduction of IVD width in the ventral portion of the IVD and the area of the nucleus. The dorsal part of the IVD remained unchanged throughout loading conditions. Unique morphometric characteristics of the caudal cervical IVD space of small dogs and cats were detected that are different from those described in sizes of dogs (medium-sized) typically affected by caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM). These findings may help to understand the different pathomechanisms in cervical spinal disease between small- and medium-sized dogs, including caudal CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C. Knell
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee NN, Salzer E, Bach FC, Bonilla AF, Cook JL, Gazit Z, Grad S, Ito K, Smith LJ, Vernengo A, Wilke H, Engiles JB, Tryfonidou MA. A comprehensive tool box for large animal studies of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1162. [PMID: 34337336 PMCID: PMC8313180 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies involving large animal models aim to recapitulate the clinical situation as much as possible and bridge the gap from benchtop to bedside. To date, studies investigating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regeneration in large animal models have utilized a wide spectrum of methodologies for outcome evaluation. This paper aims to consolidate available knowledge, expertise, and experience in large animal preclinical models of IVD degeneration to create a comprehensive tool box of anatomical and functional outcomes. Herein, we present a Large Animal IVD Scoring Algorithm based on three scales: macroscopic (gross morphology, imaging, and biomechanics), microscopic (histological, biochemical, and biomolecular analyses), and clinical (neurologic state, mobility, and pain). The proposed algorithm encompasses a stepwise evaluation on all three scales, including spinal pain assessment, and relevant structural and functional components of IVD health and disease. This comprehensive tool box was designed for four commonly used preclinical large animal models (dog, pig, goat, and sheep) in order to facilitate standardization and applicability. Furthermore, it is intended to facilitate comparison across studies while discerning relevant differences between species within the context of outcomes with the goal to enhance veterinary clinical relevance as well. Current major challenges in pre-clinical large animal models for IVD regeneration are highlighted and insights into future directions that may improve the understanding of the underlying pathologies are discussed. As such, the IVD research community can deepen its exploration of the molecular, cellular, structural, and biomechanical changes that occur with IVD degeneration and regeneration, paving the path for clinically relevant therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Elias Salzer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andres F. Bonilla
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityColoradoUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of SurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Lachlan J. Smith
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrea Vernengo
- AO Research Institute DavosDavosSwitzerland
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Wilke
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and BiomechanicsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Julie B. Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
da Costa RC, De Decker S, Lewis MJ, Volk H. Diagnostic Imaging in Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:588338. [PMID: 33195623 PMCID: PMC7642913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.588338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging is integral in the diagnosis of canine intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and in differentiating subtypes of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). These include intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP) and more recently recognized forms such as acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE), hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE), and intradural/intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE). Many imaging techniques have been described in dogs with roles for survey radiographs, myelography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Given how common IVDH is in dogs, a thorough understanding of the indications and limitations for each imaging modality to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis is essential to successful case management. While radiographs can provide useful information, especially for identifying intervertebral disc degeneration or calcification, there are notable limitations. Myelography addresses some of the constraints of survey radiographs but has largely been supplanted by cross-sectional imaging. Computed tomography with or without myelography and MRI is currently utilized most widely and have become the focus of most contemporary studies on this subject. Novel advanced imaging applications are being explored in dogs but are not yet routinely performed in clinical patients. The following review will provide a comprehensive overview on common imaging modalities reported to aid in the diagnosis of IVDH including IVDE, IVDP, ANNPE, HNPE, and IIVDE. The review focuses primarily on canine IVDH due to its frequency and vast literature as opposed to feline IVDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Holger Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fenn J, Olby NJ. Classification of Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579025. [PMID: 33134360 PMCID: PMC7572860 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) has been recognized in dogs since the 1800s, when the first descriptions of extruded disc material within the vertebral canal were published. In the intervening time our understanding of intervertebral disc pathology in dogs and cats has increased dramatically, with many variations of IVDD described. Whilst the volume of literature and collective understanding of IVDD has expanded, there has also been scope for confusion as the definition of intervertebral disc disease, with its myriad different manifestations, becomes more complicated. A large volume of literature has aimed to combine the use of histopathology, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings to better understand the various ways in which IVDD can be classified. Much of this research has focused on the classification of mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration, centering around the differences between, and overlaps in, IVDD in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds. However, with the increasing availability of advanced imaging modalities allowing more accurate antemortem diagnosis, the concept of IVDD has expanded to include other clinical presentations that may not fit into traditional models of classification of IVDD. This review aims to provide an up to date overview of both historical and current systems of IVDD classification, highlighting the important findings and controversies underpinning them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Fenn
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim MJ, Lee JH, Kim JS, Kim HY, Lee HC, Byun JH, Lee JH, Kim NH, Oh SH. Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Using Stem Cell/Growth Factor-Loaded Porous Particles with a Leaf-Stacked Structure. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4795-4805. [PMID: 32955865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although biological therapies based on growth factors and transplanted cells have demonstrated some positive outcomes for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration, repeated injection of growth factors and cell leakage from the injection site remain considerable challenges for human therapeutic use. Herein, we prepare human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3)-loaded porous particles with a unique leaf-stack structural morphology (LSS particles) as a combination bioactive delivery matrix for degenerated IVD. The LSS particles are fabricated with clinically acceptable biomaterials (polycaprolactone and tetraglycol) and procedures (simple heating and cooling). The LSS particles allow sustained release of TGF-β3 for 18 days and stable cell adhesiveness without additional modifications of the particles. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it was observed that the hBMSCs/TGF-β3-loaded LSS particles can provide a suitable milieu for chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and effectively induce IVD regeneration in a beagle dog model. Thus, therapeutically loaded LSS particles offer the promise of an effective bioactive delivery system for regeneration of various tissues including IVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Soo Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yong Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Ho Byun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Heang Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alisauskaite N, Bitterli T, Kircher PR, Pozzi A, Grinwis GCM, Steffen F, Smolders LA. Evaluation of agreement and correlation of results obtained with MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes when used to assess intervertebral disk degeneration in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:309-316. [PMID: 32228264 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement in results obtained with an MRI-based grading scheme and a macroscopic observation-based grading scheme when used to assess intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration in cats. SAMPLE 241 MRI and 143 macroscopic images of singular IVDs in 44 client-owned cats (40 cadaveric and 4 live). PROCEDURES Singular images of IVDs were obtained of live cats admitted for treatment of suspected neurologic disease (MRI images of IVDs) and of cadavers of cats euthanized for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (MRI and macroscopic images of IVDs) at the Small Animal Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland, between January 12, 2015, and October 19, 2015. The IVD images were randomized and evaluated twice by 4 observers for each grading scheme. Inter- and intraobserver reliability for the grading schemes was assessed with Cohen weighted κ analysis. Agreement and correlation between results obtained with the 2 grading schemes were determined with Cohen weighted κ and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) analyses, respectively. RESULTS Inter- and intraobserver agreement between results was substantial to almost perfect (mean weighted κ, 0.66 to 0.83 and 0.71 to 0.86, respectively) for the MRI-based grading scheme and moderate to substantial (mean weighted κ, 0.42 to 0.80 and 0.65 to 0.79, respectively) for the macroscopic observation-based grading scheme. Between the 2 grading schemes, agreement in results was moderate (mean ± SE weighted κ, 0.56 ± 0.05), and the correlation was strong (ρ = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the MRI-based and macroscopic observation-based grading schemes used in the present study could be used reliably for classifying IVD degeneration in cats.
Collapse
|
17
|
Farrugia B, Smith SM, Shu CC, Melrose J. Spatiotemporal Expression of 3-B-3(-) and 7-D-4 Chondroitin Sulfation, Tissue Remodeling, and Attempted Repair in an Ovine Model of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Cartilage 2020; 11:234-250. [PMID: 31578084 PMCID: PMC7097983 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519876354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examination of intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration in an ovine annular lesion model. HYPOTHESIS Sulfation motifs are important functional determinants in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Previous studies have correlated 3-B-3(-) and 7-D-4 chondroitin sulfate (CS) motifs in tissues undergoing morphogenetic transition in development. We hypothesize that these motifs may also be expressed in degenerate IVDs and may represent a reparative response. DESIGN Induction of disc degeneration by 5 mm or 6 × 20 mm lesions in the annulus fibrosus (AF) over 6 or 3 to 6 months postoperation (PO). Tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue-fast green, 3-B-3(-) and 7-D-4 CS-sulfation motifs were immunolocalized in 3-month PO 6 × 20 mm lesion IVDs. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), 3-B-3(-), and 7-D-4 epitopes were quantitated by ELISIA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay) in extracts of AF (lesion site and contralateral half) and nucleus pulposus (NP) 0, 3, and 6 months PO. RESULTS Collagenous overgrowth of lesions occurred in the outer AF. Chondroid metaplasia in ~20% of the 6 × 20 mm affected discs resulted in integration of an outgrowth of NP tissue with the inner AF lamellae preventing propagation of the lesion. 3-B-3(-) and 7-D-4 CS sulfation motifs were immunolocalized in this chondroid tissue. ELISIA quantified CS sulfation motifs demonstrating an increase 3 to 6 months PO in the AF lesion and a reduction in sulfated GAG not evident in the contralateral AF. CONCLUSIONS (1) Outer annular lesions underwent spontaneous repair. (2) Chondroid metaplasia of the inner 6 × 20 mm defect prevented its propagation suggesting an apparent reparative response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Area Health Authority, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy C. Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Area Health Authority, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Area Health Authority, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bach FC, de Rooij KM, Riemers FM, Snuggs JW, de Jong WAM, Zhang Y, Creemers LB, Chan D, Le Maitre C, Tryfonidou MA. Hedgehog proteins and parathyroid hormone-related protein are involved in intervertebral disc maturation, degeneration, and calcification. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1071. [PMID: 31891120 PMCID: PMC6920702 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and hedgehog signaling play an important role in chondrocyte development, (hypertrophic) differentiation, and/or calcification, but their role in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is unknown. Better understanding their involvement may provide therapeutic clues for low back pain due to IVD degeneration. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of PTHrP and hedgehog proteins in postnatal canine and human IVDs during the aging/degenerative process. The expression of PTHrP, hedgehog proteins and related receptors was studied during the natural loss of the notochordal cell (NC) phenotype during IVD maturation using tissue samples and de-differentiation in vitro and degeneration by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Correlations between their expression and calcification levels (Alizarin Red S staining) were determined. In addition, the effect of PTHrP and hedgehog proteins on canine and human chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs) was determined in vitro focusing on the propensity to induce calcification. The expression of PTHrP, its receptor (PTHR1) and hedgehog receptors decreased during loss of the NC phenotype. N-terminal (active) hedgehog (Indian hedgehog/Sonic hedgehog) protein expression did not change during maturation or degeneration, whereas expression of PTHrP, PTHR1 and hedgehog receptors increased during IVD degeneration. Hedgehog and PTHR1 immunopositivity were increased in nucleus pulposus tissue with abundant vs no/low calcification. In vitro, hedgehog proteins facilitated calcification in CLCs, whereas PTHrP did not affect calcification levels. In conclusion, hedgehog and PTHrP expression is present in healthy and degenerated IVDs. Hedgehog proteins had the propensity to induce calcification in CLCs from degenerated IVDs, indicating that in the future, inhibiting hedgehog signaling could be an approach to inhibit calcification during IVD degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kim M. de Rooij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank M. Riemers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph W. Snuggs
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Willem A. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Laura B. Creemers
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Christine Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffieldUK
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Veraa S, Bergmann W, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Vernooij H, Nielen M, van den Belt AJM. Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:696-706. [PMID: 31353764 PMCID: PMC6899552 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology of the equine cervical intervertebral disc is different from that in humans and small companion animals and published imaging data are scarcely available. The objectives of this exploratory, methods comparison study were (a) to describe MRI features of macroscopically nondegenerated and degenerated intervertebral discs (b) to test associations between spinal location and macroscopic degeneration or MRI‐detected annular protrusion and between MRI‐detected annular protrusion and macroscopic degeneration, and (c) to define MRI sequences for characterizing equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration. Ex vivo MRI of intervertebral discs was performed in 11 horses with clinical signs related to the cervical region prior to macroscopic assessment. Mixed‐effect logistic regression modeling included spinal location, MRI‐detected annular protrusion, and presence of macroscopic degeneration with “horse” as random effect. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were determined. Reduced signal intensity in proton density turbo SE represented intervertebral disc degeneration. Signal voids due to presence of gas and/or hemorrhage were seen in gradient echo sequences. Presence of macroscopic intervertebral disc degeneration was significantly associated with spinal location with odds being higher in the caudal (C5 to T1) versus cranial (C2 to C5) part of the cervical vertebral column. Intervertebral discs with MRI‐detected annular protrusion grades 2‐4 did have higher odds than with grade 1 to have macroscopic degeneration. It was concluded that MRI findings corresponded well with gross macroscopic data. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine cervical intervertebral disc seems to be a promising technique, but its potential clinical value for live horses needs to be explored further in a larger and more diverse population of horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Vernooij
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon-Jan M van den Belt
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rudnik-Jansen I, Tellegen A, Beukers M, Öner F, Woike N, Mihov G, Thies J, Meij B, Tryfonidou M, Creemers L. Safety of intradiscal delivery of triamcinolone acetonide by a poly(esteramide) microsphere platform in a large animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 2019; 19:905-919. [PMID: 31056104 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Local corticosteroids have been used to relieve symptoms of chronic low back pain, although treatment effects have been shown to wear off relatively fast. Prolonging corticosteroid presence by controlled release from biomaterials may allow for longer pain relief while circumventing adverse effects such as high bolus dosages. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intradiscal controlled release of triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) by poly(esteramide) microspheres in a canine degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD) model. STUDY DESIGN In a preclinical experimental large animal model, the effect of prolonged glucocorticoid exposure on disc degeneration was evaluated. METHODS Degeneration was accelerated by nucleotomy of lumbar IVDs of Beagle dogs. After 4 weeks, microspheres loaded with 8.4 µg TAA, and 0.84mg TAA were administered to the degenerated IVDs by intradiscal injection (n=6 per group). Empty microspheres (n=6) and all adjacent non-nucleotomized noninjected IVDs were included as controls (n=24). Immediately prior to TAA administration and after 12 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Degenerative changes were evaluated by disc height index, Pfirrmann grading, T1ρ and T2 mapping values, postmortem CT scans, macroscopic and microscopic grading, and biochemical/immunohistochemical analysis of inflammation and extracellular matrix content. In addition, nerve growth factor (NGF) protein expression, a biomarker for pain, was scored in nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues. The study was funded by a research grant from Health Holland (1.3million euros = 1.5million US dollars). RESULTS Macroscopic evaluation and CT images postmortem were consistent with mild disc degeneration. Other abnormalities were not observed. Nucleotomy-induced degeneration and inflammation was mild, reflected by moderate Pfirrmann grades and PGE2 levels. Regardless of TAA dosage, local sustained delivery did not affect disc height index nor Pfirrmann grading, T1ρ and T2 mapping values, PGE2 tissue levels, collagen, GAG, and DNA content. However, the low dosage of TAA microspheres significantly reduced NGF immunopositivity in degenerated NP tissue. CONCLUSIONS This is the first in vivo application in a preclinical large animal model of a controlled release formulation of corticosteroids in mild IVD degeneration. Sustained release of TAA locally in the IVD appeared safe and reduced NGF expression, suggesting its potential applicability for pain relief, although beneficial effects were absent on tissue degeneration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present platform seems to be promising in extending the local controlled delivery of TAA with the potency to provide long-standing analgesia in the subset of LBP patients suffering from discogenic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke Rudnik-Jansen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP G05.228, Postbus 85500, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fetullah Öner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP G05.228, Postbus 85500, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Woike
- DSM Biomedical B.V., Koestraat 1, 6167 RA Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - George Mihov
- DSM Biomedical B.V., Koestraat 1, 6167 RA Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Thies
- DSM Biomedical B.V., Koestraat 1, 6167 RA Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP G05.228, Postbus 85500, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kinematics of the Spine Under Healthy and Degenerative Conditions: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1491-1522. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
22
|
Knell SC, Smolders LA, Steffen T, Pozzi A. Ex vivo computed tomography evaluation of loading position on morphometry of the caudal cervical intervertebral disk spaces of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:235-245. [PMID: 30801208 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an objective, quantitative morphometric description of the caudal cervical intervertebral disk (IVD) spaces of dogs. SAMPLE Vertebral specimens consisting of C4 through C7 from 5 medium-sized dogs. PROCEDURES CT images were obtained with the specimens positioned in neutral, flexion, extension, and lateral bending positions. Size and shape of the cranial and caudal end plates, angle between the end plates (IVD wedge angle), and craniocaudal distance (IVD width) between end plates for the 4 loading positions were measured and compared for the 3 segments (C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7). RESULTS End plate size and shape, IVD wedge angle, and IVD width were not significantly different among the 3 segments. Caudal cervical end plates were consistently larger than cranial cervical end plates. The IVD wedge angle ranged from -4.8° to 15.2°. Flexion induced a reduction in IVD width in the ventral portion of the IVD, whereas extension induced a decrease in width in the dorsal portion of the IVD. Central IVD width remained unchanged among the loading positions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unique morphometric and dynamic characteristics of the caudal cervical IVD space of dogs were detected. These findings may help investigators when designing IVD prostheses for dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rosenblatt AJ, Lappalainen AK, James NA, Webster NSL, Caraguel CGB. Scorer and modality agreement for the detection of intervertebral disc calcification in Dachshunds. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:62. [PMID: 30316295 PMCID: PMC6186048 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dachshund is a chondrodystrophic breed of dog predisposed to premature degeneration and calcification, and subsequent herniation, of intervertebral discs (IVDs). This condition is heritable in Dachshunds and breeding candidates are screened for radiographically detectable intervertebral disc calcification (RDIDC), a feature of advanced disc degeneration and a prognostic factor for clinical disease. RDIDC scoring has been previously shown to be consistent within scorers; however, strong scorer effect (subjectivity) was also reported. The aim of this study was to estimate the within- and between-scorer agreement (repeatability and reproducibility, respectively) of computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for scoring IVD calcification, and to compare these modalities with radiographic scoring. RESULTS Twenty-one Dachshund dogs were screened for IVD calcification using the three imaging modalities. Three scorers scored each case twice, independently. Repeatability was highest for radiography (95.4%), and significantly higher than for CT (90.4%) but not MRI (93.8%). Reproducibility was also highest for radiography (92.9%), but not significantly higher than for CT or MRI (89.4% and 86.4%, respectively). Overall, CT scored IVDs differently than radiography and MRI (64.8% and 62.7% agreement, respectively), while radiography and MRI scored more similarly (85.7% agreement). CONCLUSIONS Despite high precision for radiography, previous evidence of scorer subjectivity was confirmed, which was not generally observed with CT and MRI. The increased consistency of radiography may be related to prior scorer experience with the modality and RDIDC scoring. This study does not support replacing radiography with CT or MRI to screen for heritable IVD calcification in breeding Dachshunds; however, evaluation of dog-level precision and the accuracy of each modality is recommended.
Collapse
|
24
|
Intradiscal delivery of celecoxib-loaded microspheres restores intervertebral disc integrity in a preclinical canine model. J Control Release 2018; 286:439-450. [PMID: 30110616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain, related to degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD), affects millions of people worldwide. Clinical studies using oral cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have shown beneficial effects, although side-effects were reported. Therefore, intradiscal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be an alternative treatment strategy to halt degeneration and address IVD-related pain. In the present study, the controlled release and biologic potency of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, from polyesteramide microspheres was investigated in vitro. In addition, safety and efficacy of injection of celecoxib-loaded microspheres were evaluated in vivo in a canine IVD degeneration model. In vitro, a sustained release of celecoxib was noted for over 28 days resulting in sustained inhibition of inflammation, as indicated by decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and anti-catabolic effects in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells from degenerated IVDs on qPCR. In vivo, there was no evidence of adverse effects on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging or macroscopic evaluation of IVDs. Local and sustained delivery of celecoxib prevented progression of IVD degeneration corroborated by MRI, histology, and measurement of NP proteoglycan content. Furthermore, it seemed to harness inflammation as indicated by decreased PGE2 tissue levels and decreased neuronal growth factor immunopositivity, providing indirect evidence that local delivery of a COX-2 inhibitor could also address pain related to IVD degeneration. In conclusion, intradiscal controlled release of celecoxib from polyesteramide microspheres prevented progression of IVD degeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Follow-up studies are warranted to determine the clinical efficacy of celecoxib-loaded PEAMs in chronic back pain.
Collapse
|
25
|
Biologic canine and human intervertebral disc repair by notochordal cell-derived matrix: from bench towards bedside. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26507-26526. [PMID: 29899873 PMCID: PMC5995168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic burden of chronic back pain related to intervertebral disc (IVD) disease is high and current treatments are only symptomatic. Minimally invasive strategies that promote biological IVD repair should address this unmet need. Notochordal cells (NCs) are replaced by chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs) during IVD maturation and degeneration. The regenerative potential of NC-secreted substances on CLCs and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has already been demonstrated. However, identification of these substances remains elusive. Innovatively, this study exploits the regenerative NC potential by using healthy porcine NC-derived matrix (NCM) and employs the dog as a clinically relevant translational model. NCM increased the glycosaminoglycan and DNA content of human and canine CLC aggregates and facilitated chondrogenic differentiation of canine MSCs in vitro. Based on these results, NCM, MSCs and NCM+MSCs were injected in mildly (spontaneously) and moderately (induced) degenerated canine IVDs in vivo and, after six months of treatment, were analyzed. NCM injected in moderately (induced) degenerated canine IVDs exerted beneficial effects at the macroscopic and MRI level, induced collagen type II-rich extracellular matrix production, improved the disc height, and ameliorated local inflammation. MSCs exerted no (additive) effects. In conclusion, NCM induced in vivo regenerative effects on degenerated canine IVDs. NCM may, comparable to demineralized bone matrix in bone regeneration, serve as ‘instructive matrix’, by locally releasing growth factors and facilitating tissue repair. Therefore, intradiscal NCM injection could be a promising regenerative treatment for IVD disease, circumventing the cumbersome identification of bioactive NC-secreted substances.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tellegen AR, Willems N, Beukers M, Grinwis GCM, Plomp SGM, Bos C, van Dijk M, de Leeuw M, Creemers LB, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Intradiscal application of a PCLA-PEG-PCLA hydrogel loaded with celecoxib for the treatment of back pain in canines: What's in it for humans? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:642-652. [PMID: 28544701 DOI: 10.1002/term.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is a common clinical problem in both the human and canine population. Current pharmaceutical treatment often consists of oral anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate pain. Novel treatments for degenerative disc disease focus on local application of sustained released drug formulations. The aim of this study was to determine safety and feasibility of intradiscal application of a poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-bpoly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) PCLA-PEG-PCLA hydrogel releasing celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor. Biocompatibility was evaluated after subcutaneous injection in mice, and safety of intradiscal injection of the hydrogel was evaluated in experimental dogs with early spontaneous intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. COX-2 expression was increased in IVD samples surgically obtained from canine patients, indicating a role of COX-2 in clinical IVD disease. Ten client-owned dogs with chronic low back pain related to IVD degeneration received an intradiscal injection with the celecoxib-loaded hydrogel. None of the dogs showed adverse reactions after intradiscal injection. The hydrogel did not influence magnetic resonance imaging signal at long-term follow-up. Clinical improvement was achieved by reduction of back pain in 9 of 10 dogs, as was shown by clinical examination and owner questionnaires. In 3 of 10 dogs, back pain recurred after 3 months. This study showed the safety and effectiveness of intradiscal injections in vivo with a thermoresponsive PCLA-PEG-PCLA hydrogel loaded with celecoxib. In this set-up, the dog can be used as a model for the development of novel treatment modalities in both canine and human patients with chronic low back pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Willems
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia G M Plomp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Bos
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bergmann W, Bergknut N, Veraa S, Gröne A, Vernooij H, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Grinwis GCM. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Warmblood Horses: Morphology, Grading, and Distribution of Lesions. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:442-452. [PMID: 29301464 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817747950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine intervertebral disc degeneration is thought to be rare and of limited clinical relevance, although research is lacking. To objectively assess pathological changes of the equine intervertebral disc and their clinical relevance, description of the normal morphology and a practical, biologically credible grading scheme are needed. The objectives of this study are to describe the gross and histological appearance of the equine intervertebral discs and to propose a grading scheme for macroscopic degeneration. Spinal units from 33 warmblood horses were grossly analyzed and scored. Of the 286 intervertebral discs analyzed, 107 (37%) were assigned grade 1 and grade 2 (considered normal) and were analyzed histologically. A nucleus pulposus and an annulus fibrosus could be identified macroscopically and histologically. Histologically, the nucleus pulposus was composed of a cartilaginous matrix and the annulus fibrosus of parallel collagenous bands. A transition zone was also histologically visible. Intra- and inter-observer reliability scores were high for all observers. Higher grades were associated with greater age. Gross changes associated with equine intervertebral disc degeneration (grades 3-5)-that is, yellow discoloration, cleft formation (tearing), and changes in consistency of the nucleus pulposus-were largely similar to those in humans and dogs and were most prevalent in the caudal cervical spine. Equine intervertebral disc degeneration was not associated with osteophyte formation. Changes of the vertebral bone were most common in the thoracolumbar spine but were not correlated with higher grades of intervertebral disc degeneration. Thus, changes of the vertebral bone should be excluded from grading for equine intervertebral disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Bergmann
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niklas Bergknut
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- 3 Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Vernooij
- 4 Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge D Wijnberg
- 5 Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Back
- 5 Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,6 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hansen T, Smolders LA, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP, Vernooij JCM, Bergknut N, Grinwis GCM. The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:945-952. [PMID: 28847244 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817726834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the seminal work by Hans-Jörgen Hansen in 1952, it has been assumed that intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in chondrodystrophic (CD) dogs involves chondroid metaplasia of the nucleus pulposus, whereas in nonchondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs, fibrous metaplasia occurs. However, more recent studies suggest that IVD degeneration in NCD and CD dogs is more similar than originally thought. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the histopathology of IVD degeneration in CD and NCD dogs. IVDs with various grades of degeneration (Thompson grade I-III, n = 7 per grade) from both CD and NCD dogs were used (14 CD and 18 NCD dogs, 42 IVDs in total). Sections were scored according to a histological scoring scheme for canine IVD degeneration, including evaluation of the presence of fibrocyte-like cells in the nucleus pulposus. In CD dogs, the macroscopically non-degenerated nucleus pulposus contained mainly chondrocyte-like cells, whereas the non-degenerated nucleus pulposus of NCD dogs mainly contained notochordal cells. The histopathological changes in degenerated discs were similar in CD and NCD dogs and resembled chondroid metaplasia. Fibrocytes were not seen in the nucleus pulposus, indicating that fibrous degeneration of the IVD was not present in any of the evaluated grades of degeneration. In conclusion, intervertebral disc degeneration was characterized by chondroid metaplasia of the nucleus pulposus in both NCD and CD dogs. These results revoke the generally accepted concept that NCD and CD dogs suffer from a different type of IVD degeneration, in veterinary literature often referred to as chondroid or fibroid degeneration, and we suggest that chondroid metaplasia should be used to describe the tissue changes in the IVD in both breed types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tove Hansen
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucas A Smolders
- 2 Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Björn P Meij
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C M Vernooij
- 4 Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Bergknut
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,5 North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley RH1 4QP, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- 6 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shu CC, Smith MM, Smith SM, Dart AJ, Little CB, Melrose J. A Histopathological Scheme for the Quantitative Scoring of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and the Therapeutic Utility of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1049. [PMID: 28498326 PMCID: PMC5454961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative histopathological scoring scheme to evaluate disc degeneration and regeneration using an ovine annular lesion model of experimental disc degeneration. Toluidine blue and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining were used to evaluate cellular morphology: (i) disc structure/lesion morphology; (ii) proteoglycan depletion; (iii) cellular morphology; (iv) blood vessel in-growth; (v) cell influx into lesion; and (vi) cystic degeneration/chondroid metaplasia. Three study groups were examined: 5 × 5 mm lesion; 6 × 20 mm lesion; and 6 × 20 mm lesion plus mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment. Lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) were scored under categories (i-vi) to provide a cumulative score, which underwent statistical analysis using STATA software. Focal proteoglycan depletion was associated with 5 × 5 mm annular rim lesions, bifurcations, annular delamellation, concentric and radial annular tears and an early influx of blood vessels and cells around remodeling lesions but the inner lesion did not heal. Similar features in 6 × 20 mm lesions occurred over a 3-6-month post operative period. MSCs induced a strong recovery in discal pathology with a reduction in cumulative histopathology degeneracy score from 15.2 to 2.7 (p = 0.001) over a three-month recovery period but no recovery in carrier injected discs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Margaret M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Susan M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Dart
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harder LK. [Diagnostic imaging of changes of the canine intervertebral disc]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:359-371. [PMID: 27658268 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration can cause intervertebral disc herniation. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, is the most important tool in diagnosis. Firstly, an overview of macroscopic and biochemical physiology and pathology of the intervertebral disc will be given. Subsequently, the physics of diagnostic imaging and the appearance of intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement in several imaging methods are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Harder
- Lisa K. Harder, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bach FC, Zhang Y, Miranda-Bedate A, Verdonschot LC, Bergknut N, Creemers LB, Ito K, Sakai D, Chan D, Meij BP, Tryfonidou MA. Increased caveolin-1 in intervertebral disc degeneration facilitates repair. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:59. [PMID: 26939667 PMCID: PMC4778307 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preceding intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, the cell phenotype in the nucleus pulposus (NP) shifts from notochordal cells (NCs) to chondrocyte-like cells (CLCs). Microarray analysis showed a correlation between caveolin-1 expression and the phenotypic transition of NCs to CLCs. With a clinical directive in mind, the aim of this study was to determine the role of caveolin-1 in IVD degeneration. As a scaffolding protein, caveolin-1 influences several signaling pathways, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptors have been demonstrated to colocalize with caveolin-1. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that caveolin-1 facilitates repair by enhancing TGF-β signaling in the IVD. Methods Protein expression (caveolin-1, apoptosis, progenitor cell markers, extracellular matrix, and phosphorylated Smad2 [pSmad2]) was determined in IVDs of wild-type (WT) and caveolin-1-null mice and canine IVDs of different degeneration grades (immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL assay). Canine/human CLC microaggregates were treated with chondrogenic medium alone or in combination with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD) peptide and/or caveolin-1 silencing RNA. After 28 days, gene and protein expression profiles were determined. Results The NP of WT mice was rich in viable NCs, whereas the NP of caveolin-1-null mice contained more collagen-rich extracellular matrix and fewer cells, together with increased progenitor cell marker expression, pSmad2 TGF-β signaling, and high apoptotic activity. During canine IVD degeneration, caveolin-1 expression and apoptotic activity increased. In vitro caveolin-1 silencing decreased the CLC microaggregate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, which could be rescued by CSD treatment. Furthermore, CSD increased TGF-β/pSmad2 signaling at gene and protein expression levels and enhanced the anabolic effects of TGF-β1, reflected in increased extracellular matrix deposition by the CLCs. Conclusions Caveolin-1 plays a role in preservation of the NC phenotype. Additionally, it may be related to CLC apoptosis, given its increased expression in degenerated IVDs. Nevertheless, CSD enhanced CLC GAG deposition in vitro, and hence the increased caveolin-1 expression during IVD degeneration may also facilitate an ultimate attempt at repair. Further studies are needed to investigate how caveolin-1 modifies other signaling pathways and facilitates IVD repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-0960-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alberto Miranda-Bedate
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucy C Verdonschot
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Niklas Bergknut
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
| | - Danny Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mackenzie SD, Brisson BA, Gaitero L, Caswell JL, Liao P, Sinclair M, Chalmers HJ. DISTRIBUTION AND SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INJECTED GELIFIED ETHANOL INTO THE LUMBOSACRAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISC IN HEALTHY DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:180-90. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Brigitte A. Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Luis Gaitero
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Jeff L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Penting Liao
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Melissa Sinclair
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Heather J. Chalmers
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
McCann MR, Patel P, Pest MA, Ratneswaran A, Lalli G, Beaucage KL, Backler GB, Kamphuis MP, Esmail Z, Lee J, Barbalinardo M, Mort JS, Holdsworth DW, Beier F, Dixon SJ, Séguin CA. Repeated exposure to high-frequency low-amplitude vibration induces degeneration of murine intervertebral discs and knee joints. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2164-75. [PMID: 25891852 DOI: 10.1002/art.39154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-frequency, low-amplitude whole-body vibration (WBV) is being used to treat a range of musculoskeletal disorders; however, there is surprisingly limited knowledge regarding its effect(s) on joint tissues. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of repeated exposure to WBV on bone and joint tissues in an in vivo mouse model. METHODS Ten-week-old male mice were exposed to vertical sinusoidal vibration under conditions that mimic those used clinically in humans (30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, at 45 Hz with peak acceleration at 0.3g). Following WBV, skeletal tissues were examined by micro-computed tomography, histologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry, and gene expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Following 4 weeks of WBV, intervertebral discs showed histologic hallmarks of degeneration in the annulus fibrosus, disruption of collagen organization, and increased cell death. Greater Mmp3 expression in the intervertebral disc, accompanied by enhanced collagen and aggrecan degradation, was found in mice exposed to WBV as compared to controls. Examination of the knee joints after 4 weeks of WBV revealed meniscal tears and focal damage to the articular cartilage, changes resembling osteoarthritis. Moreover, mice exposed to WBV also demonstrated greater Mmp13 gene expression and enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-mediated collagen and aggrecan degradation in articular cartilage as compared to controls. No changes in trabecular bone microarchitecture or density were detected in the proximal tibia. CONCLUSION Our experiments reveal significant negative effects of WBV on joint tissues in a mouse model. These findings suggest the need for future studies of the effects of WBV on joint health in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McCann
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priya Patel
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Pest
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anusha Ratneswaran
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurkeet Lalli
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim L Beaucage
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garth B Backler
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meg P Kamphuis
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ziana Esmail
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimin Lee
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Barbalinardo
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Mort
- Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David W Holdsworth
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Willems N, Yang HY, Langelaan MLP, Tellegen AR, Grinwis GCM, Kranenburg HJC, Riemers FM, Plomp SGM, Craenmehr EGM, Dhert WJA, Papen-Botterhuis NE, Meij BP, Creemers LB, Tryfonidou MA. Biocompatibility and intradiscal application of a thermoreversible celecoxib-loaded poly-N-isopropylacrylamide MgFe-layered double hydroxide hydrogel in a canine model. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:214. [PMID: 26290179 PMCID: PMC4545995 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic low back pain due to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators. Current medical treatment consists of oral anti-inflammatory drugs to alleviate pain. In this study, the efficacy and safety of a novel thermoreversible poly-N-isopropylacrylamide MgFe-layered double hydroxide (pNIPAAM MgFe-LDH) hydrogel was evaluated for intradiscal controlled delivery of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib (CXB). Methods Degradation, release behavior, and the ability of a CXB-loaded pNIPAAM MgFe-LDH hydrogel to suppress prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in a controlled manner in the presence of a proinflammatory stimulus (TNF-α) were evaluated in vitro. Biocompatibility was evaluated histologically after subcutaneous injection in mice. Safety of intradiscal application of the loaded and unloaded hydrogels was studied in a canine model of spontaneous mild IVD degeneration by histological, biomolecular, and biochemical evaluation. After the hydrogel was shown to be biocompatible and safe, an in vivo dose–response study was performed in order to determine safety and efficacy of the pNIPAAM MgFe-LDH hydrogel for intradiscal controlled delivery of CXB. Results CXB release correlated to hydrogel degradation in vitro. Furthermore, controlled release from CXB-loaded hydrogels was demonstrated to suppress PGE2 levels in the presence of TNF-α. The hydrogel was shown to exhibit a good biocompatibility upon subcutaneous injection in mice. Upon intradiscal injection in a canine model, the hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility based on histological evaluation of the treated IVDs. Gene expression and biochemical analyses supported the finding that no substantial negative effects of the hydrogel were observed. Safety of application was further confirmed by the absence of clinical symptoms, IVD herniation or progression of degeneration. Controlled release of CXB resulted in a nonsignificant maximal inhibition (approximately 35 %) of PGE2 levels in the mildly degenerated canine IVDs. Conclusions In conclusion, this study showed biocompatibility and safe intradiscal application of an MgFe LDH-pNIPAAM hydrogel. Controlled release of CXB resulted in only limited inhibition of PGE2 in this model with mild IVD degeneration, and further studies should concentrate on application of controlled release from this type of hydrogel in animal models with more severe IVD degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0727-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Willems
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Hsiao-Yin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584, CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Marloes L P Langelaan
- Department of Materials Technology, TNO, De Rondom 1, Eindhoven, 5612, AP, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna R Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, 3508, TD, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik-Jan C Kranenburg
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank M Riemers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia G M Plomp
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584, CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric G M Craenmehr
- Department of Materials Technology, TNO, De Rondom 1, Eindhoven, 5612, AP, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands. .,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584, CX, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584, CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Willems N, Bach FC, Plomp SGM, van Rijen MHP, Wolfswinkel J, Grinwis GCM, Bos C, Strijkers GJ, Dhert WJA, Meij BP, Creemers LB, Tryfonidou MA. Intradiscal application of rhBMP-7 does not induce regeneration in a canine model of spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:137. [PMID: 26013758 PMCID: PMC4443547 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strategies for biological repair and regeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) by cell and tissue engineering are promising, but few have made it into a clinical setting. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (rhBMP-7) has been shown to stimulate matrix production by IVD cells in vitro and in vivo in animal models of induced IVD degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective dose of an intradiscal injection of rhBMP-7 in a spontaneous canine IVD degeneration model for translation into clinical application for patients with low back pain. METHODS Canine nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were cultured with rhBMP-7 to assess the anabolic effect of rhBMP-7 in vitro, and samples were evaluated for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content, histology, and matrix-related gene expression. Three different dosages of rhBMP-7 (2.5 μg, 25 μg, and 250 μg) were injected in vivo into early degenerated IVDs of canines, which were followed up for six months by magnetic resonance imaging (T2-weighted images, T1rho and T2 maps). Post-mortem, the effects of rhBMP-7 were determined by radiography, computed tomography, and macroscopy, and by histological, biochemical (GAG, DNA, and collagen), and biomolecular analyses of IVD tissue. RESULTS In vitro, rhBMP-7 stimulated matrix production of canine NPCs as GAG deposition was enhanced, DNA content was maintained, and gene expression levels of ACAN and COL2A1 were significantly upregulated. Despite the wide dose range of rhBMP-7 (2.5 to 250 μg) administered in vivo, no regenerative effects were observed at the IVD level. Instead, extensive extradiscal bone formation was noticed after intradiscal injection of 25 μg and 250 μg of rhBMP-7. CONCLUSIONS An intradiscal bolus injection of 2.5 μg, 25 μg, and 250 μg rhBMP-7 showed no regenerative effects in a spontaneous canine IVD degeneration model. In contrast, intradiscal injection of 250 μg rhBMP-7, and to a lesser extent 25 μg rhBMP-7, resulted in extensive extradiscal bone formation, indicating that a bolus injection of rhBMP-7 alone cannot be used for treatment of IVD degeneration in human or canine patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Willems
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frances C Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia G M Plomp
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mattie H P van Rijen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeannette Wolfswinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens Bos
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology (TU/e), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harder L, Ludwig D, Galindo-Zamora V, Wefstaedt P, Nolte I. [Classification of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using high-field magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2014; 42:374-82. [PMID: 25284617 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the classification of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been described in the literature, there is no such classification using computed tomographic imaging. Because computed tomography (CT) is a frequently used diagnostic imaging tool in veterinary medicine, the aim of this study was the introduction and validation of such a scoring system. T2-weighted magnetic resonance images were available for comparative analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 43 dogs were examined using CT and MRI. Image data records of 144 intervertebral discs were blinded, randomized and evaluated twice by three observers. CT data were analyzed using a self-developed scoring system, while MRI data sets were evaluated using the Pfirrmann scoring system. Intra- and interobserver agreement were determined using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). RESULTS Intra- and interobserver agreement were mostly substantial in the Pfirrmann (0.58-0.77) and self-developed (0.60-0.81) scoring systems. A slight agreement was found between both classification systems (κ scores 0.26-0.29). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The self-developed scoring system allows a reliable assessment of canine intervertebral disc degeneration using CT imaging. Therefore, further diagnostic and prognostic information can be obtained. Degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs could be identified at an earlier stage when using MRI in comparison with CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - I Nolte
- Prof. Dr. Ingo Nolte, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rosenblatt AJ, Bottema CDK, Hill PB. Radiographic scoring for intervertebral disc calcification in the Dachshund. Vet J 2014; 200:355-61. [PMID: 24742872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease is a common, painful and debilitating neurological condition of dogs, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. The Dachshund is particularly susceptible to this disorder. The goal of this article is not to duplicate previously published reviews on canine intervertebral disc degeneration and degenerative diseases. Rather, the aims are threefold: (1) to reflect on selected clinical and pathophysiological aspects of intervertebral disc degeneration and disc disease that are pertinent to the Dachshund breed; (2) to review a radiographic spinal scoring scheme developed to reduce the prevalence of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds; and (3) to suggest further areas of research to improve upon the currently established scoring scheme in an attempt to address this breed's greatest health problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana J Rosenblatt
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Peter B Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krauss MW, Benato L, Wack A, McDonnell JJ, Schoemaker NJ, Westerhof I, Bronson E, Gielen I, Van Caelenberg A, Hellebuyck T, Meij BP, De Decker S. Intervertebral disk disease in 3 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Vet Surg 2014; 43:589-92. [PMID: 24712858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe diagnostic findings, surgical technique, and outcome in 3 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) with a history of paraparesis. STUDY DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS Skunks (n = 3) with paraparesis. METHODS Neurologic examination revealed upper motor neuron disease (T2-L2) in 2 skunks and lower motor neuron disease (L3-S3) in 1 skunk. Diagnostic imaging included radiography, myelography, CT, and MRI and confirmed intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in each skunk. Because initial treatment with pain medication and cage rest did not result in lasting improvement, spinal surgery was performed. RESULTS Hemilaminectomy (2 skunks) and dorsal laminectomy (1 skunk) was performed with removal of extruded disk material. The skunks improved after surgery but all had minor residual neurologic deficits when examined at various times postoperatively. CONCLUSION Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation occurs in skunks, and must be included in the differential diagnosis of paraparesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiljan W Krauss
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou Z, Jiang B, Zhou Z, Pan X, Sun H, Huang B, Liang T, Ringgaard S, Zou X. Intervertebral disk degeneration: T1ρ MR imaging of human and animal models. Radiology 2013; 268:492-500. [PMID: 23579049 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate disk degeneration in human and animal models by using a T1ρ magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique to help in understanding the natural history and progression of intervertebral disk degeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS After institutional review board approval was obtained, 80 subjects (54 men and 26 women; mean age ± standard deviation, 31.6 years ± 6.20) with 400 lumbar intervertebral disks were examined at MR imaging. With approval from the animal care committee, six rhesus monkeys received two levels of either annulus fibrosus puncture or pingyangmycin subendplate injection at L3-4 and L5-6 to mimic disk degeneration. Lumbar spines of all the animals were examined at radiography and MR imaging preoperatively and 1 day and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 13 months postoperatively. Pfirrmann grading system and T1ρ quantification were used to evaluate the degenerative degree of the disks of both humans and animals. RESULTS The mean T1ρ values of lumbar intervertebral disks of human subjects were 136.0 msec ± 31.4 and 76.1 msec ± 14.2 at Pfirrmann grades II and III, respectively. The T1ρ values in lumbar intervertebral disks of the rhesus monkey models of disk degeneration had a rapid decrease from approximately 110 msec to 80 msec and then tended to stabilize after operation. There was a large T1ρ value decrease between Pfirrmann grades II and III in human subjects that coincided with the rapid degeneration process of lumbar intervertebral disks in the rhesus monkeys. Pfirrmann grades were significantly correlated with T1ρ values in both humans (r = -0.681, P < .001) and rhesus monkeys (r = -0.824, P < .001). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that rapid intervertebral disk degeneration occurs early in the degenerative cascade, between Pfirrmann grades II and III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Zhou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Intervertebral disc disease in dogs – Part 1: A new histological grading scheme for classification of intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs. Vet J 2013; 195:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Bergknut N, Smolders LA, Grinwis GCM, Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Hazewinkel HAW, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 1: Anatomy and physiology of the intervertebral disc and characteristics of intervertebral disc degeneration. Vet J 2012. [PMID: 23177522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is common in dogs and can give rise to a number of diseases, such as IVD herniation, cervical spondylomyelopathy, and degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Although there have been many reports and reviews on the clinical aspects of canine IVD disease, few reports have discussed and reviewed the process of IVD degeneration. In this first part of a two-part review, the anatomy, physiology, histopathology, and biochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the healthy and degenerated IVD are described. In Part 2, the aspects of IVD degeneration in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds are discussed in depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bergknut
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bergknut N, Egenvall A, Hagman R, Gustås P, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP, Lagerstedt AS. Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration–related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1300-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.11.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
43
|
Foddai A, Green LE, Mason SA, Kaler J. Evaluating observer agreement of scoring systems for foot integrity and footrot lesions in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:65. [PMID: 22630057 PMCID: PMC3428656 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A scoring scale with five ordinal categories is used for visual diagnosis of footrot in sheep and to study its epidemiology and control. More recently a 4 point ordinal scale has been used by researchers to score foot integrity (wall and sole horn damage) in sheep. There is no information on observer agreement using either of these scales. Observer agreement for ordinal scores is usually estimated by single measure values such as weighted kappa or Kendall's coefficient of concordance which provide no information where the disagreement lies. Modeling techniques such as latent class models provide information on both observer bias and whether observers have different thresholds at which they change the score given. In this paper we use weighted kappa and located latent class modeling to explore observer agreement when scoring footrot lesions (using photographs and videos) and foot integrity (using post mortem specimens) in sheep. We used 3 observers and 80 photographs and videos and 80 feet respectively. RESULTS Both footrot and foot integrity scoring scales were more consistent within observers than between. The weighted kappa values between observers for both footrot and integrity scoring scales ranged from moderate to substantial. There was disagreement between observers with both observer bias and different thresholds between score values. The between observer thresholds were different for scores 1 and 2 for footrot (using photographs and videos) and for all scores for integrity (both walls and soles). The within observer agreement was higher with weighted kappa values ranging from substantial to almost perfect. Within observer thresholds were also more consistent than between observer thresholds. Scoring using photographs was less variable than scoring using video clips or feet. CONCLUSIONS Latent class modeling is a useful method for exploring components of disagreement within and between observers and this information could be used when developing a scoring system to improve reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Foddai
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sam A Mason
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire England, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bergknut N, Grinwis G, Pickee E, Auriemma E, Lagerstedt AS, Hagman R, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Reliability of macroscopic grading of intervertebral disk degeneration in dogs by use of the Thompson system and comparison with low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:899-904. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|