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Kirkwood NC, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ. Prospective Case Series of Clinical Signs and Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) Concentrations in Seven Horses Transitioning to Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100572. [PMID: 36288186 PMCID: PMC9607114 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common disease of the geriatric horse population. The most common clinical sign of PPID is hypertrichosis, or a long hair-coat with delayed shedding. Hypertrichosis is the most easily recognized clinical sign of PPID. However, the presence of hypertrichosis is often associated with severe end-stage disease. There is little research investigating sub-clinical or early PPID and the clinical signs associated with these stages of disease. The benefit of being able to recognize early PPID, is that we are able to begin treatment earlier on in disease process, potentially reducing the deleterious consequences of PPID and improving survival. Laboratory tests are available to more accurately diagnose PPID, and these tests include the basal ACTH and TRH-stimulated ACTH tests. Basal ACTH is easy to perform and is recommended in cases where clinical disease is suspected. The TRH-stimulation test improves diagnostic accuracy in early PPID cases. This study documents both test results and clinical signs associated with the transition from subclinical to clinical PPID, so that we are better able to recognize potential early PPID, as well as interpret results in these horses. Abstract Poor recognition of subtle clinical abnormalities and equivocal ACTH concentrations make early diagnosis of PPID difficult. Progressive clinical findings and corresponding ACTH concentrations in horses transitioning to PPID over time have not been documented. Seven horses with ACTH concentrations equivocal for PPID (utilizing locally derived, seasonally adjusted diagnostic-cut off values (DCOV)) and no clinical signs of PPID were selected. Sequential measurement of basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated ACTH concentrations and recording of clinical findings occurred from October 2017 to November 2021 in a prospective case series. In two horses, marked hypertrichosis developed. Although 1/11 basal ACTH concentrations were below DCOV in 2018, subsequently all basal ACTH concentrations in these two horses without treatment were greater than DCOV. One horse was treated with pergolide which normalized basal ACTH concentrations. Four horses developed intermittent, mild hypertrichosis, and one horse never developed hypertrichosis. Basal ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 63/133 (47.4%) of testing points. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations in these five horses were greater than DCOV in 77/133 (57.9%) of testing points, sometimes markedly increased and greater than the assay upper limit of detection (LoD) of 1250pg/mL. TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations were most frequently positive in late summer and early autumn, with 24/37 (64.9%) of TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations greater than the DCOV in February and March. Horses transitioning to PPID can have subtle clinical signs and equivocal ACTH concentrations. However, TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations can be markedly greater than DCOV, especially in late summer and early autumn (February and March) allowing for identification of subclinical and transitional cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Kirkwood
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Kristopher J. Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Allison J. Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-754-601-799
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Camacho-Luna P, Alling C, Boykin K, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:489-496. [PMID: 32012425 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are popular pets and can be affected by a range of ocular disorders. Our objective was to report ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos and to establish reference ranges for commonly performed ocular diagnostic tests. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six healthy male geckos aged 1 year old (n = 4) and >2 years old (n = 22). PROCEDURES All animals underwent ophthalmic examination, corneal esthesiometry, modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), rebound tonometry, conjunctival bacterial aerobic and fungal culture, and measurement of ocular dimensions. Student's t test was used to compare values of corneal esthesiometry, tonometry and mSTT between groups. Multiple correlations were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS All animals had a normal ocular examination. Tear production as measured with a mSTT (mean ± SD) technique was 3.1 ± 1.3 mm/min and tonometry values (mean ± SD) were 8.2 ± 1.7 mm Hg. Corneal touch threshold (median, range) was 4.4 cm, 2.5-5.0. Younger animals had a significantly increased corneal sensitivity compared to older animals (P = .0383). Results of culture showed no growth for fungal organism in any animals. Conjunctival bacterial isolation rates were low, with only 7/26 samples positive for nine bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS Leopard geckos are amenable to ophthalmic examination and ocular diagnostic database testing with minimal manual restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kimberly Boykin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Leonardi F, Costa G, Dubau M, Sabbioni A, Simonazzi B, Angelone M. Effects of intravenous romifidine, detomidine, detomidine combined with butorphanol, and xylazine on tear production in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - G.L. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Messina Italy
| | - M. Dubau
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - A. Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - B. Simonazzi
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
| | - M. Angelone
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Italy
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Best LJ, Alexiades V, Hendrix DVH, Chen T, Ward DA. Blink patterns and kinematics of eyelid motion in ophthalmologically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:650-657. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Telle MR, Chen N, Shinsako D, Kiland JA, Oikawa K, Møller Trane R, McLellan GJ. Relationship between corneal sensitivity, corneal thickness, corneal diameter, and intraocular pressure in normal cats and cats with congenital glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29517120 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of feline congenital glaucoma (FCG) on corneal sensitivity, and relationships between corneal sensitivity, central corneal thickness (CT), and corneal diameter (CD). ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Corneal sensitivity (estimated by corneal touch threshold [CTT] using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry); CT using ultrasonic pachymetry; intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry; and maximal horizontal CD were measured in 16 normal and 14 FCG cats, both males and females, aged 7 months-3.5 years. All procedures complied with an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved protocol. Data were analyzed by linear regression: paired Student's t tests for between-eye comparisons, and unpaired Student's t tests for comparisons between groups. Relationships between parameters were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients and linear mixed effects modeling. For statistical tests, with the exception of values that were Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted for multiple comparisons, P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Mean CTT and CT values were lower in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, but differences were not statistically significant. Mean CD was significantly larger in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, and there was a significant negative correlation between CD and CTT in FCG (r = -0.8564, corrected P = 0.005). These associations were confirmed in linear mixed effects models. CONCLUSIONS Eyes with FCG have significantly larger CDs when compared with normal eyes, and larger CDs correlated with decreased corneal sensitivity in this group. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of buphthalmos and corneal enlargement on corneal sensitivity and innervation in feline subjects with chronic glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Telle
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Shinsako
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuya Oikawa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph Møller Trane
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Wotman KL, Johnson AL. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:563-582. [PMID: 29103562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systemic diseases have ocular manifestations. In some cases, ocular abnormalities are the most obvious or first recognized sign of disease that prompts veterinary evaluation. In other cases, the systemic disease leads to secondary ocular changes that might lead to loss of vision or globe if not addressed. Therefore, recognition of ocular abnormalities that might result from systemic diseases is an essential skill for the equine practitioner. This article provides practitioners with information regarding the most common systemic diseases of horses in North America that have ocular manifestations, organized by ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wotman
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Gordon E, Sandquist C, Cebra CK, Heidel J, Poulsen K, Schlipf JW. Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:218-223. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Christy Sandquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Christopher K. Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
| | - Jerry Heidel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Department of Medical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine and Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | - John W. Schlipf
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; 158 Magruder Hall Corvallis OR USA
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Knickelbein KE, Scherrer NM, Lassaline M. Corneal sensitivity and tear production in 108 horses with ocular disease. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:76-81. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Knickelbein
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Nicole M. Scherrer
- New Bolton Center; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - Mary Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Hart KA, Kitchings KM, Kimura S, Norton NA, Myrna KE. Measurement of cortisol concentration in the tears of horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1236-1244. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Ocular abnormalities are a common finding in aged horses. Although these seldom cause overt visual deficits detected by their owners, they can be a source of chronic or acute discomfort so early detection, and treatment when available, is essential. Some of these abnormalities are specific to old horses, whereas others are a result of ongoing disease or inflammation that started earlier in life but that becomes more evident when the damage sustained to the eye is advanced. If vision is significantly affected, consideration of human safety and animal welfare is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Berryhill EH, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Reilly CM, Good KL, Hollingsworth SR, Maggs DJ, Magdesian KG, Pusterla N. Comparison of corneal degeneration and calcific band keratopathy from 2000 to 2013 in 69 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:16-26. [PMID: 26773714 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare signalment, presentation, treatment, and outcome in horses diagnosed with corneal degeneration (CD) or calcific band keratopathy (CBK) at a referral hospital. ANIMALS STUDIED Sixty-nine horses (87 eyes) diagnosed with either CD or CBK. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with CD or CBK at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) between 2000 and 2013 were reviewed. Signalment, concurrent ophthalmic diagnoses, previous therapies, diagnostic tests, systemic diagnoses, treatment, follow-up, and outcomes were compared between horses diagnosed with CD or CBK. Age, breed, and gender were compared between the CD/CBK and UCD-VMTH populations. RESULTS Thirty-three horses (42 eyes) and 36 horses (45 eyes) were diagnosed with CD and CBK, respectively. Horses with CD or CBK were significantly older (P < 0.001) than the UCD-VMTH population with a median age of 16 or 18 years, respectively. Appaloosas were significantly overrepresented in the CD/CBK population (33%) in comparison with the UCD-VMTH population (1.8%, P < 0.001). Equine recurrent uveitis was concurrently diagnosed in 67% and 84% of horses with CD or CBK, respectively. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) was diagnosed significantly less often in horses with CD vs. CBK (P = 0.03). Chemical chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was performed significantly less frequently in horses diagnosed with CD (7.1%) vs. CBK (31.1% of eyes) (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Despite some differences, equine CD and CBK are relatively similar conditions and may represent a continuum of disease severity. Horses with PPID should be monitored closely for corneal disease including CBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Berryhill
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Abstract
Dry eye (DE) is a prevalent ocular disease that primarily affects the elderly. Affecting up to 30% of adults aged 50 years and older, DE affects both visual function and quality of life. Symptoms of DE, including ocular pain (aching, burning), visual disturbances, and tearing, can be addressed with therapeutic agents that target dysfunction of the meibomian glands, lacrimal glands, goblet cells, ocular surface, and/or neural network. This review provides an overview of the efficacy, use, and limitations of current therapeutic interventions being used to treat DE.
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Miller MA, Moore GE, Bertin FR, Kritchevsky JE. What's New in Old Horses? Postmortem Diagnoses in Mature and Aged Equids. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:390-8. [PMID: 26459516 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815608674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem findings in 241 equids admitted to a teaching hospital that were at least 15 years old at autopsy were reviewed (1) to determine disease prevalence, (2) to compare the cause of death (or euthanasia) in equids 15 to 19 years of age (n = 116) with that in equids ≥20 years of age (n = 125), and (3) to catalog coexisting lesions in equids with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Breed and sex were evenly distributed between the age groups. Death or euthanasia was attributed to disease of the digestive system (41.5%), pituitary gland (12.9%), locomotor system (10.0%), nervous system (7.9%), cardiovascular system (4.6%), urinary system (4.6%), reproductive system (4.2%), respiratory system (4.2%), integumentary system (4.2%), lymphoid system (2.5%), liver (2.5%), or systemic neoplasia (1.2%). Nervous system disease was more common in the 15- to 19-year group; urinary tract disease was more common in the ≥20-year group. Neoplastic disease, regardless of systemic location, was the basis for death or euthanasia in 18.7% of all equids. Squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were the most common malignant neoplasms. PPID was the most common specific diagnosis, based on the postmortem presence of hyperplasia or adenoma, and was the reason for euthanasia in 47.7% of 65 equids with PPID. The most common nonpituitary causes for death or euthanasia in equids with PPID were colic, lameness, cancer, and spinal cord disease. Coexisting conditions in equids with PPID that were not considered the basis for euthanasia included neoplasms, infections, lameness, and recurrent airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - G E Moore
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - F R Bertin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - J E Kritchevsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Giudici V, Baeza S, Douet JY, Regnier A. Corneal anesthesia following application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution to normal feline eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giudici
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; INP-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - Sophia Baeza
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; INP-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - Jean-Yves Douet
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; INP-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - Alain Regnier
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; INP-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire; 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3 France
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Lassaline-Utter M, Cutler TJ, Michau TM, Nunnery CM. Treatment of nonhealing corneal ulcers in 60 horses with diamond burr debridement (2010-2013). Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17 Suppl 1:76-81. [PMID: 24506287 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the signalment, clinical characteristics, and outcome of horses with nonhealing corneal ulcers treated with diamond burr debridement (DBD); and to evaluate the role of ulcer duration, size and location, and bandage contact lens (BCL) placement on healing. ANIMALS From January 2012-April 2013, 60 horses were diagnosed with ulcers classified as nonhealing based on the presence of raised epithelial margins and duration of at least 7 days. PROCEDURE Retrospective record review. RESULTS Average age of included horses was 14.68 years, SD 8.17 years. There were three times as many males (45) as females (15), (χ12 = 15, P = 0.001). Forty-eight horses (80%) had nonhealing ulcers uncomplicated by associated corneal disease. In the remaining horses, associated corneal disease included esinophilic keratitis (10%), calcific band keratopathy (5%), endothelial decompensation (1.67%), habronemiasis(1.67%), and lid suture abrasion (1.67%). Average corneal ulcer duration prior to diamond burr debridement (DBD) was 29.0 days (n = 56). Ulcers occurred most commonly in the axial cornea (41%). Fifty-five of 60 horses (92%) healed with DBD. Healing time, defined as time to epithelialization following DBD, averaged 15.5 days, SD 9.32 days, and was not correlated with patient age or ulcer duration, location, or size prior to or following DBD. Healing time was significantly longer for eyes in which a BCL had been placed (n = 28, 19.0 days) than for eyes without a BCL (n = 32, 12.9 days), F(1,58) = 5.543, P = 0.02. DBD was considered a failure for five horses (8%). CONCLUSIONS DBD may be an effective treatment for nonhealing corneal ulcers in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lassaline-Utter
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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