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Lee-Fowler T, Clark-Price S, Lascola K. Detection of canine obstructive nasal disease using infrared thermography: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291440. [PMID: 37699012 PMCID: PMC10497125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography detects variations in heat signature and is utilized in other species to non-invasively identify respiratory disease. This study aimed to determine if infrared thermography could be used to detect nasal disease in dogs. Eight dogs presenting for nasal disease (ND group) and ten healthy control dogs (C group) were enrolled. Dorsal and rostral images of the nose were acquired using a Fluke TiX580 60Hz thermal imaging camera. Images were analyzed using the accompanying software. Regions of interest were defined over the right and left nasal passages to determine the maximum (max), average (avg), and minimum (min) temperatures. Temperatures were compared between ND and C groups, and correlation to disease state (ND or C) was evaluated. Temperature differences and imaging patterns were subjectively compared with diagnosis based on computed tomography (CT) and histopathology. The ND group consisted of 5 spayed females and 3 neutered males. Clinical sings included unilateral epistaxis (n = 4); bilateral serous discharge and sneezing (n = 1); bilateral mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis, and sneezing (n = 1); unilateral mucoid discharge, epistaxis and sneezing (n = 1); and sneezing and unilateral epistaxis (n = 1). Temperatures were significantly different between ND and C groups on dorsal (max p = <0.001, avg p = 0.001, min p = <0.001) and rostral (max p = <0.001, avg p = <0.001, min p = 0.005) images. Temperature positively correlated to disease status (ND vs C group) in both dorsal and rostral images. Subjective analysis of images allowed correct identification of abnormal or normal 27/36 times. Obstructive nasal disease results in a local temperature increase in the affected nasal passage that can be non-invasively detected by infrared thermography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekla Lee-Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Stuart Clark-Price
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Kara Lascola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
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2
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Holanda AGA, Cortez DEA, Queiroz GFD, Matera JM. Applicability of thermography for cancer diagnosis in small animals. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103561. [PMID: 37344014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical thermography is an imaging test used to monitor skin surface temperature. Although it is not a recent technique, significant advances have been made since the 2000s with the equipment modernization, leading to its popularization. In cancer diagnosis, the application of thermography is supported by the difference in thermal distribution between neoplastic processes and adjacent healthy tissue. The mechanisms involved in heat production by cancer cells include neoangiogenesis, increased metabolic rate, vasodilation, and the release of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory substances. Currently, thermography has been widely studied in humans as a screening tool for skin and breast cancer, with positive results. In veterinary medicine, the technique has shown promise and has been described for skin and soft tissue tumors in felines, mammary gland tumors, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumors, and perianal tumors in dogs. This review discusses the fundamentals of the technique, monitoring conditions, and the role of thermography as a complementary diagnostic tool for cancer in veterinary medicine, as well as future perspectives for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mota-Rojas D. Relation between the Dam's Weight on Superficial Temperature of Her Puppies at Different Stages of the Post-Partum. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120673. [PMID: 36548834 PMCID: PMC9781765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of newborns is an essential parameter that can be recorded to evaluate neonatal care. Knowing the thermal windows to evaluate and maintain a constant temperature helps significantly reduce neonatal mortality. This study aimed to assess the superficial temperature alterations in the distinct thermal windows of puppies with mothers of diverse weights and their repercussions. We evaluated the superficial temperature using infrared thermography at eight thermal windows and seven different times: when wet due to the fetal fluid immediately after birth until 24 h of life in newborn puppies from bitches divided into four bodyweight groups. The results revealed a positive correlation between the dam's weight and the ability to achieve thermostability in the newborn puppies in all the evaluated thermal windows. The time effect showed the lowest temperatures when the puppies were still wet, a gradual increase, and the highest temperature at 24 h after birth. The thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal, thoracic, nasal, and upper left palpebral, and those with the lowest were the thoracic limb brachial biceps, thoracic limb elbow, metacarpal, and femoral pelvic limb. A significant increase in the temperatures in the thermal windows of the abdominal, thoracic, and upper left palpebral immediately after ingesting colostrum was observed. The weight of the dams is an important factor that positively intervenes in the thermoregulatory capacity of the puppies, especially when newborns are dry and have been passed 24 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences (Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Jiménez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Thermal and Circulatory Changes in Diverse Body Regions in Dogs and Cats Evaluated by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060789. [PMID: 35327185 PMCID: PMC8944468 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been proposed as a method for clinical research to detect local inflammatory processes, wounds, neoplasms, pain, and neuropathies. However, evidence of the effectiveness of the thermal windows used in dogs and cats is discrepant. This review aims to analyze and discuss the usefulness of IRT in diverse body regions in household animals (pets) related to recent scientific evidence on the use of the facial, body, and appendicular thermal windows. IRT is a diagnostic method that evaluates thermal and circulatory changes under different clinical conditions. For the face, structures such as the lacrimal caruncle, ocular area, and pinna are sensitive to assessments of stress degrees, but only the ocular window has been validated in felines. The usefulness of body and appendicular thermal windows has not been conclusively demonstrated because evidence indicates that biological and environmental factors may strongly influence thermal responses in those body regions. The above has led to proposals to evaluate specific muscles that receive high circulation, such as the bicepsfemoris and gracilis. The neck area, perivulvar, and perianal regions may also prove to be useful thermal windows, but their degree of statistical reliability must be established. In conclusion, IRT is a non-invasive technique that can be used to diagnose inflammatory and neoplastic conditions early. However, additional research is required to establish the sensitivity and specificity of these thermal windows and validate their clinical use in dogs and cats.
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Tekin K, İnanç ME, Özen D, Cil B, Olğaç KT, Yılmaz B, Taşdemir U, Tuncer PB, Büyükleblebici S, Daşkın A, Uysal O, Stelletta C. Use of Infrared Thermography during Ejaculation Process and Its Link with Semen Quality and Freezability in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113023. [PMID: 34827755 PMCID: PMC8614508 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Scientific attention to infrared technology has grown over the last decade. Remote and non-invasive monitoring techniques are of great importance in discovering ejaculation response and future trends because of their role in vascular flux regulation. However, detailed information about its use in andrology has yet to be fully explained. Therefore, we aimed to reveal information about the amount of sperm to be obtained by observing stress levels with non-invasive eye temperature measurement, and the relationship between various reproductive temperature patterns and parameters of the animal’s various physiological conditions such as age, body condition, total ejaculation time and testicular volume. Abstract This study aimed to describe the thermal variation of external reproductive tracts during ejaculation in relation to sperm quality in dogs. Forty-six adult fertile dogs were monitored using a thermal camera before, during and after the semen collection, taking into account penile and scrotal temperatures as reproductive thermal patterns while eye and perianal temperatures were recorded as complementary thermal patterns of behavioral response. The parameters were classified depending on age (≤4 years and >4 years), body weight (BW) (≤75 kg and >75 kg), sperm concentration (CON) (≤300 million and >300 million), total testicular volume (TTV) (≤600 cm3 and >600 cm3) and total ejaculation time (TET) (≤800 s and >800 s) of the animals from which semen was collected successfully. Heavier males (p < 0.05) that have more consistent testicles (p < 0.01) as well as quicker ejaculate responders (p < 0.001) and lower scrotal temperature had better semen (Δ motility) freezability. The lower eye temperature prior to the ejaculation (p < 0.01), lower scrotal temperature following ejaculation (p < 0.01), and conversely, higher penile temperature during the ejaculation (p < 0.001) had a higher sperm concentration. Furthermore, the sperm freezability was negatively correlated with total ejaculation time (r = −0.39, p < 0.05) and sperm abnormalities were lower in the ejaculate of dogs having a higher temperature of the scrotum, bulbus and penis. In conclusion, infrared monitoring throughout semen collection in dogs can provide information on behavioral reactions during human manipulation, as well as semen quality and testicular functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Tekin
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Muhammed Enes İnanç
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey;
| | - Doğukan Özen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey;
| | - Beste Cil
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Kemal Tuna Olğaç
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Burak Yılmaz
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Umut Taşdemir
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Turkey;
| | - Pürhan Barbaros Tuncer
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; (P.B.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Serhat Büyükleblebici
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; (P.B.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Ali Daşkın
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Ongun Uysal
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Calogero Stelletta
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Larkin M, Loughin C, Marino D, Dewey C, Umbaugh S, Sackman J. Medical infrared thermal imaging of syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:137. [PMID: 32410627 PMCID: PMC7227106 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a non-invasive imaging modality gaining popularity in the veterinary field. An infrared camera captures emission of heat and creates a color map in the form of a thermogram. Topical heat emission is influenced by localized disease processes as a result of autonomic nervous system imbalance. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of using thermography to identify changes in thermographic patterns associated with syringomyelia (SM) presence or absence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with Chiari-like Malformation (CLM). Results In CKCS with CLM, MITI was most accurate at a texture distance of 6. Optimizing imaging feature sets produced a highest accuracy of 69.9% (95% CI: 59.5–79.0%), with 81.3% sensitivity and 57.8% specificity for identifying the presence of syringomyelia. Conclusion Thermographic image analysis is a successful non-invasive, diagnostic test that can be used to screen for syringomyelia presence in a CKCS with CLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Larkin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - C Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA.,The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - D Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA. .,The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA.
| | - C Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Box 33, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - S Umbaugh
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62062, USA
| | - J Sackman
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
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Repac J, Alvarez LX, Lamb K, Gillette RL. Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking-A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:224. [PMID: 32426382 PMCID: PMC7203338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate changes in superficial temperature of hindlimb muscles before and after a 6-min walk in healthy dogs. Methods: Two infrared thermographic images were captured of the proximal and distal hindlimbs of 11 healthy dogs before and after a 6-min walk. Orthopedic exam and objective gait analysis confirmed the healthy status of study subjects. Superficial temperatures of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and gracilis were assessed. Analysis of images was performed using 2 different methods of region of interest (ROI) selection. ROI were selected first using one point (single pixel) in the muscle and then separately by selecting a line (LN) corresponding to many points of each muscle belly from which an average was taken. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant change in temperature using point ROI before and after 6 min of walking of the gastrocnemius, gracilis, and biceps femoris muscles (p = 0.273, p = 0.349, p = 0.351, respectively). Using linear ROI, both biceps femoris and gracilis muscles exhibited significant increases in temperature (p < 0.0001, p = 0.032, respectively). There was no significant increase in temperature of gastrocnemius muscle for both point and linear ROI selection (p = 0.273, p = 0.448, respectively). The right biceps femoris temperatures were higher compared to left biceps femoris using the linear ROI before and after walks (p < 0.0001). The overall (left and right limbs pooled) standard deviation of point selected values were greater than LN selected values of the biceps femoris (1.35 and 1.11) and gastrocnemius (1.51 and 1.23). In contrast, standard deviation for the gracilis measurements were decreased using point selection vs. LN selection (1.09 and 1.3). Conclusions: The biceps femoris and gracilis muscles demonstrated significant increases in surface temperature after 6 min of walking using the linear method of ROI. Measurement of numerous points along the entire length of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles may provide a more accurate assessment of the increased vascularity within the tissues resulting from work compared to single point selection. Clinical Significance: Prior activity and ROI selection method should be considered when interpreting thermography results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Repac
- The Animal Medical Center, Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine Department, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leilani X Alvarez
- The Animal Medical Center, Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine Department, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ken Lamb
- Lamb Statistical Consulting and Scientific Writing LLC, West Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Robert L Gillette
- Sportsvet Veterinary Consulting Services, Lancaster, SC, United States
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Sung J, Loughin C, Marino D, Leyva F, Dewey C, Umbaugh S, Lesser M. Medical infrared thermal imaging of canine appendicular bone neoplasia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:430. [PMID: 31796069 PMCID: PMC6889724 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a noninvasive imaging modality used in veterinary medicine as a screening tool for musculoskeletal and neurological disease processes. An infrared camera measures the surface body heat and produces a color map that represents the heat distribution. Local trauma or disease can impair the autonomic nervous system, which leads to changes in the local dermal microcirculation and subsequent alteration of surface body heat. Disruption of autonomic flow to the cutaneous vasculature at deeper levels can also result in asymmetric thermographic results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface temperature differences between limbs affected by bone neoplasia and their normal contralateral limbs. Results A statistically significant difference in average temperature was noted between regions of interest of the two groups (paired difference: 0.53 C° ± 0.14; P = 0.0005). In addition, pattern recognition analysis yielded a 75–100% success rate in lesion identification. Conclusions Significant alterations noted with average temperature and thermographic patterns indicate that MITI can document discernible changes associated with the presence of canine appendicular bone tumors. While MITI cannot be used as the sole diagnostic tool for bone cancer, it can be used as a screening modality and may be applicable in early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sung
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - C Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - D Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA.
| | - F Leyva
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - C Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Box 33, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - S Umbaugh
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62062, USA
| | - M Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
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Garcia EFV, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Sackman J, Umbaugh SE, Fu J, Subedi S, Lesser ML, Akerman M, Schossler JEW. Medical infrared imaging and orthostatic analysis to determine lameness in the pelvic limbs of dogs. Open Vet J 2017; 7:342-348. [PMID: 29296594 PMCID: PMC5738888 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle lameness makes it difficult to ascertain which is the affected limb. A study was conducted to investigate a change in the thermal pattern and temperature of the thermal image of the paw print in a lame pelvic limb compared to a non-lame pelvic limb of dogs confirmed by orthostatic analysis. Fourteen client owned dogs with a unilateral pelvic limb lameness and 14 healthy employee dogs were examined and the pelvic limbs radiographed. Thermal images of the paw print were taken after each dog was kept in a static position on a foam mat for 30 seconds. Average temperatures and thermographic patterns were analyzed. Analysis was performed in a static position. The asymmetry index for each stance variable and optimal cutoff point for the peak vertical force and thermal image temperatures were calculated. Image pattern analysis revealed 88% success in differentiating the lame group, and 100% in identifying the same thermal pattern in the healthy group. The mean of the peak vertical force revealed a 10.0% difference between the left and right pelvic limb in healthy dogs and a 72.4% between the lame and non-lame limb in the lame dog group. Asymmetry index analysis revealed 5% in the healthy group and 36.2% in the lame group. The optimal cutoff point for the peak vertical force to determine lameness was 41.77% (AUC = 0.93) and for MII 0.943% (AUC = 0.72). The results of this study highlight the change in the thermal pattern of the paw print in the lame pelvic limb compared to a non-lame pelvic limb in the lame group and the healthy group. Medical infrared imaging of the paw prints can be utilized to screen for the lame limb in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernanda V Garcia
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Catherine A Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Dominic J Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Joseph Sackman
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Scott E Umbaugh
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Jiyuan Fu
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Samrut Subedi
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Martin L Lesser
- North Shore - LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Meredith Akerman
- North Shore - LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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