1
|
Osada H, Nagashima-Fukui M, Okazawa T, Omura M, Makimura K, Ohmori K. Case report: First isolation of Exophiala dermatitidis from subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a cat. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1259115. [PMID: 37789870 PMCID: PMC10543274 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1259115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis, which is caused by the opportunistic black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis, has been reported in humans and dogs. However, no previous studies describing E. dermatitidis infections in cats have been published. Herein, we report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. dermatitidis. A 12-year-old, castrated male Japanese domestic short-haired cat presented with a solitary subcutaneous abscess on the left side of the neck, where an esophageal tube for force-feeding had been placed previously. The cat was diagnosed with hepatitis and was treated with prednisolone. The subcutaneous abscess was incised using a scalpel blade and the pus was excreted. The cytology of the pus revealed hyphae with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. Although the cat was treated with oral itraconazole or an infusion of topical ketoconazole cream applied to the lesion, it died. The fungal culture of the pus specimen developed dark-green, waxy, smooth, yeast-like colonies. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1-4 regions of the ribosomal DNA of the pus specimen showed 100% identity with that of the standard strains of E. dermatitidis. Based on these results, the cat was diagnosed with subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. dermatitidis. The antifungal susceptibility test revealed that the fungus showed low or moderate susceptibility to the antifungal drugs examined, except for amphotericin B, which exhibited high in vitro antifungal activity. This is the first case report to provide definitive evidence of E. dermatitidis infection in cats and antifungal susceptibility test results against clinically isolated E. dermatitidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Osada
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Nagashima-Fukui
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Okazawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Omura
- School of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
- Mycolabo Co., Ltd, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barrantes Murillo DF, Anderson S, Capobianco C, Lewbart GA, Wiederhold NP, Cañete-Gibas CF, Negrão Watanabe TT. Systemic Exophiala equina infection in an Eastern box turtle ( Terrapene carolina carolina): a case report and literature review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158393. [PMID: 37252397 PMCID: PMC10213272 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by melanized fungi. This disease has been reported in several animal species including invertebrates, cold-blooded vertebrates, mammals, and humans. Melanized fungi have similar phenotypical features and confirmation requires culture and molecular diagnostics. To exemplify this we present a case of a 333 g adult of unknown age, free-ranging, male Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) that was referred to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University for evaluation of multilobulated masses occupying the entire left orbit and at the right forelimb on the plantarolateral aspect of the foot. A fine needle aspirate cytologic examination of the mass on the right forelimb revealed large numbers of inflammatory cells and fungal organisms. Histopathology of the skin biopsies from the right forefoot was consistent with phaeohyphomycosis. A course of antifungal medication was started (Fluconazole 21 mg/kg loading dose IV then 5 mg/kg PO SID q 30 days). Due to concern for the patient's quality of life and the lack of a curative treatment plan, humane euthanasia was elected. Gross and histological postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple coelomic masses similar in appearance to those observed in the left orbit and right forefoot indicating disseminated phaeohyphomycosis. A swab of the periocular mass was submitted for fungal culture and phenotypic identification. The isolate was later identified as Exophiala equina through a combination of phenotypic characterization and sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Exophiala is a genus in the family Herpotrichiellaceae, order Chaetothyriales and is considered an opportunistic "black yeast" causing infection in aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals including humans. Exophiala equina is infrequently reported in animals, with only three cases in the literature including the herein report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Anderson
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Christian Capobianco
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gregory A. Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nathan P. Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Connie F. Cañete-Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Antech Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dehghanpir SD. Cytomorphology of Deep Mycoses in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:155-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Daly JA, Hubka V, Kubátová A, Gimeno M, Barrs VR. Feline disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala spinifera. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019; 27:32-35. [PMID: 31908910 PMCID: PMC6938812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented for a subcutaneous digital nodular lesion on the right forelimb. On physical examination a similar lesion was identified on the right hindlimb. Disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis was diagnosed from histopathological changes in representative tissue biopsies and fungal culture. The isolate was identified by sequencing of ITS rDNA as Exophiala spinifera. This is the first report of disseminated cutaneous disease caused by E. spinifera in the cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Daly
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, V. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Gimeno
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neck S, Jurgens B, Peters L, Ankringa N. Exophiala phaeomuriformis
associated with abortion and placentitis in a mare. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Neck
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke Ankringa
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bentley RT, Taylor AR, Thomovsky SA. Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System in Small Animals: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 48:63-83. [PMID: 28988704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small animal mycoses vary geographically. Different clinical presentations are seen in animals with infection of the central nervous system (CNS), including multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis, intracranial lesions that accompany sinonasal lesions, rapidly progressive ventriculitis, or solitary granuloma of the brain or spinal cord. Systemic, nasal, or extraneural clinical signs are common but, especially in granuloma cases, do not always occur. Surgery may have a diagnostic and therapeutic role in CNS granuloma. There have been recent advancements in serology. Fluconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole cross the blood-brain barrier, but voriconazole is neurotoxic to cats. Liposomal and lipid-encapsulated formulations of amphotericin B are preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lynn Hall, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Amanda R Taylor
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Greene Hall, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stephanie A Thomovsky
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Lynn Hall, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Russell EB, Gunew MN, Dennis MM, Halliday CL. Cerebral pyogranulomatous encephalitis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a 15-week-old domestic shorthair kitten. JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916677935. [PMID: 28491444 PMCID: PMC5359796 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916677935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana is described in a 15-week-old domestic shorthair kitten. Relevance and novel information Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is a rare condition in cats caused by dematiaceous fungi. This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings in the youngest case documented in a feline, provides a brief review of aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis and demonstrates the importance of molecular diagnostics in accurate mycotic species identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle M Dennis
- QML Vetnostics, Brisbane, Australia and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Clinical Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, ICPMR - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Waterborne Exophiala species causing disease in cold-blooded animals. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2011; 27:46-72. [PMID: 22403476 PMCID: PMC3251318 DOI: 10.3767/003158511x614258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of mesophilic waterborne species of the black yeast genus Exophiala (Chaetothyriales) belong to a single clade judging from SSU rDNA data. Most taxa are also found to cause cutaneous or disseminated infections in cold-blooded, water animals, occasionally reaching epidemic proportions. Hosts are mainly fish, frogs, toads, turtles or crabs, all sharing smooth, moist or mucous skins and waterborne or amphibian lifestyles; occasionally superficial infections in humans are noted. Cold-blooded animals with strictly terrestrial life styles, such as reptiles and birds are missing. It is concluded that animals with moist skins, i.e. those being waterborne and those possessing sweat glands, are more susceptible to black yeast infection. Melanin and the ability to assimilate alkylbenzenes are purported general virulence factors. Thermotolerance influences the choice of host. Exophiala species in ocean water mostly have maximum growth temperatures below 30 °C, whereas those able to grow until 33(−36) °C are found in shallow waters and occasionally on humans. Tissue responses vary with the phylogenetic position of the host, the lower animals showing poor granulome formation. Species circumscriptions have been determined by multilocus analyses involving partial ITS, TEF1, BT2 and ACT1.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Nyaoke A, Weber ES, Innis C, Stremme D, Dowd C, Hinckley L, Gorton T, Wickes B, Sutton D, de Hoog S, Frasca S. Disseminated Phaeohyphomycosis in Weedy Seadragons (Phyllopteryx Taeniolatus) and Leafy Seadragons (Phycodurus Eques) Caused by Species of Exophiala, Including a Novel Species. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:69-79. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period from January 2002 to March 2007, infections by melanized fungi were identified with greater frequency in aquarium-maintained leafy seadragons ( Phycodurus eques)and weedy seadragons ( Phyllopteryx taeniolatus), pivotal species to the educational and environmental concerns of the aquarium industry and conservation groups. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathology and identify fungi associated with phaeohyphomycotic lesions in these species. Samples from 14 weedy and 6 leafy seadragons were received from 2 institutions and included fresh, frozen, and formalin-fixed tissues from necropsy and biopsy specimens. Fresh and frozen tissues were cultured for fungi on Sabouraud dextrose agar only or both Sabouraud dextrose agar and inhibitory mold agar with gentamicin and chloramphenicol at 30°C. Isolates were processed for morphologic identification and molecular sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 domains of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Lesions were extensive and consisted of parenchymal and vascular necrosis with fungal invasion of gill (11/20), kidney (14/20), and other coelomic viscera with or without cutaneous ulceration (13/20). Exophiala sp. isolates were obtained from 4 weedy and 3 leafy seadragons and were identified to species level in 6 of 7 instances, namely Exophiala angulospora (1) and a novel species of Exophiala (5), based on nucleotide sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis represents an important pathologic condition of both weedy and leafy seadragons for which 2 species of Exophiala,1a novel species, have been isolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinyi Nyaoke
- From the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science
| | - E. Scott Weber
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; New England Aquarium, Boston, MA
| | - Charles Innis
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; New England Aquarium, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Lynn Hinckley
- From the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science
| | | | | | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; and Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands (de Hoog)
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- From the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MAEDA H, SHIBUYA H, YAMAGUCHI Y, MIYOSHI T, IRIE M, SATO T. Feline Digital Phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala jeanselmei. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:1395-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi MAEDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Hisashi SHIBUYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | | | - Tsuneo SATO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Negroni R, Helou SH, Petri N, Robles AM, Arechavala A, Bianchi MH. Case Study: Posaconazole Treatment of Disseminated Phaeohyphomycosis Due toExophiala spinifera. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:e15-20. [PMID: 14727230 DOI: 10.1086/380840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 41-year-old woman with no known immunosuppression experienced a 12-year period of a relapsing phaeohyphomycosis. Despite administration of multiple courses of therapy with standard antifungals, sustained clinical remission was not achieved. A partial response was seen initially with the combination of itraconazole and flucytosine therapy, but the patient did not respond to subsequent treatment. During the patient's pregnancy, the mycosis became disseminated, with lymphadenopathy and fever, and was considered life threatening. Despite receipt of parenteral amphotericin B therapy, the patient did not show a clinical response. After premature delivery by cesarean section, treatment with oral posaconazole suspension (800 mg/day) was started. The patient's condition improved within 1 week after initiating treatment; therapy was continued for 13 months. During posaconazole treatment, the patient showed a complete clinical response, with negative results of fungal cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Negroni
- Mycology Unit, Francisco Javier Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
FNA of renal tissue is a rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tool that can be optimized by a thorough understanding of renal diseases, anatomy, and the ultrasonographic appearance of lesions likely to exfoliate for cytology. Signalment, history, and ancillary laboratory tests can narrow the list of differential diagnoses and help to determine whether cytologic evaluation will be sufficient or whether tissue architecture is needed for a definitive diagnosis. Renal cytology is particularly useful for the diagnosis of inflammation and neoplasia, including abscesses, FIP, mycotic infections, lymphoma, carcinoma, and metastatic neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|