1
|
Solari FP, Case JB, Vilaplana Grosso FR, Culp WTN. Outcome of dogs diagnosed with concurrent intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and vertebral lesions: six cases (2016-2022). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:589-595. [PMID: 38549257 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical outcome of dogs diagnosed with concurrent discospondylitis/vertebral physitis and congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from two academic institutions were searched for dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis and/or vertebral physitis, and a concurrent intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Dogs were excluded if they did not undergo attenuation of their shunt, did not have a single congenital intrahepatic shunt and did not have at least 90 days of follow-up. RESULTS Six dogs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Discospondylitis alone was diagnosed in four dogs, vertebral physitis alone in one dog and both discospondylitis and vertebral physitis in one dog. Three dogs had a right divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and three dogs had a left divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Median duration of antimicrobial therapy was 112 days (range 14 to 240 days). Clinical resolution of discospondylitis and vertebral physitis was noted in all dogs. Endovascular attenuation was performed in all dogs a median of 82 days after presentation (range 1 to 317 days). No perioperative or postoperative complications occurred. All dogs were alive at the last available follow-up a median of 513 days after presentation (range 224 to 1504 days) and free of clinical signs associated with discospondylitis or vertebral physitis, as well as their portosystemic shunt. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts may concurrently develop discospondylitis and vertebral physitis. With antimicrobial therapy and endovascular embolisation of their portosystemic shunt, all dogs in this study had a good outcome with clinical resolution of both disease processes. However, long-term follow-up was not obtained in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F P Solari
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J B Case
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - F R Vilaplana Grosso
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - W T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spies K, Ogden J, Sterman A, Davidson J, Scharf V, Reyes B, Luther JK, Martin L, Kudej R, Stockman T, Gallaher HMJ, Buote NJ, Smith M, Ciepluch B, Amore R, Sherman AH, Wallace ML. Clinical presentation and short-term outcomes of dogs ≥15 kg with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 2024; 53:277-286. [PMID: 37846027 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe demographics, clinical presentation, shunt anatomy, clinical progression, and complications in large dogs ≥15 kg with single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) treated with or without surgery. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter retrospective (10 university hospitals, one private referral institution). ANIMALS Dogs ≥15 kg (n = 63). METHODS Medical records of dogs ≥15 kg diagnosed with EHPSS between January 01, 2005 and December 31, 2020 were reviewed. Dogs had a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Signalment, clinical signs, diagnostics, shunt anatomy, treatment interventions, and perioperative complications were assessed. RESULTS Median age was 21.9 months (IQR: 9-36.8). The breed most represented was the Golden retriever (17/63 dogs). Portocaval (17/63) and splenocaval (15/63) shunt configurations were most common. Portal vein hypoplasia was noted in 18 imaging reports. Of the surgically treated dogs, 14/45 (35.6%) had short-term complications, and 3/45 (6.7%) had shunt-related deaths. Medical management was discontinued in 15/40 and reduced in 9/40 of surviving dogs who had surgical attenuation. All medically managed, nonattenuated dogs (18/18) were maintained on their original shunt-related medication regimens. CONCLUSIONS Clinical presentation of dogs ≥15 kg with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts was similar to the more commonly reported small breed dogs. Surgical management of single EHPSS in large dogs ≥15 kg had similar clinical short-term outcomes as small breed dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should be aware that large breed dogs with EHPSS share similar characteristics and clinical outcomes to small breed dogs. The significance of the presence of a hypoplastic portal vein warrants further research. Surgical treatment is a viable option for large breed dogs with EHPSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Spies
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica Ogden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Allyson Sterman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jackie Davidson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Valery Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bianca Reyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jill Kristine Luther
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Libby Martin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Raymond Kudej
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiffany Stockman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hayley Maloof-Jones Gallaher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole J Buote
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Meghan Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Ciepluch
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Riley Amore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alec H Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tanaka T, Wada Y, Tomihari M, Nishida H, Akiyoshi H. Diameter of the shunt vessel in dogs with incidental extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:815-820. [PMID: 37173857 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical signs of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) depend on the amount of blood shunted. In this study, dogs with EHPSS without noticeable clinical signs including 34 left gastro-phrenic, 3 left gastro-azygos and 2 left spleno-gonadal shunts were evaluated. In dogs with EHPSS without noticeable clinical signs, the median maximum diameter of the shunt vessel was significantly smaller compared to PV (p < 0.005). Whenever the diameter of the EHPSS is small in relation to the diameter of the PV, it seems likely that no obvious clinical signs of EHPSS are observed by the owners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Kinki Animal Medical Training Institute & Veterinary Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Veterinary Medical Center, School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tomihari
- Laboratory of Veterinary Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment, School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Konstantinidis AO, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Patsikas MN, Papazoglou LG. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Treatment, Complications and Prognosis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050346. [PMID: 37235429 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) are a common vascular anomaly of the liver in dogs and cats. Clinical signs of CPSS are non-specific and may wax and wane, while laboratory findings can raise the clinical suspicion for CPSS, but they are also not specific. Definitive diagnosis will be established by evaluation of liver function tests and diagnostic imaging. The aim of this article is to review the management, both medical and surgical, complications, and prognosis of CPSS in dogs and cats. Attenuation of the CPSS is the treatment of choice and may be performed by open surgical intervention using ameroid ring constrictors, thin film banding, and partial or complete suture ligation or by percutaneous transvenous coil embolization. There is no strong evidence to recommend one surgical technique over another. Medical treatment strategies include administration of non-absorbable disaccharides (i.e., lactulose), antibiotics, and dietary changes, and are indicated for pre-surgical stabilization or when surgical intervention is not feasible. After CPSS attenuation, short- and long-term post-surgical complications may be seen, such as post-operative seizures and recurrence of clinical signs, respectively. Prognosis after surgical attenuation of CPSS is generally favorable for dogs and fair for cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros O Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail N Patsikas
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G Papazoglou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Surgery and Obstetrics Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Filipas M, Riggs J, Self I. Intraoperative management of acute portal hypertension during liver lobectomy in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malina Filipas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Julia Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Ian Self
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The effectiveness of intraoperative mesenteric portography for preventing misdiagnosis of congenital absence of the portal vein in dog with extrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a case report. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 5-month-old mixed-breed dog and a 10-month-old Welsh corgi dog were presented for evaluation with signs of congenital portosystemic shunt. In both dogs, computed tomography angiography revealed a single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt with the absence of the portal vein cranial to the shunt origin. Intraoperative mesenteric portography (IOMP) was performed after temporary complete occlusion of the shunt, revealing the portal branches faintly opacified with contrast medium. A cellophane band was applied around the shunt vessel without intraoperative attenuation. Postoperatively, both the dogs showed significant clinical improvement and the portal veins, not observed on preoperative ultrasonography, were visualized on postoperative ultrasonography. This study suggests the efficacy of IOMP, enabling the appropriate surgical procedure to be determined.
Collapse
|
7
|
Favier RP, de Graaf E, Corbee RJ, Kummeling A. Outcome of non-surgical dietary treatment with or without lactulose in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet Q 2021; 40:108-114. [PMID: 32194008 PMCID: PMC7170303 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1745928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) are vascular anomalies, allowing portal blood to bypass the hepatic parenchyma, thereby accumulating toxic substances such as ammonia in the systemic circulation resulting in hepatic encephalopathy. Aim To evaluate the outcome of non-surgically treated dogs with a CPSS. Methods Case records of 78 dogs with a single congenital CPSS confirmed by ultrasound and/or computed tomography between September 2003 and February 2015 were reviewed. Median age at diagnosis of CPSS in dogs was 10.8 months (range 2–133 months). Non-surgical treatment was started as an adjusted diet (a diet restricted in protein) with or without lactulose. Owners were contacted by telephone to determine survival time and presumed cause of death, if applicable. In addition, a questionnaire was used to retrospectively assess quality of life (QoL) and CPSS scores in 37 dogs before and during non-surgical treatment. Differences between Kaplan–Meier curves were tested by a Log rank test. Results Overall estimated median survival time (EMST) was 38.5 months (range 1 day − 91 months; 78 dogs). No significant differences between EMSTs were found between dogs with extra- (n = 48) or intrahepatic (n = 29) shunts, nor between treatment with only an adjusted diet, or an adjusted diet combined with lactulose. During non-surgical treatment, significant improvement in perceived QoL and CPSS scores were found (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that an overall median EMST of 3.2 years was reached and that owners retrospectively perceived that non-surgical treatment resulted in an improved QoL and clinical performance, irrespective of intrahepatic or extrahepatic CPSS location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Kummeling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clinical and laboratory outcome after surgical treatment of single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt using ameroid constrictor in 25 dogs. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202089040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory outcome after the surgical treatment of a single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt using an ameroid constrictor. Patient medical records were reviewed in retrospect. Data on the signalment, clinical signs, preoperative bile acid stimulation test and ammonia concentration were recorded. The surgical treatment success rate was evaluated by mortality in the perioperative and short-term postoperative period and by the long-term clinical outcome. Bile acid stimulation test and ammonia concentration were also analysed 2–3 days, 4–6 weeks, and 6–8 weeks postoperatively. No patient died in the selected periods. The long-term clinical outcome was excellent in 15 out of 20 patients, good in 3 out of 20 patients and poor in 2 out of 20 patients. Preprandial bile acid concentration was elevated in 96.00%, postprandial bile acid concentration in 100.00% and ammonia concentration in 80.95% of patients preoperatively. A significant decrease was found in postprandial bile acid and ammonia 2–3 days postoperatively and in preprandial bile acid 4–6 weeks postoperatively. A significant decrease in liver function parameters in days post operation indicates a rapid restoration of hepatic function. The surgical treatment of a single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt using an ameroid constrictor is a successful method of treatment for this type of portosystemic shunt, with as much as 75.00% of the patients having an excellent long-term clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
9
|
Williams A, Gow A, Kilpatrick S, Tivers M, Lipscomb V, Smith K, Day MO, Jeffery N, Mellanby RJ. Astrocyte lesions in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with congenital ortosystemic shunting. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e44. [PMID: 32476318 PMCID: PMC7263922 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) is one of the most common congenital disorders diagnosed in dogs. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication in dogs with a cPSS and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite HE been a major cause of morbidity in dogs with a cPSS, little is known about the cellular changes that occur in the central nervous system of dogs with a cPSS. Objectives The objective of this study was to characterise the histological changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with cPSS with particular emphasis on astrocyte morphology. Methods Eight dogs with a confirmed cPSS were included in the study. Results Six dogs had substantial numbers of Alzheimer type II astrocytes and all cases had increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the cerebral cortex, even if there were minimal other morphological changes. Conclusions This study demonstrates that dogs with a cPSS have marked cellular changes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The cellular changes that occur in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs with spontaneously arising HE are similar to changes which occur in humans with HE, further validating dogs with a cPSS as a good model for human HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alun Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Kilpatrick
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mickey Tivers
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Lipscomb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, AL97TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, AL97TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Oliver Day
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Richard John Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
M. El-Sebaey A, N. Abramov P, M. Abdelhamid F. Clinical Characteristics, Serum Biochemical Changes, and Expression Profile of Serum Cfa-miRNAs in Dogs Confirmed to Have Congenital Portosystemic Shunts Accompanied by Liver Pathologies. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020035. [PMID: 32218339 PMCID: PMC7356535 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and biochemical parameters cannot specify liver pathologies in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) that are easily determined by invasive histopathology. This study aims to assess the possibility of using circulating serum canine familiaris (cfa) microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel non-invasive serum-based fingerprints for liver injuries associated with various morphologies of extrahepatic and intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS and IHPSS). Data were obtained from 12 healthy dogs and 84 dogs confirmed to have EHPSS (splenocaval, splenophrenic, splenoazygos, right gastrocaval (RGC), right gastrocaval with caudal loop (RGC-CL)) and IHPSS (right divisional and left divisional) using CTA. Hepatic pathologies were determined by histopathology. Serum expression of miRNAs was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Based on the nature of liver injuries in each shunt type, cfa-miR-122 was significantly upregulated in all CPSS groups. Meanwhile, serums cfa-miR-34a and 21 were not significantly expressed in splenophrenic or splenoazygos groups, but they were extensively upregulated in splenocaval, RGC, RGC-CL groups and less frequently in right or left divisional groups. Also, serum cfa-miR126 was significantly upregulated in both IHPSS groups but less significantly expressed in RGC, RGC-CL, and splenocaval groups. Overall, estimated cfa-miRNAs could serve as novel biomarkers to mirror the histopathological and molecular events within the liver in each shunt type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. El-Sebaey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Diagnostics of Diseases, Therapy, Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named K. I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-966-100-4890
| | - Pavel N. Abramov
- Department of Diagnostics of Diseases, Therapy, Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named K. I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Fatma M. Abdelhamid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Milevoj N, Tozon N, Licen S, Lampreht Tratar U, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Health-related quality of life in dogs treated with electrochemotherapy and/or interleukin-12 gene electrotransfer. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:290-298. [PMID: 31910331 PMCID: PMC7397887 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the owners' perception of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of dogs after treatment with electrochemotherapy (ECT) alone or combined with interleukin‐12 gene electrotransfer (IL‐12 GET) and/or surgery. The owners of 44 dogs with histologically different tumours were offered the »Cancer Treatment Form« at least one month after treatment. The owners assessed their dogs’ quality of life (QoL) after treatment as good (mean 7.4) (from 1–very poor to 10–excellent) and the general health compared with the initial diagnosis of cancer as improving (mean 3.9) (from 1–worse to 5–better). The assessment of the current QoL was better within the group of dogs treated with non‐invasive treatment (ECT and/or IL‐12 GET only), compared with those that received invasive treatment, where, in addition to ECT and/or IL‐12 GET, surgery was performed (p < .05). The owners of dogs that achieved an objective response (OR) to the treatment assessed the QoL as significantly better compared with those whose dogs did not respond to the treatment (p < .05). The majority of the owners (86.4%) would opt for the therapy again, regardless of the financial costs. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the majority of the owners of dogs assessed their dogs’ QoL as good and felt that it improved after the treatment, especially in dogs, treated with non‐invasive treatment and in those that responded to the treatment. This supports further use of ECT and IL‐12 GET as suitable methods for the treatment of selected tumours in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milevoj
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Tozon
- Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Licen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Isola, Slovenia
| | | | - Gregor Sersa
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Isola, Slovenia.,Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Valiente P, Trehy M, White R, Nelissen P, Demetriou J, Stanzani G, de la Puerta B. Complications and outcome of cats with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated with thin film: Thirty-four cases (2008-2017). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:117-124. [PMID: 31742779 PMCID: PMC6979105 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEHPSS) are rare in cats. Outcome after attenuation of CEHPSS with thin film has been described in a small number of cases. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical presentation, postoperative complications, and outcome of cats treated with thin film to attenuate CEHPSS. ANIMALS Thirty-four cats with CEHPSS were identified from the database of 3 institutions over 9 years. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed to identify cats with a diagnosis of a CEHPSS that underwent surgical attenuation. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts were suspected from clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, and diagnostic imaging, and confirmed at exploratory laparotomy. Cats treated with thin film band attenuation were included. Postoperative complications and follow-up were recorded. RESULTS Complications were recorded in 11 of 34 cats. Deaths related to CEHPSS occurred in 6 of 34; 4 cats did not survive to discharge. Persistent seizures were the cause of death in 4 cats. Seizures were recorded in 8 of 34 cats after surgery; all these cats received preoperative antiepileptic drugs. Serum bile acid concentrations normalized in 25 of 28 of the cats for which data was available. Three cats had persistently increased serum bile acid concentrations and underwent a second exploratory laparotomy. One had a patent shunt, the other 2 had multiple acquired portosystemic shunts. Median follow-up was 8 months (0.5-84 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts attenuation using thin film in cats carries a good short- and mid-term prognosis if they survive the postoperative period. Seizures were the most common cause of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Trehy
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
| | - Rob White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Giacomo Stanzani
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vallarino N, Pil S, Devriendt N, Or M, Vandermeulen E, Serrano G, Paepe D, Bosmans T, de Rooster H. Diagnostic value of blood variables following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 187:e48. [PMID: 31662576 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to determine if extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) postoperative closure could be predicted based on preoperative blood analyses and to determine the accuracy of blood variables to evaluate persistence of portosystemic shunting postoperatively (multiple acquired portosystemic shunts (MAPSS) or persistent EHPSS). METHODS Retrospectively, 62 dogs treated surgically for congenital EHPSS that underwent postoperative trans-splenic portal scintigraphy or CT angiography three to six months postoperatively were included. RESULTS None of the studied preoperative blood variables could unambiguously predict surgical outcome. Elevated postoperative fasting venous ammonia (FA) concentration always indicated surgical failure (persistent shunting or MAPSS), but normal FA did not provide any information on the postoperative shunting status. Paired serum bile acids (SBA) were not reliable enough to confirm or exclude postoperative shunting. In the presence of low normal postoperative FA levels, elevated preprandial SBA was more likely in dogs with persistent shunting (sensitivity of 0.79, specificity of 0.83), whereas postprandial SBA below reference limit was more often observed in case of surgical success (sensitivity of 0.93, specificity of 0.67). CONCLUSION Blood variables, and more specifically the combination of FA and SBA, are not a valuable alternative to advanced medical imaging to reliably assess the surgical outcome after EHPSS surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vallarino
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven Pil
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nausikaa Devriendt
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Matan Or
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gonçalo Serrano
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tim Bosmans
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Plested MJ, Drees R. Survey of surgical specialists' content preferences in radiology reports for extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:316-322. [PMID: 30851002 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective, survey study was to assess the opinions of specialist surgeons as to the preferred content, nomenclature, and classification of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts for inclusion in radiology reports. A link to an online survey was sent by email to members of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons and the Association of Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgeons, and was made available on the American College of Veterinary Surgeons web forum and Facebook page. There were 93 respondents (survey sent to over 2500 email addresses and made available in two online locations). Most respondents agreed that they both review the images themselves (87/92, 95%) and read the radiology report (82/92, 89%) prior to surgery. Most respondents believed that the radiology report should contain a detailed anatomic description of the insertion (83/92, 90%), origin (54/91, 59%), and course (70/92, 76%) of the shunt, as well as a measure of the diameter of the shunting vessel at its insertion (54/92, 59%). Most respondents (70/90, 78%) disagreed that a brief description of shunt type, such as portocaval or portophrenic, was sufficient. Respondents were undecided regarding the use of an alphanumeric classification system (36/92, 39% agree; 32/92, 35% disagree). There was agreement that details of the presence or absence of urolithiasis (91/93, 98%), renomegaly (54/93, 58%), and peritoneal fluid (72/92, 78%) should be included in the report. The results of this study will help to guide reporting radiologists in providing descriptions of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts that include information most preferred by the recipient surgeons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Plested
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Joffe MR, Hall E, Tan C, Brunel L. Evaluation of different methods of securing cellophane bands for portosystemic shunt attenuation. Vet Surg 2018; 48:42-49. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Robyn Joffe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Christopher Tan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laurencie Brunel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
White RN, Parry AT, Shales C. Implications of shunt morphology for the surgical management of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:433-441. [PMID: 30370593 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- RN White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus; Leicestershire LE 12 5RD UK
| | - AT Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands UK
| | - C Shales
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wallace ML, MacPhail CM, Monnet E. Incidence of Postoperative Neurologic Complications in Pugs Following Portosystemic Shunt Attenuation Surgery. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:46-49. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Postoperative seizures occur in 5–12% of dogs following surgical attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEPSS) and are often refractory to treatment. Because pugs are predisposed to necrotizing meningoencephalitis, they may be at higher risk of developing neurologic complications after CEPSS attenuation. We hypothesized that pugs have a higher prevalence of postoperative neurologic complications and that pugs who died due to neurologic complications would have evidence of encephalitis at necropsy. Records were searched for pugs that had undergone surgical correction of a single extrahepatic CEPSS. Fourteen pugs met the inclusion criteria and were compared with a control group of 30 dogs of varying breeds who also underwent surgical attenuation for a single CEPSS. Four of 14 pugs (28.6%) died or were euthanized within 1 mo after surgery for neurologic complications, compared with only 1 of 30 dogs in the control group (P < .029). No evidence of necrotizing meningoencephalitis was seen on necropsy. Pugs may be at an increased risk of developing fatal neurologic complications following surgical attenuation for CEPSS. Further studies are indicated to investigate reasons for this increased risk, as well as to determine any factors that may indicate which pugs are at higher risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L. Wallace
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (M.L.W.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (C.M.M., E.M.)
| | - Catriona M. MacPhail
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (M.L.W.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (C.M.M., E.M.)
| | - Eric Monnet
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (M.L.W.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (C.M.M., E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Case JB, Marvel SJ, Stiles MC, Maisenbacher HW, Toskich BB, Smeak DD, Monnet EL. Outcomes of cellophane banding or percutaneous transvenous coil embolization of canine intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 2017; 47:O59-O66. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Brad Case
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Sarah J. Marvel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Mandy C. Stiles
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - Beau B. Toskich
- University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Dan D. Smeak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Eric L. Monnet
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Culp WTN, Zwingenberger AL, Giuffrida MA, Wisner ER, Hunt GB, Steffey MA, Mayhew PD, Marks SL. Prospective evaluation of outcome of dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated via percutaneous transvenous coil embolization. Vet Surg 2017; 47:74-85. [PMID: 29064581 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report outcome and complications after percutaneous transvenous coil embolization (PTCE) and evaluate the clinical, laboratory, and imaging changes in dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS) pre-PTCE and post-PTCE. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Twenty-five dogs (15 dogs in imaging subgroup) with IHPSS. METHODS Clinical signs, hematologic, and biochemical parameters were recorded before and 3 months after PTCE. All dogs received the same medical treatment and underwent PTCE. In the imaging subgroup, ultrasonography, hepatic portal scintigraphy, and computed tomography-angiography were performed pre-PTCE and post-PTCE. RESULTS All evaluated bloodwork values improved by at least 50% of their initial value, by 3 months post-PTCE. Liver volume increased after PTCE (P = .001), but remained lower than normal in 11/15 dogs. Hepatic arterial fraction decreased after PTCE (P = .029), consistent with increased portal blood flow to the liver. Twenty-four of 25 dogs were available for reevaluation at 3 months, and all abnormal clinical signs had resolved in 22/24 dogs. CONCLUSION PTCE appears promising as a treatment for IHPSS, as clinical signs resolved in most cases, bloodwork abnormalities often normalized, and the procedure was performed safely with minimal complications. PTCE increased hepatic portal perfusion and liver volume in most dogs. These promising results justify a future randomized clinical trial comparing PTCE, other attenuation options, and medical management alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Allison L Zwingenberger
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Michelle A Giuffrida
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Erik R Wisner
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Geraldine B Hunt
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Michele A Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Philipp D Mayhew
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tivers MS, Lipscomb VJ, Brockman DJ. Treatment of intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: a systematic review. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:485-494. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Tivers
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - V. J. Lipscomb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - D. J. Brockman
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Gold
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wallace ML, Ellison GW, Giglio RF, Batich CD, Berry CR, Case JB, Kim SE. Assessment of the attenuation of an intra-abdominal vein by use of a silicone–polyacrylic acid gradual venous occlusion device in dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:653-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Van den Bossche L, van Steenbeek F. Canine congenital portosystemic shunts: Disconnections dissected. Vet J 2016; 211:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Wallace ML, Ellison GW, Batich C, Case JB, Kim SE. In vitro development and evaluation of a polyacrylic acid-silicone device intended for gradual occlusion of portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:315-22. [PMID: 26919604 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a device intended for gradual venous occlusion over 4 to 6 weeks. SAMPLE Silicone tubing filled with various inorganic salt and polyacrylic acid (PAA) formulations and mounted within a polypropylene or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) outer ring. PROCEDURES 15 polypropylene prototype rings were initially filled with 1 of 5 formulations and placed in PBSS. In a second test, 10 polypropylene and 7 PEEK prototype rings were filled with 1 formulation and placed in PBSS. In a third test, 2 formulations were loaded into 6 PEEK rings each, placed in physiologic solution, and incubated. In all tests, ring luminal diameter, outer diameter, and luminal area were measured over 6 weeks. RESULTS In the first test, 2 formulations had the greatest changes in luminal area and diameter, and 1 of those had a greater linear swell rate than the other had. In the second test, 6 of 7 PEEK rings and 6 of 10 polypropylene rings closed to a luminal diamater < 1 mm within 6 weeks. Polypropylene rings had a greater increase in outer diameter than did PEEK rings between 4.5 and 6 weeks. In the third test, 11 of 12 PEEK rings gradually closed to a luminal diameter < 1 mm within 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A PAA and inorganic salt formulation in a prototype silicone and polymer ring resulted in gradual occlusion over 4 to 6 weeks in vitro. Prototype PEEK rings provided more reliable closure than did polypropylene rings.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cook DA, Gavaghan BJ, Moses PA. Balloon occlusion of the caudal vena cava for vascular contrast studies as an aid to intravascular coil embolisation for the treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in three dogs. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:452-9. [PMID: 26769071 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT Three dogs were treated with fluoroscopically guided coil embolisation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. A large-diameter vascular occlusion balloon was used to improve the vascular contrast studies required to perform this procedure. This technique improved identification of vascular structures and allowed completion of the procedures without the need for digital subtraction angiography. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Interventional radiological procedures are an emerging area of veterinary medicine and procedural modifications may help expand their use in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Cook
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Shop 14, Hometown, Cnr Logan and Lexington Roads, Underwood, Queensland, 4119, Australia.
| | - B J Gavaghan
- Veterinary Cardiology and Imaging P/L, Dayboro, QLD, Australia
| | - P A Moses
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Shop 14, Hometown, Cnr Logan and Lexington Roads, Underwood, Queensland, 4119, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thieman Mankin KM. Current Concepts in Congenital Portosystemic Shunts. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45:477-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
27
|
Greenhalgh SN, Reeve JA, Johnstone T, Goodfellow MR, Dunning MD, O'Neill EJ, Hall EJ, Watson PJ, Jeffery ND. Long-term survival and quality of life in dogs with clinical signs associated with a congenital portosystemic shunt after surgical or medical treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 245:527-33. [PMID: 25148094 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.5.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare long-term survival and quality of life data in dogs with clinical signs associated with a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) that underwent medical or surgical treatment. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS 124 client-owned dogs with CPSS. PROCEDURES Dogs received medical or surgical treatment without regard to signalment, clinical signs, or clinicopathologic results. Survival data were analyzed with a Cox regression model. Quality of life information, obtained from owner questionnaires, included frequency of CPSS-associated clinical signs (from which a clinical score was derived), whether owners considered their dog normal, and (for surgically treated dogs) any ongoing medical treatment for CPSS. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare mean clinical score data between surgically and medically managed dogs during predetermined follow-up intervals. RESULTS 97 dogs underwent surgical treatment; 27 were managed medically. Median follow-up time for all dogs was 1,936 days. Forty-five dogs (24 medically managed and 21 surgically managed) died or were euthanized during the follow-up period. Survival rate was significantly improved in dogs that underwent surgical treatment (hazard ratio, 8.11; 95% CI, 4.20 to 15.66) than in those treated medically for CPSS. Neither age at diagnosis nor shunt type affected survival rate. Frequency of clinical signs was lower in surgically versus medically managed dogs for all follow-up intervals, with a significant difference between groups at 4 to 7 years after study entry. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical treatment of CPSS in dogs resulted in significantly improved survival rate and lower frequency of ongoing clinical signs, compared with medical management. Age at diagnosis did not affect survival rate and should not influence treatment choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Greenhalgh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thompson EM, Towle Millard HA, Moore GE, Guptill L. In vitro effect of multiple hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilizations on the rate of closure of ameroid constrictors. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:924-8. [PMID: 25255183 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.10.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of multiple hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP) sterilizations on the rate of closure of ameroid constrictors. SAMPLE Thirty-six 5.0-mm ameroid constrictors. PROCEDURES Ameroid constrictors were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Each group underwent 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HPGP sterilizations. Ameroid constrictors were then incubated for 35 days in canine plasma and digitally imaged at predetermined times during incubation. One individual, who was unaware of the group to which each ameroid constrictor was assigned, measured the lumen area of the constrictor on each digital image. Mean lumen area was compared among groups. RESULTS No ameroid constrictors were completely closed after 35 days of incubation in canine plasma. Mean lumen area after incubation did not differ among constrictors that underwent 1, 2, and 3 sterilizations. Constrictors that underwent 4 sterilizations were closed significantly more than were those that underwent 1, 2, or 3 sterilizations. Mean lumen area after incubation did not differ significantly between constrictors that underwent 5 and 6 sterilizations, although the final lumen areas for those constrictors were significantly smaller than those for constrictors that underwent 1, 2, 3, and 4 sterilizations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ameroid constrictors that underwent 5 and 6 HPGP sterilizations had a 9% to 12% decrease in lumen area, compared with that of constrictors that underwent ≤ 4 plasma sterilizations, and the use of such constrictors could increase the risk of portal hypertension and secondary acquired shunting or decrease the risk of persistent shunting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Thompson
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weisse C, Berent AC, Todd K, Solomon JA, Cope C. Endovascular evaluation and treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 100 cases (2001-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:78-94. [PMID: 24344856 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate short- and long-term outcome following endovascular treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 100 dogs. PROCEDURES All patients had angiographic evaluation with or without endovascular shunt attenuation. The medical records were reviewed for pertinent data, complications, outcome, and survival time. RESULTS 95 dogs with congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts received 111 procedures (83% [79/95] had 1 treatment, and 17% [16/95] had > 1 treatment; 5 dogs had no treatment because of excessive portal venous pressure-central venous pressure gradients). Angiography identified 38 right, 33 left, and 19 central divisional single shunts (n = 90) and 10 complex or multiple shunts. Partial shunt attenuation was performed in 92 dogs by means of caval stent placement and insertion of thrombogenic coils within the shunt, and 3 had complete acute shunt occlusion. Major intraoperative complications (3/111 [3%]) included temporary severe portal hypertension in 2 dogs and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 1 dog. Major postoperative (< 1 week after surgery) complications (14/111 [13%]) included seizures or hepatoencephalopathy (7/111 [6%]), cardiac arrest (2/111 [2%]), jugular site bleeding (2/111 [2%]), pneumonia (1/111 [1%]), suspected portal hypertension (1/111 [1%]), and acute death (1/111 [1%]). Median follow-up time was 958 days (range, 0 to 3,411 days). Median survival time for treated dogs was 2,204 days (range, 0 to 3,411 days). Outcome was considered excellent (57/86 [66%]) or fair (13/86 [15%]) in 70 of 86 (81%) treated dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that endovascular treatment of intrahepatic shunts in dogs may result in lower morbidity and mortality rates, with similar success rates, compared with previously reported outcomes for open surgical procedures. Gastrointestinal ulceration was a common finding among this population of dogs, and lifelong gastroprotectant medications are now recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chick Weisse
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- James A Lavely
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, VCA Animal Care Center of Sonoma, 6470 Redwood Drive, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Falls EL, Milovancev M, Hunt GB, Daniel L, Mehl ML, Schmiedt CW. Long-term outcome after surgical ameroid ring constrictor placement for treatment of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42:951-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Falls
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athena Georgia
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Geraldine B. Hunt
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California
| | - Leticia Daniel
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California
| | - Margo L. Mehl
- VCA-San Francisco Veterinary Specialists; San Francisco California
| | - Chad W. Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athena Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kelley D, Lester C, DeLaforcade A, Webster C. Thromboelastographic Evaluation of Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1262-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kelley
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Grafton MA
| | - C. Lester
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Grafton MA
| | - A. DeLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Grafton MA
| | - C.R.L. Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Grafton MA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim SE, Giglio RF, Reese DJ, Reese SL, Bacon NJ, Ellison GW. COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:569-74. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E. Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| | - Robson F. Giglio
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| | - David J. Reese
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| | - Shona L. Reese
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| | - Nicholas J. Bacon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| | - Gary W. Ellison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32610
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen S, Gao Y, Yu C, Zhang M, Nie Z. A Canine Model for IVC Occlusive Form of Budd–Chiari Syndrome Using Endovascular Technique. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:1513-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
35
|
Swinbourne F, Smith KC, Lipscomb VJ, Tivers MS. Histopathological findings in the livers of cats with a congenital portosystemic shunt before and after surgical attenuation. Vet Rec 2013; 172:362. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Swinbourne
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - K. C. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - V. J. Lipscomb
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - M. S. Tivers
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Hug S, Guerrero T, Makara M, Kummer M, Grest P, Bettschart R, Schwarzwald C. Diagnosis and Surgical Cellophane Banding of an Intrahepatic Congenital Portosystemic Shunt in a Foal. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:171-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - P. Grest
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tivers MS, Upjohn MM, House AK, Brockman DJ, Lipscomb VJ. Treatment of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs - what is the evidence base? J Small Anim Pract 2011; 53:3-11. [PMID: 22098116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of surgical treatments and medical therapies are recommended for dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS). The objective of this review was to assess the evidence base for the management of extrahepatic CPSS in dogs. An online bibliographic search was performed in November 2010 to identify articles relating to the question "Which of the treatment options for extrahepatic CPSS in dogs offers the best short- and long-term outcomes?" Articles were assigned a level of evidence based on a modified grading system. Thirty-eight articles were included in the review. Thirty-six articles were classified as grade 4 and two as grade 5. The timings and methods of assessment of short- and long-term outcomes varied widely between studies. One prospective study (grade 4a) showed that surgically treated dogs survived significantly longer than medically treated dogs. Four retrospective studies (grade 4b) compared the outcome of two surgical techniques but there were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in terms of complications or outcome. The review found that the evidence base for the treatment of extrahepatic CPSS is weak. There is a lack of evidence of short- and long-term outcomes to recommend one treatment over another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Tivers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fryer K, Levine J, Peycke L, Thompson J, Cohen N. Incidence of Postoperative Seizures with and without Levetiracetam Pretreatment in Dogs Undergoing Portosystemic Shunt Attenuation. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1379-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K.J. Fryer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - J.M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - L.E. Peycke
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - J.A. Thompson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - N.D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tivers M, Lipscomb V. Congenital portosystemic shunts in cats: surgical management and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:185-94. [PMID: 21338943 PMCID: PMC11148943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Although the surgical management of feline congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSSs) is normally performed at specialist centres, a good knowledge of treatment options and prognosis is important for the general practitioner when advising clients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A variety of surgical techniques are described for the correction of CPSSs in cats. Choosing between the different techniques is a challenge, given the limited availability of evidence supporting one technique over another. In addition, postoperative complications, and in particular neurological complications, are seen more frequently in the cat than the dog and thus postoperative monitoring and treatment is critically important in feline patients. AUDIENCE This article summarises current evidence in surgical management and is aimed at practising veterinarians, postgraduate students and specialists alike. EQUIPMENT Surgical management of CPSSs typically requires advanced surgical and critical care facilities. The precise nature will depend to some extent on the technique employed. EVIDENCE BASE The evidence base for decision making in the surgical management of CPSSs is relatively sparse. In reviewing the evidence that is available, as well as the areas in which information is still lacking, this article may hopefully serve as a stimulus for further investigation into this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tivers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinay College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Willard M. Requests clarification on study of congenital portosystemic shunts. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:624; author reply 624. [PMID: 20839980 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.6.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|