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Smirnova KP, Frill MA, Warner SE, Cheney JA. Shape change in the saddle region of the equine back during trot and walk. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230644. [PMID: 38916112 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine back pain is prevalent among ridden horses and is often attributed to poor saddle fit. An alternative explanation is that saddle fits are technically good but fit to the wrong configuration. Saddles are fit for the standing horse, but much of the time ridden is instead spent locomoting when the back experiences the greatest peak forces. We used an array of cameras to reconstruct the surface of the back and its movement during trot, walk and standing for five horses. We verified the setup's accuracy by reconstructing a laser-scanned life-sized model horse. Our reconstructions demonstrate that saddles sit within a large, relatively low-mobile region of the back. However, saddles do sit adjacent to the highly mobile withers, which demands care in positioning and design around this important region. Critically, we identified that saddle curvature between standing and moving horses is substantially different, where trotting and walking horses have flatter backs than their standing configurations. Saddles designed around the locomoting configuration of horses may improve horse welfare by being better fit and decreasing the focal pressures applied by saddles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorn A Cheney
- Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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2
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Johnson SA, Sikes KJ, Johnson JW, Van Zeeland E, Wist S, Santangelo KS, King MR, Frisbie DD. Blood flow restriction training does not negatively alter the mechanical strength or histomorphology of uninjured equine superficial digital flexor tendons. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38659234 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low load exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) has become increasingly used by human physical therapists to prescribe controlled exercise following orthopaedic injury; its effects on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), however, are unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate outcomes of pressure specific BFR walking exercise on uninjured equine SDFT biomechanics and histomorphology. STUDY DESIGN Controlled in vivo experiment. METHODS Four forelimbs of four horses were exposed to 40 BFR-walk sessions (10-min interval walking) on a treadmill over a 56-day study period with their contralateral forelimbs serving as untreated controls. Similarly, four forelimbs of four control horses were exposed to 40 sham cuff walk sessions. On study Day 56, all horses (n = 8) were humanely euthanised and forelimb SDFTs underwent non-destructive biomechanical testing and corresponding histomorphological analysis. Significance in biomechanical parameters between treatment groups was analysed using a mixed-effects ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc tests. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in SDFT stiffness for both first (p = 0.02) and last cycles (p = 0.03) were appreciated within the BFR treated group only, with BFR exposed forelimbs being significantly stiffer than the contralateral unexposed forelimbs. When normalised to cross-sectional area, no significant differences were appreciated among treatment groups in elastic modulus for the first (p = 0.5) or last cycles (p = 0.4). No histological differences were appreciated among treatment groups according to Bonar, Movin, or musculotendinous junction evaluation criteria. MAIN LIMITATIONS Short-term comparisons were performed in a small sample population without correlation to performance outcome measures. Optimal occlusion percentages and walk protocols remain unknown. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated no negative impact of BFR on mechanical strength of the equine SDFT; however, evidence suggests that BFR results in increased tendon stiffness based on biomechanical testing and subsequent calculations. No consistent detrimental histomorphological changes were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Katie J Sikes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James W Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Van Zeeland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sara Wist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly S Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa R King
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - David D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Noordwijk KJ, Chen L, Ruspi BD, Schurer S, Papa B, Fasanello DC, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Porter IR, Basran PS, Donnelly E, Reesink HL. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050827. [PMID: 36899684 PMCID: PMC10000193 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture is the leading cause of fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong and the US. Efforts are underway to investigate diagnostic modalities that could help identify racehorses at increased risk of fracture; however, features associated with PSB fracture risk are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate third metacarpal (MC3) and PSB density and mineral content using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), Raman spectroscopy, and ash fraction measurements, and (2) investigate PSB quality and metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) pathology using Raman spectroscopy and CT. Forelimbs were collected from 29 Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers (n = 14 PSB fracture, n = 15 control) for DXA and CT imaging, and PSBs were sectioned for Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements. Bone mineral density (BMD) was greater in MC3 condyles and PSBs of horses with more high-speed furlongs. MCPJ pathology, including palmar osteochondral disease (POD), MC3 condylar sclerosis, and MC3 subchondral lysis were greater in horses with more high-speed furlongs. There were no differences in BMD or Raman parameters between fracture and control groups; however, Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements revealed regional differences in PSB BMD and tissue composition. Many parameters, including MC3 and PSB bone mineral density, were strongly correlated with total high-speed furlongs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Noordwijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leyi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bianca D. Ruspi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sydney Schurer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brittany Papa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diana C. Fasanello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean P. McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott E. Palmer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian R. Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Parminder S. Basran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
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Nout-Lomas YS. Traumatic Nervous System Injury. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:363-377. [PMID: 35810150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of traumatic nervous system injury to a degree are similar, but differences exist in etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve injury. The most common clinical abnormalities seen in the horse are abnormal level of consciousness, abnormal behavior, seizures, cranial nerve deficits, vestibular disease, tetra- and paraparesis or paraplegia, cauda equina syndrome, specific gait deficits, and muscle atrophy. Treatments are directed toward reducing inflammation and swelling, halting secondary injury, and promoting mechanisms of neuroregeneration and plasticity. Prognosis depends on the severity of primary injury and the neuroanatomic location and extent of nervous tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Johnson Family Equine Hospital, Colorado State University, 2230 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Acute central nervous system (CNS) trauma in the field is best approached by a systematic and thorough physical and neurologic examination that allows the practitioner to localize the brain or spinal cord injury. The skull and vertebral canal are complex 3-dimensional structures, and orthogonal radiographic views are necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Therapeutics aimed at decreasing pain, inflammation, and edema or increased intracranial pressure in the case of traumatic brain injury should be administered. Survival and return to athleticism can be achieved even in moderate-to-severe traumatic CNS injury with appropriate medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Estell
- Virginia Tech's Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, 17690 Old Waterford Rd, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
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Cresswell EN, Ruspi BD, Wollman CW, Peal BT, Deng S, Toler AB, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Reesink HL. Determination of correlation of proximal sesamoid bone osteoarthritis with high-speed furlong exercise and catastrophic sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:467-477. [PMID: 34032482 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.6.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) articular cartilage and bone osteoarthritic changes or palmar osteochondral disease (POD) scores were associated with exercise history and catastrophic PSB fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. SAMPLES PSBs from 16 Thoroughbred racehorses (8 with and 8 without PSB fracture). PROCEDURES Exercise history was collected, and total career high-speed furlongs was used as the measure of total exercise per horse. At necropsy, medial and lateral condyles of the third metacarpus from each forelimb were assigned a POD score, followed by imaging with micro-CT for evaluation of osteophyte size. Three investigators that were blinded to the type of PSB (fracture or no fracture) used the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system to evaluate acellularity, chondrocyte necrosis, cartilage fibrillation, chondrone formation, safranin O stain uptake, and tidemark advancement of 1 central sagittal tissue section/PSB (4 PSBs/horse). Cartilage thickness and bone necrosis were scored on the basis of histologic examination. RESULTS POD score, osteophyte size score, percentage of bone necrosis, tidemark advancement, chondrone formation, and total OARSI score were greater in horses with more accrued total career high-speed furlongs. Scores for POD, osteophyte size, fibrillation, acellularity, chondrone formation, and total OARSI were greater for horses with PSB fracture. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL REVELANCE OARSI scoring revealed that more advanced osteoarthritic changes strongly correlated with total career high-speed furlongs and PSB fracture. However, the effect of exercise was dominant, suggesting that exercise history will be important to include in future models that aim to assess risk factors for catastrophic PSB fracture.
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Nelson BB, Lawless SP, McIlwraith CW. Slab fractures of the third carpal bone involving both radial and intermediate facets and outcomes after surgical repair in racing Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:556-562. [PMID: 34033156 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characteristics and outcomes after surgical repair of third carpal bone (C3) slab fractures involving both radial and intermediate facets in racing Quarter Horses are unknown. OBJECTIVES To describe the pre- and intraoperative characteristics of C3 slab fractures of both radial and intermediate facets in Quarter Horses and to report on the long-term outcomes after internal fixation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Case records were collected from racehorses with C3 slab fractures between 2008 and 2020. Inclusion criteria required arthroscopic-guided repair of C3 slab fractures involving both radial and intermediate facets in Quarter Horses. Routine C3 slab fractures (single facet), fractures in other breeds or those repaired with other techniques were excluded. Outcomes were obtained by standardised questionnaire. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Of 22 Quarter Horses with C3 slab fractures involving both radial and intermediate facets, 91% (CI 79%-100%; n = 20) were collapsing and 91% (CI 79%-100%; n = 20) had avulsion of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament. Articular cartilage erosion and osteochondral fracture of the radial carpal bone was observed in 91% (CI 79%-100%; n = 20) and 41% (CI 20%-62%; n = 9) cases respectively. At 5.5 ± 3.9 years after surgery, 86% (CI 72%-100%; n = 19) were alive and used for breeding or retirement. Of 18 horses with follow-up >1 year, 39% (CI 16%-61%; n = 7) resumed some athletic activity. MAIN LIMITATIONS Cases were referred specifically for surgical repair and horses with fractures considered too severe for surgical intervention or euthanasia at owner request were not included. Questionnaire responses are susceptible to recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Horses with C3 slab fractures of both radial and intermediate facets that are repaired have a favourable prognosis for retirement, breeding and potentially low-level athletic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Nelson
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shauna P Lawless
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Equine Medical Center, Cypress, CA, USA
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8
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Gasiorowski J. Surgical considerations for carpal slab fracture repair in racehorses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gasiorowski
- Mid‐Atlantic Equine Medical Center Ringoes New Jersey USA
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9
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Singer E, Garcia T, Stover S. How does bone strain vary between the third metacarpal and the proximal phalangeal bones of the equine distal limb? J Biomech 2021; 123:110455. [PMID: 34004392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strain parameters at injury prone sites of the equine third metacarpal (MC3) and proximal phalangeal (P1) bones were investigated with the aim of improving understanding of injury pathogenesis. We hypothesized that dorsal principal and shear strain patterns, magnitudes and directions would differ from proximal-to-distal; and would be similar from medial-to-lateral across each bone. Unilateral limbs from nine equine cadavers were instrumented with rosette strain gauges during limb loading to 10,500 N. Gauges were attached at seven dorsal sites: middle MC3, distal MC3 (medial, middle, lateral) and proximal P1 (medial, middle, lateral). Outcome measures were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance. Distal MC3 had the greatest, and proximal P1 the smallest magnitude of minimum principal and shear strains. Directions of maximum and minimum principal strain were similar at the middle and distal MC3 sites with a 20-40° direction difference compared to proximal P1. The patterns of strain magnitude and direction were similar from medial-to-lateral on distal MC3 but varied in pattern and magnitude among the P1 sites. Overall, as load reached maximum, direction of minimum principal strain became more axial in orientation, converging from opposite directions between bones, potentially maximising stability of the distal limb. The difference in strain parameters and strain ratio for adjacent anatomic sites on distal MC3 and proximal P1 was not anticipated, in light of the anatomic congruity of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Based on the predominance of shear strain across proximal P1, shear forces are likely the predominant biomechanical contributor to sagittal fractures of P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Singer
- E Singer Equine Orthopaedics and Surgery, 14 Brooklands Rd, Parkgate, Neston, Cheshire, CH646SW, UK.
| | - Tanya Garcia
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan Stover
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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Samol MA, Uzal FA, Hill AE, Arthur RM, Stover SM. Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:911-922. [PMID: 33119186 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibial fractures cause ~3% of racehorse deaths. Pre-existing stress fractures have been associated with multiple racing and training fractures, but not complete tibial fractures. OBJECTIVES To describe racehorse tibial fractures and compare signalment and exercise histories of affected and control racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of necropsy reports. METHODS Racehorses that had a complete tibial fracture (1990-2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment and exercise histories of affected horses were compared to 1) racehorses that died because of non-tibial musculoskeletal injuries or 2) non-musculoskeletal cause and 3) age, sex, event-matched control racehorses. Tibial fracture prevalence was described relative to California racehorses that had at least one official work or race. Age, sex and limb distributions were compared between affected and control horses (Chi-square, Fisher's Exact test). Exercise history data were reduced to counts and rates of official high speed works, races and layups (periods without an official high speed work or race >60 days). Variables were compared among groups using matched logistic regression (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Tibial fractures in 115 horses (97% unilateral; 50% left, 47% right) occurred most commonly during training (68%) and in 2- to 3-year-old horses (73%). Fractures were predominantly comminuted (93%), diaphyseal (44%) and oblique (40%). Of 61 cases examined for callus, 64% had periosteal callus associated with fracture, most commonly in proximal (65%) and distal diaphyseal (27%) locations. Of 28 racehorses with known exercise history, 57% never raced and 36% had a layup. Affected horses had fewer official-timed works and events (official high speed works and races), number of active days and accumulated less distance in events and works (P < .05) than control horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective review of necropsy reports by multiple pathologists over 28 years. CONCLUSIONS Tibial fractures were associated with pre-existing stress fracture early in career. Most fractures were associated with proximolateral stress fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Samol
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Goldstein DM, Engiles JB, Rezabek GB, Ruff CB. Locomotion on the edge: Structural properties of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses and feral Assateague Island ponies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:771-786. [PMID: 32805766 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The elongated, distally tapered limbs of horses are adapted for high-speed locomotion. Because these traits are artificially selected for in modern racehorses, they operate at a morphological extreme with a high risk of fracture. Racehorses are subject to different training and racing regimes depending on their breed and gait, and are therefore an interesting model to examine bone functional adaptation under variable biomechanically intense conditions. This study compares bone structural properties in the third metacarpal (MCIII) of Thoroughbred (n = 9) and Quarter Horse (n = 11) racehorses, using feral Assateague Island ponies (n = 6) as an untrained/unraced outgroup, to determine whether structural properties reflect variable racing and training regimes. Geometric section properties and bone mineral densities were determined using peripheral quantitative CT at two diaphyseal sites and through the distal epiphysis. Diaphyseal strength of the MCIII in all three breeds does not differ relative to body size, but in the mid-diaphyseal region Thoroughbreds have higher antero-posterior relative to medio-lateral bending strength than Quarter Horses, as well as higher bone mineral densities in left MCIII epiphyses (particularly in the lateral condyle). Interestingly, all breeds have lower bone mineral densities in the lateral versus medial condyle, an inherent structural feature that may influence predisposition to fracture when running around turns. Our results suggest that despite subtle differences in bone structure between different racehorse breeds, basic morphology of the third metacarpus is relatively similar among racing and non-racing horses, possibly reflecting intense selection (natural and artificial) across domestic equids for similar structural features within distal limb elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Goldstein
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Grant B Rezabek
- Oklahoma State University, OK Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher B Ruff
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Pugliese BR, Carballo CT, Connolly KM, Mazan MR, Kirker-Head CA. Effect of Fatigue on Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint Kinematics-A Single Horse Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102849. [PMID: 32067670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to validate a scientific method for characterizing equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the nonfatigued and fatigued states using a single horse at trot, slow canter, and fast canter. One healthy Thoroughbred gelding exercised on a treadmill to exhaustion (fatigued state) (heart rate >190 BPM and blood lactate >10 mmol/L) while bilateral MCPJ angular data were acquired using electrogoniometry. Blood lactate and heart rate reflected transition from nonfatigued to fatigued states with increasing exercise duration and treadmill speed. Electrogoniometry consistently demonstrated: increase in mean MCPJ maximum extension angle with onset of fatigue; altered extension and flexion angular velocities with onset of fatigue; and increasing stride duration and decreasing stride frequency with onset of fatigue. The method allowed a preliminary but comprehensive characterization of the dynamic relationship between MCPJ kinematics and fatigue, prompting the need for multisubject studies that may enhance our ability to moderate exercise-related distal limb injury in equine athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Pugliese
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Cristina T Carballo
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Kevin M Connolly
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Melissa R Mazan
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Carl A Kirker-Head
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA.
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13
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Pritchard A, Spooner H, Hoffman R. Influence of Long-Term Furosemide Use on Bone Mineral Content, Bone Metabolism Markers, and Water Weight Loss in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 82:102800. [PMID: 31732111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide is used to reduce the incidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses. Previous research suggests furosemide negatively impacts calcium balance, which may have long-term implications for bone health. Eleven healthy horses, either control (CON, n = 5) or treatment (FUR, n = 6), were used to test furosemide's effects on bone mineral content (BMC), bone metabolism biomarkers, and weight loss after administration. Treatment horses received IV furosemide at 1 mg⋅kg-1 BW once weekly for seven weeks, and blood was collected before and at 24 hours after administration for biomarker analysis. All horses were weighed before and at 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after administration. Radiographs of the left third metacarpal were taken every 28 days for BMC determination using radiographic bone aluminum equivalence. After administration, FUR lost more BW than CON (P < .05 for all) as quickly as 2 hours after administration (CON: -0.4 ± 0.3%, FUR: -2.2 ± 0.3%), and these losses remained greater than CON at 4 hours (CON: -1.0 ± 0.3%, FUR: -3.3 ± 0.3%) and 8 hours (CON: 0.0 ± 0.3%, FUR: -1.2 ± 0.3%). FUR lost more BW on day 0 than CON (P = .03), but on day 28 and day 49, FUR BW losses were no greater than CON (P > .10). No treatment effects were observed for BMC nor pyridinoline and osteocalcin concentrations (P > .10). Reduced BW changes over time in FUR but not CON warrant further investigation to establish the efficacy of frequent furosemide administration over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Pritchard
- Department of Horse Science, Middle Tennessee University, Murfreesboro, TN.
| | - Holly Spooner
- Department of Horse Science, Middle Tennessee University, Murfreesboro, TN
| | - Rhonda Hoffman
- Department of Horse Science, Middle Tennessee University, Murfreesboro, TN
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14
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Evaluation and Optimization of a Three-Dimensional Construct Model for Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. Relationship Between Historical Lameness, Medication Usage, Surgery, and Exercise With Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injury in Racehorses. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:217. [PMID: 30246014 PMCID: PMC6137211 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rate of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified. Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI. Study design: Case-control. Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression. Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI. Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes. Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for catastrophic injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta L Hitchens
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan M Stover
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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16
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Cresswell EN, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Hernandez CJ, Reesink HL. Can quantitative computed tomography detect bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses? Equine Vet J 2018; 51:123-130. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. P. McDonough
- Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. E. Palmer
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. J. Hernandez
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - H. L. Reesink
- Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
- Equine and Farm Animal Hospital; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Gray SN, Spriet M, Garcia TC, Uzal FA, Stover SM. Preexisting lesions associated with complete diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 12 Thoroughbred racehorses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:437-441. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717704866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized features of complete diaphyseal fractures of third metacarpal bones in Thoroughbred racehorses. Given that stress fractures are known to occur in the third metacarpal bone, an additional aim was to determine if complete fractures are associated with signs of a preexisting incomplete stress fracture. Bilateral metacarpi from 12 Thoroughbred racehorses euthanized because of complete unilateral metacarpal diaphyseal fracture were examined visually and radiographically. Open, comminuted, transverse or short oblique fractures occurred in the middle of the diaphysis or supracondylar region. Periosteal surface discoloration and bone callus formation contiguous with the fracture line were present in fractured bones. All contralateral intact metacarpi had gross anatomic lesions, and 10 had radiographic abnormalities similar to those observed on fractured metacarpi. Catastrophic metacarpal fractures occurred in racehorses with bilateral evidence of preexisting bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Gray
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences (Spriet), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology (Garcia, Stover), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Uzal), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Miners Rest, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences (Spriet), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology (Garcia, Stover), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Uzal), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Miners Rest, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Tanya C. Garcia
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences (Spriet), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology (Garcia, Stover), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Uzal), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Miners Rest, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences (Spriet), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology (Garcia, Stover), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Uzal), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Miners Rest, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Susan M. Stover
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Radiological and Surgical Sciences (Spriet), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology (Garcia, Stover), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Uzal), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Miners Rest, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (Gray), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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18
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Diab SS, Stover SM, Carvallo F, Nyaoke AC, Moore J, Hill A, Arthur R, Uzal FA. Diagnostic approach to catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in racehorses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:405-413. [PMID: 28065163 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716685598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries are the most common cause of euthanasia or spontaneous death in racehorses, and the most common cause of jockey falls with potential for serious human injury. Horses are predisposed to the vast majority of these injuries by preexisting lesions that can be prevented by early diagnosis and adequate bone injury management. A thorough examination of the musculoskeletal system in racehorses often determines the cause of these injuries and generates data to develop injury prevention strategies. We describe the diagnostic approach to musculoskeletal injury, review the methodology for the examination of racehorse limbs, and provide anatomy and pathology tools to perform an organized and thorough postmortem examination of the musculoskeletal system in equine athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Susan M Stover
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Francisco Carvallo
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Akinyi C Nyaoke
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Janet Moore
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Ashley Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Rick Arthur
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Diab) and San Bernardino, CA (Uzal, Carvallo, Nyaoke, Moore).,J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Stover).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Arthur)
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19
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Cole R, Wilborn R, Gillen A, Newton J, Walz H. Bilateral Catastrophic Metacarpal Fractures in a Quarter Horse Gelding. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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21
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Loughridge AB, Hess AM, Parkin TD, Kawcak CE. Qualitative assessment of bone density at the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred racehorses with and without condylar fracture. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:172-177. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Loughridge
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - A. M. Hess
- Department of Statistics College of Natural Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - T. D. Parkin
- Weipers Equine Centre School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
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22
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Peloso JG, Vogler III JB, Cohen ND, Marquis P, Hilt L. Association of catastrophic biaxial fracture of the proximal sesamoid bones with bony changes of the metacarpophalangeal joint identified by standing magnetic resonance imaging in cadaveric forelimbs of Thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:661-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.6.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. The role of catastrophic injury or sudden death of the horse in race-day jockey falls and injuries in California, 2007-2012. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:50-6. [PMID: 25417895 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY If equine conditions with high likelihood of jockey injury can be determined and subsequently prevented, jockey safety can be enhanced. OBJECTIVES To identify racehorse injuries or conditions with greatest risk for jockey falls and injuries. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective correlation of race-day jockey fall and injury data with racehorse fatality data. METHODS Thoroughbred (TB) and Quarter Horse (QH) racehorse cause of death and jockey fall and injury data for California flat races were reviewed for a 6-year period. Race and jockey race ride population data were used to determine jockey fall and injury incidence rates relative to cause of racehorse death, and were assessed using Poisson regression. Differences in proportions were assessed using Fisher's exact, Pearson's χ(2), and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests. RESULTS 707 racehorses experienced race-related catastrophic injury or sudden death. 199 jockeys had 601 falls with 325 injuries. Jockeys were 162 times more likely to fall (95% confidence interval 137-192; P<0.001) and 171 times more likely to be injured (95% confidence interval 140-208; P<0.001) when they rode a horse that died in a race. We infer that jockeys were more likely to fall or be injured when riding in QH races than in TB races because of a higher incidence of horse fatalities in QH races. Jockey falls occurred with 24% of TB and 36% of QH race-related horse fatalities, and jockey injury occurred in 64% of falls. Jockey falls were most common with TB fetlock injuries and QH carpal, metacarpal and fetlock injuries; and with axial, bilateral and multiple injuries compared with appendicular, unilateral and singular injuries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Prevention of the most common catastrophic injuries and conditions of the racehorse, e.g. fetlock injuries, may be most effective at decreasing rates of falls and injuries to horseracing jockeys during racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Hitchens
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University ofAgricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - A E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - S M Stover
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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24
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Beisser A, McClure S, Rezabek G, Soring KH, Wang C. Frequency of and risk factors associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Quarter Horses at two Midwestern racetracks: 67 cases (2000–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:1160-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.10.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Collar EM, Zavodovskaya R, Spriet M, Hitchens PL, Wisner T, Uzal FA, Stover SM. Caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in California Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:573-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Collar
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - R. Zavodovskaya
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
- Comparative Pathology Graduate Group; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - M. Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - P. L. Hitchens
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
- One Health Institute; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - T. Wisner
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - F. A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California - Davis; San Bernardino USA
| | - S. M. Stover
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
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Whitworth DJ, Ovchinnikov DA, Sun J, Fortuna PRJ, Wolvetang EJ. Generation and characterization of leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent equine induced pluripotent stem cells from adult dermal fibroblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1515-23. [PMID: 24555755 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have reprogrammed dermal fibroblasts from an adult female horse into equine induced pluripotent stem cells (equiPSCs). These equiPSCs are dependent only on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), placing them in striking contrast to previously derived equiPSCs that have been shown to be co-dependent on both LIF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These equiPSCs have a normal karyotype and have been maintained beyond 60 passages. They possess alkaline phosphatase activity and express eqNANOG, eqOCT4, and eqTERT mRNA. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that they produce NANOG, REX1, SSEA4, TRA1-60, and TRA1-81. While our equiPSCs are LIF dependent, bFGF co-stimulates their proliferation via the PI3K/AKT pathway. EquiPSCs lack expression of eqXIST and immunostaining for H3K27me3, suggesting that during reprogramming the inactive X chromosome has likely been reactivated to generate cells that have two active X chromosomes. EquiPSCs form embryoid bodies and in vitro teratomas that contain derivatives of all three germ layers. These LIF-dependent equiPSCs likely reflect a more naive state of pluripotency than equiPSCs that are co-dependent on both LIF and bFGF and so provide a novel resource for understanding pluripotency in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne J Whitworth
- 1 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland , Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. Jockey Falls, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated With Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse Racing in California, 2007-2011. Orthop J Sports Med 2013; 1:2325967113492625. [PMID: 26535231 PMCID: PMC4555501 DOI: 10.1177/2325967113492625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the popularity of the horse racing industry in the United States and the wide recognition that horse racing is one of the most hazardous occupations, little focused research into the prevention of falls by and injuries to jockeys has been conducted. PURPOSE To describe the incidence rates and characteristics of falls and injuries to Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racing jockeys in the state of California. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Data on race-day falls and injuries were extracted from jockey accident reports submitted to the California Horse Racing Board from January 2007 to December 2011. Denominator data, number of jockey race rides, were obtained from commercial and industry databases. Jockey fall, injury, and fatality incidence rates and ratios in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse flat races were estimated using Poisson regression. Characteristics of falls and injuries are described and compared. RESULTS In Thoroughbred races, 184 jockey injuries occurred from 360 reported jockey falls, 180,646 race rides, 23,500 races, and 3350 race meetings. In Quarter Horse races, 85 jockey injuries occurred from 145 jockey falls, 46,106 race rides, 6320 races, and 1053 race meetings. Jockey falls occurred at a rate of 1.99 falls per 1000 rides in Thoroughbred races, with 51% of falls resulting in jockey injury, and 3.14 falls per 1000 rides in Quarter Horse races, with 59% of falls resulting in jockey injury. The majority of falls occurred during a race, with catastrophic injury or sudden death of the horse reported as the most common cause in both Thoroughbred (29%) and Quarter Horse (44%) races. During the period studied, 1 jockey fatality resulted from a fall. Jockey fall rates were lower but injury rates were comparable to those reported internationally. CONCLUSION On average, a licensed jockey in California can expect to have a fall every 502 rides in Thoroughbred races and every 318 rides in Quarter Horse races. While jockey fall rates were lower, injury rates were similar to those in other racing jurisdictions. The high proportion of jockey falls caused by horse fatalities should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta L Hitchens
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA. ; California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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