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Co-infections of respiratory pathogens and gastrointestinal parasites in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:953-962. [PMID: 36810670 PMCID: PMC10006049 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman's method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7-11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8-19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5-10.5), and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8-36.5). The prevalence of Ascaris spp. was 12.7% (95% CI 8.6-16.8), Strongyles spp was 16.2% (95% CI 11.7-20.7), and Eimeria spp. was 56.4% (95% CI 50.3-62.4). Pigs infested with Ascaris spp. were more likely to test positive to PCV2, odds ratio (OR) 1.86 (CI 1.31-2.60; p = 0.0002). For M. hyo, infection with Strongyles spp. was a risk factor (OR 12.9, p < 0.001). Pigs that had Strongyles and Ascaris spp. Infections (ORs 3.5 and 3.4, p < 0.001 respectively) were likely to have co-infections. The model showed that use of cement, elevated floor, and limiting contacts with outside pigs were protective while using mud and helminth infestations increased risks of co-infections. This study provided evidence that improved housing and biosecurity are critical in reducing pathogen incidence in herds.
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Luka PD, Adedeji AJ, Jambol AR, Ifende IV, Luka HG, Choji ND, Weka R, Settypalli TBK, Achenbach JE, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Molini U, Franzo G, Dundon WG. Coinfections of African swine fever virus, porcine circovirus 2 and 3, and porcine parvovirus 1 in swine in Nigeria. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2715-2722. [PMID: 36138234 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As pig production increases in Africa, it is essential to identify the pathogens that are circulating in the swine population to assess pig welfare and implement targeted control measures. For this reason, DNA samples collected from pigs in Nigeria in the context of African swine fever monitoring were further screened by PCR for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1). Forty-seven (45%) pigs were positive for two or more pathogens. Sequence analysis identified PCV-2 genotypes a, b, and d, while limited genetic heterogenicity was observed among PCV-3 strains. All except one of the PPV1 sequences were genetically distinct from those previously identified in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anvou R Jambol
- National Veterinary Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Helen G Luka
- National Veterinary Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Nyam D Choji
- National Veterinary Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Rebecca Weka
- National Veterinary Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Dept. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Italy
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria. .,Animal Production and Health Laboratory, IAEA, Friedenstrasse, 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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Klangprapan S, Weng CC, Huang WT, Li YK, Choowongkomon K. Selection and Characterization of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid and Impedimetric Immunosensor Development. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24233-24243. [PMID: 34568701 PMCID: PMC8459408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) that causes huge global economic losses for the swine industry. Effective strategies or rapid detection of PCV2 in pig are essential to control PCVAD. Here, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) were selected and characterized against the PCV2 capsid using phage display technology. Phage scFv clones were selected from the human scFv phagemid library (Tomlinson I + J) for direct panning against the PCV2 capsid. Eighty-four monoclonal phage scFvs were individually tested for binding to the PCV2 capsid by ELISA. Eight scFv clones showed significant binding to the PCV2 capsid and only three clones (clone nos. 13, 37, and 81) contained both VHCDRs and VLCDRs in the sequence. Clone scFv no. 81 had the highest reactivity to the PCV2 capsid and was constructed in the pET22b (+) expression vector. The recombinant was transformed to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for expression and purification. The scFv showed appropriate affinity to the PCV2 capsid by western blot analysis. Kinetics of scFv and the PCV2 capsid were determined using surface plasmon resonance and showed binding affinity in the nanomolar range (K D = 57.2 nM). Our scFv was first applied in the development of an impedimetric immunosensor for PCV2 capsid detection, and results showed that impedance increased with increasing PCV2 capsid expression with limit of detection = 114 nM. Findings demonstrated that our scFv has potential for use as a receptor for biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Klangprapan
- Genetic Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chang-Ching Weng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Naturally Infected Pigs in Abeokuta, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated diseases are a group of emerging devastating pig diseases worldwide. Due to a dearth of information on the virus in Nigeria, this study was carried out on 12 farms in Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria. Key production problems were identified through a questionnaire survey and direct field observations. The prevalence of the PCV2 was determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); 207 sera of pigs were obtained from the farms, DNAs extracted and amplified by the PCR. Based on gel results, the prevalence of PCV2 types were recorded and the effects of age, sex and geographic area determined. The observed production problems (and the percentage of farms suffering from such problems) were: runting (91.7 %), high piglet mortality (83.3 %), late term abortion (50 %), stillbirth (50 %) and anoestrous (41.7 %). The overall prevalence of 8.7 % of the PCV2 viral DNA was obtained. A single infection of PCV2b and PCV2a accounted for a prevalence of 5.3 % and 2.4 %, respectively, while a concurrent infection of both was found in only 1 % of the pigs. The prevalence of PCV2 was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by age or sex; with the rates in adults, growers and piglets being 9.9 %, 8.1 % and 8.1 %, respectively, while in males and females, the rates were 9.4 % and 9.0 %, respectively. The prevalence of PCV2 in high-density areas (13.2 %) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in low-density areas (4.0 %). It was concluded that PCV2a and PCV2b were present in pigs in Abeokuta, Nigeria and PCV2b was more prevalent. It was recommended that large-scale epidemiological studies covering all geographical regions be carried out with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to characterize the PCV2 genotypes present in Nigeria.
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Oba P, Wieland B, Mwiine FN, Erume J, Gertzell E, Jacobson M, Dione MM. Status and gaps of research on respiratory disease pathogens of swine in Africa. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32257367 PMCID: PMC7066813 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs are likely to constitute a greater share of the growth in the livestock subsector. However, constraints such as respiratory infectious diseases cause significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Compared to industrialized countries, the occurrence and impacts of respiratory diseases on pig production in Africa is under-documented. Hence, knowledge on prevalence and incidence of economically important swine respiratory pathogens in pigs in Africa is necessary to guide interventions for prevention and control. The purpose of this review was to document the current status of research on five important respiratory pathogens of swine in Africa to inform future research and interventions. The pathogens included were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and swine influenza A viruses (IAV). For this review, published articles were obtained using Harzing's Publish or Perish software tool from GoogleScholar. Articles were also sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, FAO and OIE websites. The terms used for the search were Africa, swine or porcine, respiratory pathogens, M. hyopneumoniae, APP, PCV2, PPRSv, IAV, prevention and control. In all, 146 articles found were considered relevant, and upon further screening, only 85 articles were retained for the review. The search was limited to studies published from 2000 to 2019. Of all the studies that documented occurrence of the five respiratory pathogens, most were on IAV (48.4%, n = 15), followed by PCV2 (25.8%, n = 8), PPRSv (19.4%, n = 6), while only one study (3.2%, n = 1) reported APP and M. hyopneumoniae. This review highlights knowledge and information gaps on epidemiologic aspects as well as economic impacts of the various pathogens reported in swine in Africa, which calls for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda.,2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.,National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda
| | - B Wieland
- 4International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - F N Mwiine
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Erume
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E Gertzell
- 5Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Jacobson
- 5Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
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