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Ocobock C. Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda v2.0. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23937. [PMID: 37345289 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on human extreme cold climate adaptations has benefitted from a recent resurgence since Ted Steegmann laid out his Human Cold Adaptation Agenda in 2007. Human biologists have drastically expanded our knowledge in this area during the last 15 years, but we still have a great deal more work to do to fulfill the cold climate adaptation agenda. METHODS Here, I follow Steegmann's example by providing a review of cold climate adaptations and setting forth a new, expanded agenda. RESULTS I review the foundational work on cold climate adaptations including classic Bergmann, Allen, and Thomson rules as well as early work assessing metabolic differences among Indigenous cold climate populations. From there, I discuss some of the groundbreaking work currently taking place on cold climate adaptations such as brown adipose tissue (a heat generating organ), physical activity levels, metabolic rates, and behavioral/cultural mechanisms. Finally, I present a path forward for future research with a focus on some of the basic extreme cold adaptations as well as how human biologists should approach the effects of climate change on human health and well-being, particularly within a cold climate context. CONCLUSION The Arctic has felt the dramatic effects of climate change sooner and more acutely than other parts of the world, making it an ideal location for studying both cold climate adaptations and climate change resilience. Human biologists have a great deal to contribute to the conversation on not only adaptations to extreme cold, but also the ways in which climate change is being embodied by cold climate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Gender Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 2: physiological measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2587-2685. [PMID: 37796291 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this, the second of four historical reviews on human thermoregulation during exercise, we examine the research techniques developed by our forebears. We emphasise calorimetry and thermometry, and measurements of vasomotor and sudomotor function. Since its first human use (1899), direct calorimetry has provided the foundation for modern respirometric methods for quantifying metabolic rate, and remains the most precise index of whole-body heat exchange and storage. Its alternative, biophysical modelling, relies upon many, often dubious assumptions. Thermometry, used for >300 y to assess deep-body temperatures, provides only an instantaneous snapshot of the thermal status of tissues in contact with any thermometer. Seemingly unbeknownst to some, thermal time delays at some surrogate sites preclude valid measurements during non-steady state conditions. To assess cutaneous blood flow, immersion plethysmography was introduced (1875), followed by strain-gauge plethysmography (1949) and then laser-Doppler velocimetry (1964). Those techniques allow only local flow measurements, which may not reflect whole-body blood flows. Sudomotor function has been estimated from body-mass losses since the 1600s, but using mass losses to assess evaporation rates requires precise measures of non-evaporated sweat, which are rarely obtained. Hygrometric methods provide data for local sweat rates, but not local evaporation rates, and most local sweat rates cannot be extrapolated to reflect whole-body sweating. The objective of these methodological overviews and critiques is to provide a deeper understanding of how modern measurement techniques were developed, their underlying assumptions, and the strengths and weaknesses of the measurements used for humans exercising and working in thermally challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- College of Human Ecology, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen F, Fu M, Li Y, Shen S, Yang J, Weng W. A numerical tool for assessing human thermal safety and thermal comfort in cold-weather activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:377-388. [PMID: 36515728 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a newly developed software tool to evaluate human thermal safety and thermal comfort in cold-weather activities aimed at guiding users to arrange activity plans and select appropriate clothing ensembles. The software inputs include conditions of activity, environment, human body, and clothing ensemble. It outputs physiological temperatures, cold injury risks, thermal sensations, and thermal comforts in intuitive ways like cloud maps and curves. The software tool is characterized by (1) integration of a thermoregulatory model that predicts human thermophysiological responses under exercise conditions in cold environments, (2) the functions of clothing ensemble database and individual parameter database, (3) the human centric outputs that directly reflect human physiological and mental status, and (4) the user-friendly operation interface and output interface, as well as a wide applicability. The software is validated with human test studies covering ambient temperatures from - 30.6 to 5 °C, clothing ensembles from 1.34 to 3.20 clo, and activity intensities from 2 to 9 Mets. The average prediction RMSEs of core temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort are 0.16 °C, 0.45 °C, 0.58, and 1.41, respectively. The software is an advanced expansion to current standards and guidance of cold exposure assessment and a meaningful tool for the fields of occupational health care, cold protection, and environmental ergonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Chen
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Fu
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Human Safety, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Yayun Li
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Human Safety, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shifei Shen
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Ioannou LG, Tsoutsoubi L, Mantzios K, Vliora M, Nintou E, Piil JF, Notley SR, Dinas PC, Gourzoulidis GA, Havenith G, Brearley M, Mekjavic IB, Kenny GP, Nybo L, Flouris AD. Indicators to assess physiological heat strain – Part 3: Multi-country field evaluation and consensus recommendations. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:274-291. [PMID: 36249710 PMCID: PMC9559325 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2044739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a series of three companion papers published in this Journal, we identify and validate the available thermal stress indicators (TSIs). In this third paper, we conducted field experiments across nine countries to evaluate the efficacy of 61 meteorology-based TSIs for assessing the physiological strain experienced by individuals working in the heat. We monitored 372 experi-enced and acclimatized workers during 893 full work shifts. We continuously assessed core body temperature, mean skin temperature, and heart rate data together with pre/post urine specific gravity and color. The TSIs were evaluated against 17 published criteria covering physiological parameters, practicality, cost effectiveness, and health guidance issues. Simple meteorological parameters explained only a fraction of the variance in physiological heat strain (R2 = 0.016 to 0.427; p < 0.001), reflecting the importance of adopting more sophisticated TSIs. Nearly all TSIs correlated with mean skin temperature (98%), mean body temperature (97%), and heart rate (92%), while 66% of TSIs correlated with the magnitude of dehydration and 59% correlated with core body temperature (r = 0.031 to 0.602; p < 0.05). When evaluated against the 17 published criteria, the TSIs scored from 4.7 to 55.4% (max score = 100%). The indoor (55.4%) and outdoor (55.1%) Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (51.7%) scored higher compared to other TSIs (4.7 to 42.0%). Therefore, these three TSIs have the highest potential to assess the physiological strain experienced by individuals working in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G. Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lydia Tsoutsoubi
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mantzios
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Maria Vliora
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Eleni Nintou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Jacob F. Piil
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Petros C. Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matt Brearley
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Thermal Hyperformance, Pty Ltd, Takura, Qld, Australia
| | - Igor B. Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Leyk D, Hoitz J, Becker C, Jochen Glitz K, Nestler K, Piekarski C. Health Risks and Interventions in Exertional Heat Stress. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:537-544. [PMID: 31554541 PMCID: PMC6783627 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With climate change, heat waves are expected to become more frequent in the near future. Already, on average more than 25 000 "heat deaths" are estimated to occur in Europe every year. However, heat stress and heat illnesses arise not just when ambient temperatures are high. Physical exertion increases heat production within the organism many times over; if not enough heat is lost, there is a risk of exertional heat stress. This review article discusses contributing factors, at-risk groups, and the diagnosis and treatment of heat illnesses. METHODS A selective literature search was carried out on PubMed. Current guidelines and expert recommendations were also included. RESULTS Apart from muscular heat production (>70% of converted energy), there are other factors that singly or in combination can give rise to heat stress: clothing, climate/acclimatization, and individual factors. Through its insulating properties, clothing reduces the evaporation of sweat (the most effective physiological cooling mechanism). A sudden heat wave, or changing the climate zone (as with air travel), increases the risk of a heat-related health event. Overweight, low fitness level, acute infections, illness, dehydration, and other factors also reduce heat tolerance. In addition to children, older people are particularly at risk because of their reduced physiological adaptability, (multi-)morbidity, and intake of prescription drugs. A heat illness can progress suddenly to life-threatening heat stroke. Successful treatment depends on rapid diagnosis and cooling the body down as quickly as possible. The aim is to reduce core body temperature to <40 °C within 30 minutes. CONCLUSION Immediately effective cooling interventions are the only causal treatment for heat stroke. Time once lost cannot be made up. Prevention (acclimatization, reduced exposure, etc.) and terminating the heat stress in good time (e.g., stopping work) are better than any cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Leyk
- Bundeswehr Institute for Preventive Medicine
- German Sport University Cologne
| | | | - Clemens Becker
- Department of Geriatrics and Geriatric Rehabilitation at the Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart
| | | | | | - Claus Piekarski
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne
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Marszałek A, Bartkowiak G, Dąbrowska A. Assessment of the effectiveness of modular clothing protecting against the cold based on physiological tests. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2017; 24:534-545. [PMID: 28925331 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2017.1376927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
At many workstations in a cold environment, protective clothing provided for the workers is characterized by inadequate thermal insulation, which results in an adverse impact of the cold environment on the worker's body. The purpose of this article is to present developed new ergonomic modular cold protective clothing, which allows for easy adaptation of the thermal insulation of clothing to a worker's individual needs. This clothing was compared in a laboratory study with the clothing having so far been used by workers in a cold environment using physiological and physical measurements, subjective ratings of the thermal state as well as a questionnaire for subjective assessment of the used clothing. These measurements and ratings confirmed that the modular cold protective clothing is more effective in the process of ensuring thermal comfort to the wearer during work in a cold environment than the clothing having so far been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marszałek
- a Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) , Poland
| | - Grażyna Bartkowiak
- a Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) , Poland
| | - Anna Dąbrowska
- a Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) , Poland
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Cheung SS, Lee JKW, Oksa J. Thermal stress, human performance, and physical employment standards. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 41:S148-64. [PMID: 27277564 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many physically demanding occupations in both developed and developing economies involve exposure to extreme thermal environments that can affect work capacity and ultimately health. Thermal extremes may be present in either an outdoor or an indoor work environment, and can be due to a combination of the natural or artificial ambient environment, the rate of metabolic heat generation from physical work, processes specific to the workplace (e.g., steel manufacturing), or through the requirement for protective clothing impairing heat dissipation. Together, thermal exposure can elicit acute impairment of work capacity and also chronic effects on health, greatly contributing to worker health risk and reduced productivity. Surprisingly, in most occupations even in developed economies, there are rarely any standards regarding enforced heat or cold safety for workers. Furthermore, specific physical employment standards or accommodations for thermal stressors are rare, with workers commonly tested under near-perfect conditions. This review surveys the major occupational impact of thermal extremes and existing employment standards, proposing guidelines for improvement and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- a Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jason K W Lee
- b Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore.,c Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,d Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Juha Oksa
- e Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Physical Work Capacity team, Oulu, Finland
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Raimundo AM, Oliveira AVM, Gaspar AR, Quintela DA. Thermal conditions in freezing chambers and prediction of the thermophysiological responses of workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:1623-1632. [PMID: 25691118 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-0969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work is dedicated to the assessment of the cold thermal strain of human beings working within freezing chambers. To obtain the present results, both field measurements and a numerical procedure based on a modified version of the Stolwijk thermoregulation model were used. Eighteen freezing chambers were considered. A wide range of physical parameters of the cold stores, the workers clothing insulation, and the working and recovering periods were observed. The combination of these environmental and individual parameters lead to different levels of thermal stress, which were grouped under three categories. Some good practices were observed in the field evaluations, namely situations with appropriate level of clothing protection and limited duration of exposure to cold avoiding unacceptable level of hypothermia. However, the clothing ensembles normally used by the workers do not provide the minimum required insulation, which suggests the possibility of the whole body cooling for levels higher than admissible. The numerical predictions corroborate the main conclusions of the field survey. The results obtained with both methodologies clearly show that, for the low temperature of the freezing chambers, the clothing insulation is insufficient, the exposure periods are too long, and the recovering periods are inadequate. Thus, high levels of physiological strain can indeed be reached by human beings under such working environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Raimundo
- ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A V M Oliveira
- ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A R Gaspar
- ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D A Quintela
- ADAI-LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
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Makranz C, Heled Y, Moran DS. Hypothermia following exertional heat stroke treatment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2359-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Meneghini A, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Ferreira M, Filho CF, Murad N. Memantine prevents cardiomyocytes nuclear size reduction in the left ventricle of rats exposed to cold stress. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:921-6. [PMID: 19759887 PMCID: PMC2745134 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Memantine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have suggested that receptor blockers act as neuroprotective agents; however, no study has specifically investigated the impact that these drugs have on the heart. We sought to evaluate the effects of memantine on nuclear size reduction in cardiac cells exposed to cold stress. METHOD We used male EPM-Wistar rats (n=40) divided into 4 groups: 1) Matched control (CON); 2) Memantine-treated rats (MEM); 3) Rats undergoing induced hypothermia (IH) and 4) Rats undergoing induced hypothermia that were also treated with memantine (IHM). Animals in the MEM and IHM groups were treated by oral gavage administration of 20 mg/kg/day memantine over an eight-day period. Animals in the IH and IHM groups were submitted to 4 hours of hypothermia in a controlled environment with a temperature of -8 degrees C on the last day of the study. RESULTS The MEM group had the largest cardiomyocyte nuclear size (151 +/- 3.5 microm(3) vs. CON: 142 +/- 2.3 microm(3); p<0.05), while the IH group had the smallest mean value of nuclear size. The nuclear size of the IHM group was preserved (125 +/- 2.9 microm(3)) compared to the IH group (108 +/- 1.7 microm(3); p<0.05). CONCLUSION Memantine prevented the nuclear size reduction of cardiomyocytes in rats exposed to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Meneghini
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André/SP, Brasil
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André/SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brasil.
, Tel: 55 11 4993.5403
| | - Vitor E. Valenti
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferreira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André/SP, Brasil
| | - Celso F. Filho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André/SP, Brasil
| | - Neif Murad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André/SP, Brasil
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