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Rogina A, Pušić M, Štefan L, Ivković A, Urlić I, Ivanković M, Ivanković H. Characterization of Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Seeded with Sheep Nasal Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:1572-1586. [PMID: 33409853 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cartilage defect remains a challenging issue in clinical practice. Chitosan-based materials have been recognized as a suitable microenvironment for chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation and differentiation forming articular cartilage. The use of nasal chondrocytes to culture articular cartilage on an appropriate scaffold emerged as a promising novel strategy for cartilage regeneration. Beside excellent properties, chitosan lacks in biological activity, such as RGD-sequences. In this work, we have prepared pure and protein-modified chitosan scaffolds of different deacetylation degree and molecular weight as platforms for the culture of sheep nasal chondrocytes. Fibronectin (FN) was chosen as an adhesive protein for the improvement of chitosan bioactivity. Prepared scaffolds were characterised in terms of microstructure, physical and biodegradation properties, while FN interactions with different chitosans were investigated through adsorption-desorption studies. The results indicated faster enzymatic degradation of chitosan scaffolds with lower deacetylation degree, while better FN interactions with material were achieved on chitosan with higher number of amine groups. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of in vitro engineered cartilage grafts showed presence of hyaline cartilage produced by nasal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Pušić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lucija Štefan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alan Ivković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Sveti Duh, Sveti Duh 64, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
- University of Applied Health Sciences, Mlinarska cesta 38, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Inga Urlić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac102a, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, p.p.177, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shikani AH, Fink DJ, Sohrabi A, Phan P, Polotsky A, Hungerford DS, Frondoza CG. Propagation of Human Nasal Chondrocytes in Microcarrier Spinner Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240401800207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of nasal septal chondrocytes, propagated in microcarrier spinner culture, as an alternative tissue source of chondrocytic cells for cartilage grafts for head and neck surgery and for articular cartilage repair. Methods We harvested chondrocytes from 159 patients, ranging in age from 15 to 80 years and undergoing repair of a deviated nasal septum, and propagated the cells in a microcarrier spinner culture system. The nasal chondrocytes proliferated and produced extracellular matrix components similar to that produced by articular chondrocytes. Results In microcarrier spinner culture on collagen beads, chondrocyte numbers increased up to 14-fold in 2 weeks. After a month, the microcarriers seeded with nasal chondrocytes began to aggregate, producing a dense cartilage-like material. The newly synthesized extracellular matrix was rich in high molecular weight proteoglycans, and the chondrocytes expressed type II collagen and aggrecan but not type I collagen. Conclusion These studies support the feasibility of engineering cartilage tissue using chondrocytes harvested from the nasal septum. Injectable and solid formulations based on this technology are being evaluated for applications in craniomaxillofacial reconstructive surgery and for plastic and orthopedic surgery practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afshin Sohrabi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Phong Phan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anna Polotsky
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David S. Hungerford
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Watson D, Reuther MS, Wong VW, Sah RL, Masuda K, Briggs KK. Effect of hyaluronidase on tissue-engineered human septal cartilage. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:1984-9. [PMID: 27297023 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Structural properties of tissue-engineered cartilage can be optimized by altering its collagen to sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) ratio with hyaluronidase. The objective was to determine if treatment of neocartilage constructs with hyaluronidase leads to increased collagen:sGAG ratios, as seen in native tissue, and improved tensile properties. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, basic science. METHODS Engineered human septal cartilage from 12 patients was treated with hyaluronidase prior to culture. Control and treated constructs were analyzed at 3, 6, or 9 weeks for their biochemical, biomechanical, and histological properties. RESULTS Levels of sGAG were significantly reduced in treated constructs when compared with control constructs at 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Treated constructs had higher collagen:sGAG ratios when compared with control constructs at 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Treated constructs had greater tensile strength, strain at failure, and increased stiffness as measured by the equilibrium and ramp tensile moduli when compared with the untreated control constructs. Continued time in culture improved tensile strength in both treated and control constructs. CONCLUSION Hyaluronidase treatment of engineered septal cartilage decreased total sGAG content without inhibiting expansive growth of the constructs. Decreased sGAG in treated constructs resulted in increased collagen to sGAG ratios and was associated with an increase in tensile strength and stiffness. With additional culture time, sGAG increased modestly in depleted constructs, and some initial gains in tensile properties were dampened. Alterations in the dosage of hyalurondiase during neocartilage fabrication can create constructs that have improved biomechanical properties for eventual surgical implantation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 126:1984-1989, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Watson
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,Head and Neck Surgery Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Marsha S Reuther
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,Head and Neck Surgery Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Van W Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Robert L Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Kristen K Briggs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Hicks DL, Sage AB, Shelton E, Schumacher BL, Sah RL, Watson D. Effect of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 7 on septal chondrocytes in alginate. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 136:373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and −7, and serum, on extracellular matrix production by human septal chondrocytes in alginate. Study Design Human nasal septal chondrocytes were expanded, suspended in alginate, and cultured in BMP-2 or 7, with and without serum. The optimal concentration of each growth factor was determined based on matrix production. Next, the synergistic effects of BMP-2 and −7 at optimal concentrations were determined on separate beads, based on matrix quantity and histology. Results Matrix content was highest with concentrations of BMP-2 and −7 of 100 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml, respectively, with serum. Adding both BMP-2 and −7, with serum, increased matrix content by factors of 5.1 versus serum-only cultures, 2.7 versus only BMP-2 with serum, and 2.4 versus only BMP-7 with serum. All comparisons were statistically significant. Conclusion BMP-2 and −7 significantly increase production of extracellular matrix by septal chondrocytes suspended in alginate. The presence of serum improves matrix production. Significance BMP-2 and −7 have great potential for use in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hicks
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA (Drs Hicks, and Watson)
| | - August B. Sage
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (Messrs Sage and Shelton, Ms Schumacher, and Dr Sah)
| | - Elliot Shelton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (Messrs Sage and Shelton, Ms Schumacher, and Dr Sah)
| | - Barbara L. Schumacher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (Messrs Sage and Shelton, Ms Schumacher, and Dr Sah)
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (Messrs Sage and Shelton, Ms Schumacher, and Dr Sah)
| | - Deborah Watson
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA (Drs Hicks, and Watson)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The reconstruction of cartilaginous craniofacial defects is ideally performed with analogous grafting material, such as autologous tissue. However, the use of autologous cartilage is limited by its finite availability and potentially suboptimal geometry to repair specific defects. Tissue engineering of human cartilage may provide the adequate supply of grafting and implant material for the reconstruction of cartilaginous facial defects. An update of the various cartilage tissue engineering methodologies is provided in this review. RECENT FINDINGS The cartilage tissue engineering paradigm begins with the harvest of a small septal cartilage donor specimen. This is followed by the isolation and subsequent proliferation of chondrocytes and the seeding of these cells onto three-dimensional scaffolds. Neocartilage is created as pericellular substrate, is produced by the cells and deposited throughout the scaffold. Theoretically, the mature cartilage construct can be introduced back into the same patient for reconstruction of craniofacial defects. Initial steps of the cartilage tissue engineering protocol have been standardized; however, modifications of subsequent steps have shown the potential to profoundly impact tissue composition and strength, bringing the properties of cartilage constructs closer to those of native human septum. SUMMARY The ability to engineer virtually limitless quantities of autologous cartilage could have a profound impact on facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. The strategies used to refine human cartilage culture techniques have successfully produced neocartilage constructs with biochemical and biomechanical properties approaching those of native septal tissue. With the steady progress achieved in recent years, there is great capacity for the proximate realization of surgically implantable tissue-engineered cartilage constructs.
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Kim YS, Shin YS, Park DY, Choi JW, Park JK, Kim DH, Kim CH, Park SA. The Application of Three-Dimensional Printing in Animal Model of Augmentation Rhinoplasty. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2153-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bermueller C, Schwarz S, Elsaesser AF, Sewing J, Baur N, von Bomhard A, Scheithauer M, Notbohm H, Rotter N. Marine collagen scaffolds for nasal cartilage repair: prevention of nasal septal perforations in a new orthotopic rat model using tissue engineering techniques. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2201-14. [PMID: 23621795 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous grafts are frequently needed for nasal septum reconstruction. Because they are only available in limited amounts, there is a need for new cartilage replacement strategies. Tissue engineering based on the use of autologous chondrocytes and resorbable matrices might be a suitable option. So far, an optimal material for nasal septum reconstruction has not been identified. The aim of our study was to provide the first evaluation of marine collagen for use in nasal cartilage repair. First, we studied the suitability of marine collagen as a cartilage replacement matrix in the context of in vitro three dimensional cultures by analyzing cell migration, cytotoxicity, and extracellular matrix formation using human and rat nasal septal chondrocytes. Second, we worked toward developing a suitable orthotopic animal model for nasal septum repair, while simultaneously evaluating the biocompatibility of marine collagen. Seeded and unseeded scaffolds were transplanted into nasal septum defects in an orthotopic rat model for 1, 4, and 12 weeks. Explanted scaffolds were histologically and immunohistochemically evaluated. Scaffolds did not induce any cytotoxic reactions in vitro. Chondrocytes were able to adhere to marine collagen and produce cartilaginous matrix proteins, such as collagen type II. Treating septal cartilage defects in vivo with seeded and unseeded scaffolds led to a significant reduction in the number of nasal septum perforations compared to no replacement. In summary, we demonstrated that marine collagen matrices provide excellent properties for cartilage tissue engineering. Marine collagen scaffolds are able to prevent septal perforations in an autologous, orthotopic rat model. This newly described experimental surgical procedure is a suitable way to evaluate new scaffold materials for their applicability in the context of nasal cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bermueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, Ulm, Germany
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Schwarz S, Elsaesser AF, Koerber L, Goldberg-Bockhorn E, Seitz AM, Bermueller C, Dürselen L, Ignatius A, Breiter R, Rotter N. Processed xenogenic cartilage as innovative biomatrix for cartilage tissue engineering: effects on chondrocyte differentiation and function. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012. [PMID: 23193064 DOI: 10.1002/term.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One key point in the development of new bioimplant matrices for the reconstruction and replacement of cartilage defects is to provide an adequate microenvironment to ensure chondrocyte migration and de novo synthesis of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). A recently developed decellularization and sterilization process maintains the three-dimensional (3D) collagen structure of native septal cartilage while increasing matrix porosity, which is considered to be crucial for cartilage tissue engineering. Human primary nasal septal chondrocytes were amplified in monolayer culture and 3D-cultured on processed porcine nasal septal cartilage scaffolds. The influence of chondrogenic growth factors on neosynthesis of ECM proteins was examined at the protein and gene expression levels. Seeding experiments demonstrated that processed xenogenic cartilage matrices provide excellent environmental properties for human nasal septal chondrocytes with respect to cell adhesion, migration into the matrix and neosynthesis of cartilage-specific ECM proteins, such as collagen type II and aggrecan. Matrix biomechanical stability indicated that the constructs retrieve full stability and function during 3D culture for up to 42 days, proportional to collagen type II and GAG production. Thus, processed xenogenic cartilage offers a suitable environment for human nasal chondrocytes and has promising potential for cartilage tissue engineering in the head and neck region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schwarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Germany.
| | | | - Ludwig Koerber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas M Seitz
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research Ulm, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research Ulm, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research Ulm, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Breiter
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Germany
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Sage A, Chang AA, Schumacher BL, Sah RL, Watson D. Cartilage outgrowth in fibrin scaffolds. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23:486-91. [PMID: 19807980 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin glue has been a favorable hydrogel in cartilage tissue engineering, but implantation of chondrocyte-fibrin suspensions have resulted in volume loss. In this study, human septal cartilage chips were seeded onto a fibrin scaffold, and cellular proliferation and production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) were evaluated. METHODS Human septal cartilage was diced into cartilage chips and encased with and without fibrin glue. Four conditions were initially tested for DNA content and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production: (1) control medium in tissue culture, (2) control medium with fibrin glue, (3) collagenase-supplemented medium in tissue culture, and (4) collagenase-supplemented medium seeded in fibrin glue. Cartilage chips cultured in collagenase-treated medium were then seeded onto either cell culture plates, suspended in alginate, or mixed with fibrin. Cellular proliferation, GAG production, and histochemistry were evaluated. RESULTS Fibrin preparations increased cellular proliferation and DNA content. GAG levels were highest in collagenase-treated samples encased in fibrin. Cartilage chips treated with collagenase showed increased cellular proliferation in the fibrin preparations compared with preparations without fibrin. GAG increased with the addition of fibrin when compared with explant. Histochemistry revealed increased GAG accumulation in the regions between the cartilage chips with the addition of fibrin. CONCLUSION Adding fibrin glue to collagenase-treated cartilage chips results in increased proliferation and maintains ECM production and, therefore, may facilitate generation of cartilaginous tissue for use in reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Sage
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Goessler UR, Bugert P, Bieback K, Bag S, Sadick H, Klüter H, Hörmann K, Riedel F. [A comparison of the gene expression patterns of human chondrocytes and chondrogen differentiated mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering]. HNO 2007; 54:258-66. [PMID: 16341720 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-005-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue engineering is a promising method for the generation of chondrogenic grafts for reconstructive surgery. In cultured chondrocytes, the dedifferentiation of cells seems unavoidable for multiplication. METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression of distinct markers during the dedifferentiation of human chondrocytes (HC) harvested during septoplasty and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) from cartilage biopsies in cell culture using the microarray technique. RESULTS The genes for collagen 1alpha1, 2alpha1, 3alpha1, 4alpha1, 11alpha1, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican were activated during the dedifferentiation of the HCs, collagen 9alpha2, 9alpha3, 10alpha1 and chondroadherin were inactivated. During chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs, the genes for collagen 3alpha1, 9alpha2, 9alpha3, 10alpha1, 11alpha1 were activated, collagen 4alpha1 and fibromodulin inactivated and the genes for Col 1alpha1, biglycan und chondroadherin constantly expressed. CONCLUSION The genetic profile for the investigated markers in human chondrocytes generated from hMSCs resembles the profile in differentiated chondrocytes. Collagen 2alpha1, 9alpha2, 9alpha3, 10alpha1 could represent markers for the differentiation of chondrocytes, Col 1alpha1, 3alpha1 und 4alpha1, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican markers for the dedifferentiation into a more fibroblastoid cell type.
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Kelly DJ, Crawford A, Dickinson SC, Sims TJ, Mundy J, Hollander AP, Prendergast PJ, Hatton PV. Biochemical markers of the mechanical quality of engineered hyaline cartilage. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:273-81. [PMID: 17323158 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether or not biochemical markers can be used as surrogate measures for the mechanical quality of tissue engineered cartilage. The biochemical composition of tissue engineered cartilage constructs were altered by varying either (i) the initial cell seeding density of the scaffold (seeding density protocol) or (ii) the length of time the engineered tissue was cultured (culture period protocol). The aggregate or Young's moduli of the constructs were measured (by confined or unconfined compression respectively), and compared with the composition of the extracellular matrix by quantitative measurement of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG), hydroxyproline, collagen I and collagen II and collagen cross-links. The aggregate modulus correlated positively with both GAG and collagen II content, but not with collagen I content. Young's modulus correlated positively with GAG, collagen II and collagen I content, and the ratio of mature to immature cross-links. There was no significant correlation of Young's Modulus with total collagen measured as hydroxyproline content. These results suggested that hydroxyproline determination may be an unreliable indicator of mechanical quality of tissue engineered cartilage, and that a measure of collagen II and GAG content is required to predict the biomechanical quality of tissue engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kelly
- Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Park DJ, Choi JH, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Kim KT. Nasal augmentation using injectable alginate and mesenchymal stem cells in the rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 20:520-3. [PMID: 17063748 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of the autogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) impregnated in an injectable alginate gel containing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for nasal augmentation in rabbit model. METHODS Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated and expanded from New Zealand white rabbits. At confluence, the cells were mixed with sodium alginate solution. PRP was prepared from the rabbits and it was immediately mixed into the alginate-cell mixture. The cell-PRP-alginate mix was injected into a subcutaneous nasal area. Eight weeks after injection changes in facial contour, newly formed nasal hump was analyzed and the amount of chondroitin sulfate in tissue was measured. RESULTS Augmented nasal dorsa maintained their original shape until harvest. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the deposited matrix was composed of type II collagen and that it was distributed abundantly and widely in the connective tissue of the tissue generated. The amount of chondroitin sulfate (main component of the proteoglycan in cartilage) produced was significantly higher when MSCs and PRP-alginate were used. CONCLUSION Injectable PRP-alginate gel containing autologous mesenchymal stem cells may offer a useful means of facial soft tissue augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joon Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Korea.
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Chiou M, Xu Y, Longaker MT. Mitogenic and chondrogenic effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 in adipose-derived mesenchymal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:644-52. [PMID: 16554022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells (AMCs) have demonstrated a great capacity for differentiating into bone, cartilage, and fat. Studies using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) have shown that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, a potent mitogenic factor, plays an important role in tissue engineering due to its effects in proliferation and differentiation for mesenchymal cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of FGF-2 in AMC chondrogenic differentiation and its possible contributions to cell-based therapeutics in skeletal tissue regeneration. Data demonstrated that FGF-2 significantly promoted the proliferation of AMCs and enhanced chondrogenesis in three-dimensional micromass culture. Moreover, priming AMCs with treatment of FGF-2 at 10 ng/ml demonstrated that cells underwent chondrogenic phenotypic differentiation, possibly by inducing N-Cadherin, FGF-receptor 2, and transcription factor Sox9. Our results indicated that FGF-2 potentiates chondrogenesis in AMCs, similar to its functions in BMSCs, suggesting the versatile potential applications of FGF-2 in skeletal regeneration and cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chiou
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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Goessler UR, Bugert P, Bieback K, Sadick H, Verse T, Baisch A, Hörmann K, Riedel F. In vitro analysis of matrix proteins and growth factors in dedifferentiating human chondrocytes for tissue-engineered cartilage. Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125:647-53. [PMID: 16076715 DOI: 10.1080/00016480510029365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS With ongoing culture and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes, significant changes in the expression patterns of various collagens and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor were detected. The latter could play an important role in the differentiation of human chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE Tissue engineering represents a promising method for the construction of autologous chondrogenic grafts for reconstructive surgery. So far, little is known about the expression of markers for cell proliferation and differentiation in cultured chondrocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human chondrocytes were isolated from septal cartilage (n=5) and held in primary cell culture. Cells were harvested after 24 h and 6 days. Proliferation was analyzed using an Alamar Blue assay. The differentiation of the cells was investigated using bright field microscopy, the expression patterns of various proteins using immunohistochemistry and the expression of distinct genes using a microarray technique. RESULTS The chondrocytes showed strong proliferation (Day 0: 16.7+/-0.7 fluorescent units; Day 5: 52.4+/-2.2 fluorescent units) from the third day of cell culture in medium without growth factors. From this point onwards, a dedifferentiation of the chondrocytes could be observed. In cell culture, the chondrocytes expressed collagen 1 and 10 without expression of collagen 3. After 6 days of cell culture, they expressed collagen 2. The chondrocytes showed constant low expression of the fibroblast growth factor-2 receptor, but constant high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. The cells never expressed the epidermal growth factor receptor. The proportion of IGF receptor-expressing cells diminished significantly during cell culture.
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Naumann A, Dennis JE, Aigner J, Coticchia J, Arnold J, Berghaus A, Kastenbauer ER, Caplan AI. Tissue engineering of autologous cartilage grafts in three-dimensional in vitro macroaggregate culture system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:1695-706. [PMID: 15684678 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, techniques have been described to generate cartilage tissue with isolated chondrocytes and bioresorbable or nonbioresorbable biomaterials serving as three-dimensional cell carriers. In spite of successful cartilage engineering, problems of uneven degradation of biomaterial, and unforeseeable cell-biomaterial interactions remain. This study represents a novel technique to engineer cartilage by an in vitro macroaggregate culture system without the use of biomaterials. Human nasoseptal or auricular chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated and amplified in conventional monolayer culture before the cells were seeded into a cell culture insert with a track-etched membrane and cultured in vitro for 3 weeks. The new cartilage formed within the in vitro macroaggregates was analyzed by histology (toluidine blue, von Kossa-safranin O staining), and immunohistochemistry (collagen types I, II, V, VI, and X and elastin). The total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of native and engineered auricular as well as nasal cartilage was assayed colorimetrically in a safranin O assay. The biomechanical properties of engineered cartilage were determined by biphasic indentation assay. After 3 weeks of in vitro culture, nasoseptal and auricular chondrocytes synthesized new cartilage with the typical appearance of hyaline nasal cartilage and elastic auricular cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining of cartilage samples showed a characteristic pattern of staining for collagen antibodies that varied in location and intensity. In all samples, intense staining for cartilage-specific collagen types I, II, and X was observed. By the use of von Kossa-safranin O staining a few positive patches-a possible sign of beginning mineralization within the engineered cartilages-were detected. The unique pattern for nasoseptal cartilage is intense staining for type V collagen, whereas auricular cartilage is only weakly positive for collagen types V and VI. Engineered nasal and auricular macroaggregates were negative for anti-elastin antibody (interterritorially). The measurement of total GAG content demonstrated higher GAG content for reformed nasoseptal cartilage compared with elastic auricular cartilage. However, the total GAG content of engineered macroaggregates was lower than that of native cartilage. In spite of the mechanical stability of the auricular macroaggregates, there was no equilibrium of indentation. The histomorphological and immunohistochemical results demonstrate successful cartilage engineering without the use of biomaterials, and identify characteristics unique to hyaline as well as elastic cartilage. The GAG content of engineered cartilage was lower than in native cartilage and the biomechanical properties were not determinable by indentation assay. This study illustrates a novel in vitro macroaggregate culture system as a promising technique for tissue engineering of cartilage grafts. Further long-term in vitro and in vivo studies must be done before this method can be applied to reconstructive surgery of the nose or auricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Naumann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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Chia SH, Schumacher BL, Klein TJ, Thonar EJMA, Masuda K, Sah RL, Watson D. Tissue-Engineered Human Nasal Septal Cartilage Using the Alginate-Recovered-Chondrocyte Method. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:38-45. [PMID: 14709992 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200401000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue engineering of nasal septal cartilage has numerous potential applications in craniofacial reconstruction. Chondrocytes suspended in alginate gel have been shown to produce a substantial cell-associated matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether cartilage tissue could be generated using the alginate-recovered-chondrocyte (ARC) method, in which chondrocytes are cultured in alginate as an intermediate step in tissue fabrication. METHODS Nasal septal chondrocytes from five patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion, then expanded in monolayer culture. At confluency, a portion of those cells were seeded at high density onto a semipermeable membrane and cultured for 14, 21, or 28 days (monolayer group). The remaining cells were suspended in alginate and cultured until a cell-associated matrix was observed (10-17 days). Cells and their associated matrix were released from alginate (ARC group), seeded onto a semipermeable membrane, and cultured as already described. DNA (Hoechst 33258 Assay), glycosaminoglycan (GAG; dimethylmethylene blue assay), and collagen (hydroxyproline assay) were analyzed biochemically. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess expression of collagens type I and type II. Histochemistry was performed to localize cells accumulating sulfated GAG (Alcian blue stain). RESULTS The ARC constructs, in contrast to the monolayer constructs, had substantial structural stability and the histologic and gross appearance of cartilaginous tissue. ARC constructs demonstrated significantly greater GAG and collagen accumulation than monolayer constructs (P <.05). Histologic analysis revealed substantial GAG and collagen type II production and only moderate collagen type I production. The composition of the matrix was thus similar to that of native human septal cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Tissue-engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the ARC method has the histologic and gross appearance of native cartilage and has biochemical composition more like that of native cartilage than monolayer constructs. This is the first report of human nasal septal neocartilage formation without the use of biodegradable scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley H Chia
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Naumann A, Aigner J, Staudenmaier R, Seemann M, Bruening R, Englmeier KH, Kadegge G, Pavesio A, Kastenbauer E, Berghaus A. Clinical aspects and strategy for biomaterial engineering of an auricle based on three-dimensional stereolithography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 260:568-75. [PMID: 12827382 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-003-0636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At the present time, the partial and/or complete reconstruction of an auricle from autologous rib cartilage is one of most widely published techniques. In the field of tissue engineering, different techniques have been described to generate cartilage tissue using isolated chondrocytes. The basis of these tissue-engineering techniques is bioresorbable or non-bioresorbable biomaterials, which serve as a three-dimensional cell carrier. Tissue engineering of an auricle requires preformed bioresorbable biomaterials designed to fit the form of a patient's auricular defect. Three-dimensional imaging acquired from computed tomography scans or laser surface scanning has become an important tool in modern medicine. This study represents the preoperative procedures for the reconstruction of an auricle through tissue engineering in accordance with the clinical aspects. Hyaff 11, a hyaluronic acid derivative, was used as a three-dimensional cell carrier for isolated human nasoseptal chondrocytes. The chondrocytes were amplified in a conventional monolayer culture before the cells were seeded on a hyaluronic non-woven mesh and cultured in vitro for 4 weeks. The chondrogenic potential of human nasal chondrocytes in Hyaff 11 was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, histology (toluidine blue) and immunohistochemistry (collagen type II). Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacture of an auricle model with stereolithographical methods were used for the prefabrication of a bioresorbable three-dimensional cell carrier designed in the form of a patient's auricular defect. The cell carrier used was Hyaff 11, a fully benzyl-esterified hyaluronic acid derivative. Confocal laser scanning microscopy has shown good cell attachment, a homogenous distribution of amplified chondrocytes and a viability of more than 90%. After 4 weeks in vitro culture the human nasoseptal chondrocytes synthesized new cartilage with the expression of cartilage-specific collagen type II. In order to shape a patient's designed scaffold the auricle model was fitted exactly and symetrically to the contralateral side. Subsequently, the mirror image patient-specific model was used to prepare an identical scaffold model made of a fully benzyl-esterified hyaluronic acid derivative. The bioresorbable scaffold that was produced gave a satisfactory representation of auricle structure. Bioresorbable preformed biomaterials in the form of a patient's auricle defect represent an important prerequisite for the tissue engineering of autologous auricle grafts. Hyaff 11 seems to be a promising material for tissue engineering of cartilage transplants, and the application of this approach will improve conventional reconstructive surgery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naumann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Hutmacher DW, Ng KW, Kaps C, Sittinger M, Kläring S. Elastic cartilage engineering using novel scaffold architectures in combination with a biomimetic cell carrier. Biomaterials 2003; 24:4445-58. [PMID: 12922155 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of an elastic cartilage graft that meets the criterion for both structural and functional integration into host tissue, as well as allowing for a clinically tolerable immune response, is a challenging endeavour. Conventional scaffold technologies have limitations in their ability to design and fabricate complex-shaped matrix architectures of structural and mechanical equivalence to elastic cartilage found in the body. We attempted to investigate the potential of conventionally isolated and passaged chondrocytes (2D environment) when seeded and cultured in combination with a biomimetic hydrogel in a mechanically stable and biomimetic composite matrix to form elastic cartilage within ectopic implantation sites. In vitro cultured scaffold/hydrogel/chondrocytes constructs showed islets of cartilage and mineralized tissue formation within the cell-seeded specimens in both pig and rabbit models. Specimens with no cells seeded showed only vascularized fibrous tissue ingrowth. These studies demonstrated the potential of such scaffold/hydrogel/cell constructs to support chondrogenesis in vivo. However, it also showed that even mechanically stable scaffolds do not allow regeneration of a large mass of structural and functional cartilage within a matrix architecture seeded with 2D passaged chondrocytes in combination with a cell biomimetic carrier. Hence, future experiments will be designed to evaluate an initial 3D culture of chondrocytes, effect on cell phenotype and their subsequent culture within biomimetic 3D scaffold/cell constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Department of Orthopaedics, National University of Singapore, E3-05-15-10-10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
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Abstract
The invocation of the principles of tissue engineering for the production of cartilage has been clearly defined. Investigators have delineated the protocols for cell harvesting, matrix configuration, and in vivo implantation, resulting in morphologically and histologically mature cartilaginous tissue. Tremendous advances in the science of materials science have increased the availability of synthetic, biocompatible, biodegradable polymers for creation of cell-polymer constructs. It has been well demonstrated that chondrogenesis is possible in nude animal models, through subcutaneous implantation or injectable methods. Assessment of neocartilage weeks to months after development has confirmed that it conforms to predetermined shapes and possesses the biomechanical properties of the tissue from which it is derived. Future studies must address the potential for inflammatory responses in immunocompetent hosts. Long-term biomechanical assessments of tissue engineered cartilage are needed to provide evidence of longevity for application in clinical settings. Although the regeneration of articular, hyaline cartilage has been well demonstrated, further investigation should assess tissue engineering of elastic cartilage, especially for use in facial reconstructive surgery. As refinement of tissue engineered cartilage continues, we approach the era of dramatic advances in facial reconstruction using this potential ideal substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kaufman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl., Box 1189, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Vats A, Tolley NS, Polak JM, Gough JE. Scaffolds and biomaterials for tissue engineering: a review of clinical applications. CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2003; 28:165-72. [PMID: 12755749 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary area of research aimed at regeneration of tissues and restoration of organ function. This is achieved through implantation of cells/tissues grown outside the body or by stimulating cells to grow into an implanted matrix. In this short review, we discuss the use of biomaterials, in the form of scaffolds, for tissue engineering and review clinical applications to otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vats
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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Homicz MR, Chia SH, Schumacher BL, Masuda K, Thonar EJ, Sah RL, Watson D. Human septal chondrocyte redifferentiation in alginate, polyglycolic acid scaffold, and monolayer culture. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:25-32. [PMID: 12514377 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200301000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Tissue engineering laboratories are attempting to create neocartilage that could serve as an implant material for structural support during reconstructive surgery. One approach to forming such tissue is to proliferate chondrocytes in monolayer culture and then seed the expanded cell population onto biodegradable scaffolds. However, chondrocytes are known to dedifferentiate after this type of monolayer growth and, as a result, decrease their production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix components such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The resultant tissue lacks the biomechanical properties characteristic of cartilage. The objective of the study was to determine whether different culture systems could induce monolayer-expanded human septal chondrocytes to redifferentiate and form extracellular matrix. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory research. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from human nasal septal cartilage of five donor patients (age, 35.8 +/- 9.3 y). Cell populations were seeded at low density (30,000 cells/cm2) into monolayer culture and expanded for 4 to 6 days. Following trypsin release, chondrocytes were placed into three different systems for neocartilage formation: alginate beads, polyglycolic acid scaffolds, and monolayer. After 7 and 14 days of growth, neocartilage was analyzed using histological and quantitative biochemical assessment of cellularity (Hoechst 33258 assay) and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content (dimethyl methylene blue assay). RESULTS Histologically, alginate beads contained spherical chondrocytes surrounded by dense extracellular matrix, an appearance similar to that of native cartilage. In contrast, polyglycolic acid scaffolds and monolayer cultures contained elongated cells with scant staining for matrix sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which are features that are characteristic of dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a lower level of cell proliferation (P <.001) in scaffolds (+52% over baseline) and alginate (+96% over baseline) than in monolayer (+366% over baseline), as well as a higher content of sulfated glycosaminoglycans per cell (P <.001), after 14 days of growth in alginate culture than in either polyglycolic acid scaffolds (19-fold difference) or monolayer (98-fold difference). CONCLUSIONS Of the systems compared, monolayer-expanded human septal chondrocytes demonstrated the greatest accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans per cell when grown in alginate beads. Future research on cartilage tissue engineering may use alginate culture for reverting dedifferentiated cells back to the chondrocytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Homicz
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Abstract
Tissue engineering will potentially change the practice of plastic surgery more than any other clinical specialty. It is an interdisciplinary field that promises new methods of tissue repair. There has been more than $3.5 billion invested in this field since 1990. Relevant areas of progress include advanced computing, biomaterials, cell technology, growth factor fabrication and delivery, and gene manipulation. Beneficial clinical techniques will emerge from continued investigation in each of these areas. Techniques that are developed must be scaled up to industry with products cleared by regulatory agencies and acceptable to clinicians and patients. A goal of tissue engineering is to change clinical practice, yielding improved patient outcomes and lower costs of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Miller
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 443, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Homicz MR, McGowan KB, Lottman LM, Beh G, Sah RL, Watson D. A compositional analysis of human nasal septal cartilage. ARCHIVES OF FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY 2003; 5:53-8. [PMID: 12533140 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.5.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal septal cartilage is well established as an autograft material. Tissue engineering methods are now being developed to synthesize cartilage constructs with the properties of this type of cartilage. However, important baseline data on the composition of native septal cartilage is sparse. OBJECTIVES To characterize quantitatively the major biochemical constituents of native adult human septal cartilage and determine age- or sex-related variation in composition. METHODS Cartilage was harvested from the inferior region of the nasal septum in 33 patients (mean +/- SD age, 47.0 +/- 13.5 years; range, 24-80 years) during routine septoplasty or septorhinoplasty. Biochemical assays were used to determine the quantities, relative to wet weight, of the major constituents of cartilage: water, collagen (from hydroxyproline), sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), and chondrocytes (from DNA). RESULTS On average, each gram of wet cartilage contained 77.7% water, 7.7% collagen, 2.9% sGAG, and 24.9 million cells. Hydration and collagen content showed no significant age variation. Advancing age was associated with a reduction in sGAG content (7.7% per decade, P =.02) and cellularity (7.4% per decade, P =.05). No significant sex differences were found in any of these cartilage constituents. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first biochemical characterization of the composition of native human septal cartilage. The data serve as a baseline for future comparison of the properties of tissue-engineered neocartilage constructs. Furthermore, the age-associated variations in cartilage composition have implications for patient selection for reconstructive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Homicz
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Veterans Affairs Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, 112C, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Homicz MR, Schumacher BL, Sah RL, Watson D. Effects of serial expansion of septal chondrocytes on tissue-engineered neocartilage composition. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127:398-408. [PMID: 12447233 DOI: 10.1067/mhn.2002.129730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cartilage grafts for reconstructive surgery may someday be created from harvested autologous chondrocytes that are expanded and seeded onto biodegradable scaffolds in vitro. This study sought to quantify the biochemical composition of neocartilage engineered from human septal chondrocytes and to examine the effects of cell multiplication in monolayer culture on the ultimate composition of the neocartilage. METHODS Human septal chondrocytes from 10 donors were either seeded immediately after harvest (passage 0 [P(0)]) onto polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds or underwent multiplication in monolayer culture before scaffold seeding at passage 1 (P(1)) and passage 2 (P(2)). Cell/scaffold constructs were grown in vitro for 7, 14, and 28 days. Neocartilage constructs underwent histologic analysis for matrix sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG) and type II collagen as well as quantitative assessment of cellularity (Hoescht 33258 assay), S-GAG content (dimethylmethylene blue assay), and collagen content (hydroxyproline assay). RESULTS Histologic sections of constructs seeded with P(0) cells stained strongly for S-GAG and type II collagen, whereas decreased staining for both matrix components was observed in constructs derived from P(1) and P(2) cells. Cellularity, S-GAG content, and total collagen content of constructs increased significantly from day 7 to day 28. S-GAG accumulation in P(0) constructs was higher than in either P(1) (P < 0.05) or P(2) (P < 0.01) constructs, whereas cellularity and total collagen content showed no difference between passages. CONCLUSION Neocartilage created from chondrocytes that have undergone serial passages in monolayer culture exhibited decreased matrix S-GAG and type II collagen, indicative of cellular dedifferentiation. SIGNIFICANCE The alterations of matrix composition produced by dedifferentiated chondrocytes may limit the mechanical stability of neocartilage constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Homicz
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, California 92161, USA.
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Kafienah W, Jakob M, Démarteau O, Frazer A, Barker MD, Martin I, Hollander AP. Three-dimensional tissue engineering of hyaline cartilage: comparison of adult nasal and articular chondrocytes. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:817-26. [PMID: 12459060 DOI: 10.1089/10763270260424178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult chondrocytes are less chondrogenic than immature cells, yet it is likely that autologous cells from adult patients will be used clinically for cartilage engineering. The aim of this study was to compare the postexpansion chondrogenic potential of adult nasal and articular chondrocytes. Bovine or human chondrocytes were expanded in monolayer culture, seeded onto polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds, and cultured for 40 days. Engineered cartilage constructs were processed for histological and quantitative analysis of the extracellular matrix and mRNA. Some engineered constructs were implanted in athymic mice for up to six additional weeks before analysis. Using adult bovine tissues as a cell source, nasal chondrocytes generated a matrix with significantly higher fractions of collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans as compared with articular chondrocytes. Human adult nasal chondrocytes proliferated approximately four times faster than human articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture, and had a markedly higher chondrogenic capacity, as assessed by the mRNA and protein analysis of in vitro-engineered constructs. Cartilage engineered from human nasal cells survived and grew during 6 weeks of implantation in vivo whereas articular cartilage constructs failed to survive. In conclusion, for adult patients nasal septum chondrocytes are a better cell source than articular chondrocytes for the in vitro engineering of autologous cartilage grafts. It remains to be established whether cartilage engineered from nasal cells can function effectively when implanted at an articular site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa'el Kafienah
- University of Bristol Academic Rheumatology, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Vats A, Tolley NS, Polak JM, Knight BC. Gene expression: a review of clinical applications in otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery. CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2002; 27:291-5. [PMID: 12383283 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2002.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary area of research aimed at regeneration of tissues and restoration of function of organs through implantation of cells/tissues grown outside the body or stimulating cells to grow into implanted matrix. In this short review, we aim to examine current techniques in gene expression analysis and their relevant clinical applications to the field of otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vats
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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Vats A, Tolley NS, Polak JM, Buttery LDK. Stem cells: sources and applications. CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2002; 27:227-32. [PMID: 12169121 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2002.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary area of research aimed at regeneration of tissues and restoration of function of organs through implantation of cells/tissues grown outside the body, or stimulating cells to grow into implanted matrix. In this short review, some of the most recent developments in the use of stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration will be discussed. There is no doubt that stem cells derived from adult and embryonic sources hold great therapeutic potential but it is clear that there is still much research required before their use is commonplace. There is much debate over adult versus embryonic stem cells and whether both are required. It is probably too early to disregard one or other of these cell sources. With regard to embryonic stem cells, the major concern relates to the ethics of their creation and the proposed practice of therapeutic cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vats
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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Puelacher W. Engineering of Cartilaginous Tissues. Int J Artif Organs 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880202500736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Puelacher
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Clin. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leopold Franzens University, Innsbruck - Austria
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Marijnissen WJCM, van Osch GJVM, Aigner J, van der Veen SW, Hollander AP, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL, Verhaar JAN. Alginate as a chondrocyte-delivery substance in combination with a non-woven scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2002; 23:1511-7. [PMID: 11833491 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For tissue engineering of cartilage, chondrocytes can be seeded in a scaffold and stimulated to produce a cartilage-like matrix. In the present study, we investigated the effect of alginate as a chondrocyte-delivery substance for the construction of cartilage grafts. E210 (a non-woven fleece of polyglactin) was used as a scaffold. When bare' E210 (without alginate and without chondrocytes) was implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 8 weeks. the explanted tissue consisted of fat and fibrous tissue only. When E210 with alginate but without chondrocytes was implanted in nude mice, small areas of newly formed cartilage were found. Alginate seems to stimulate chondrogenesis of ingrowing cells. When chondrocytes were seeded in E210, large amounts of cartilage were found, independent of the use of alginate. This was expressed by a high concentration of glycosaminoglycans (30 microg/mg w.w.) and the presence of collagen type II (1.5 microg/mg w.w.). Macroscopically the grafts of E210 without alginate were shrunk and warped, whereas the grafts with alginate had kept their original shape during the 8 weeks of implantation. The use of alginate did not lead to inflammatory reactions nor increased capsule formation. In conclusion, the use of alginate to seed chondrocytes in E210 does not influence the amount of cartilage matrix proteins produced per tissue wet weight. However, it provides retention of the graft shape.
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Minuth WW, Schumacher K, Strehl R, Kloth S. Physiological and cell biological aspects of perfusion culture technique employed to generate differentiated tissues for long term biomaterial testing and tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2001; 11:495-522. [PMID: 10896044 DOI: 10.1163/156856200743832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimal results in biomaterial testing and tissue engineering under in vitro conditions can only be expected when the tissue generated resembles the original tissue as closely as possible. However, most of the presently used stagnant cell culture models do not produce the necessary degree of cellular differentiation, since important morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics disappear, while atypical features arise. To reach a high degree of cellular differentiation and to optimize the cellular environment, an advanced culture technology allowing the regulation of differentiation on different cellular levels was developed. By the use of tissue carriers, a variety of biomaterials or individually selected scaffolds could be tested for optimal tissue development. The tissue carriers are to be placed in perfusion culture containers, which are constantly supplied with fresh medium to avoid an accumulation of harmful metabolic products. The perfusion of medium creates a constant microenvironment with serum-containing or serum-free media. By this technique, tissues could be used for biomaterial or scaffold testing either in a proliferative or in a postmitotic phase, as is observed during natural development. The present paper summarizes technical developments, physiological parameters, cell biological reactions, and theoretical considerations for an optimal tissue development in the field of perfusion culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Minuth
- Department of Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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Park DJ, Bong JP, Park SY, Hong KS. Cartilage generation using alginate-encapsulated autogenous chondrocytes in rabbits. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109:1157-61. [PMID: 11130830 DOI: 10.1177/000348940010901214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible use of calcium alginate as a matrix for cartilage generation with autogenous chondrocytes, and examined whether the generated cartilage could keep its original volume over time when used as an implant for filling and contour restoration in the host body. Biodegradable, biocompatible, and injectable calcium alginate impregnated with isolated autogenous chondrocytes from the auricle was injected into the gluteus muscle of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. The volume of injected calcium alginate was always 3 mL, and the density of chondrocytes was 10 x 10(6) cells per milliliter. At 4 weeks (short-term period, n = 6) and 20 weeks (long-term period, n = 6) after injection, the histologic findings and the volume of the generated cartilaginous nodules were analyzed. At the time of harvest, 10 of the 12 specimens revealed findings characteristic of natural cartilage. However, histologic examination demonstrated scanty vascular and fibrous tissue ingrowth. Many osteoid matrices, including marrow-like cells, were noted in the vicinity of the neocartilage. The approximate original volume of the injected material was maintained over 20 weeks. These results suggest that although complete cartilage replacement was not always achieved, calcium alginate-autogenous chondrocytes may represent an injectable implant that can generate new autogenous fibro-osteo-cartilaginous tissue for volume augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
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Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that will yield new sources of tissue for clinical and research purposes in oncology. Bone is under intense investigation by this field. Relevant areas of progress are in advanced computing, biomaterials, cell technology, growth factor fabrication and delivery, and gene manipulation. Clinical techniques will emerge from continued investigation in each of these areas. Techniques that are developed must be scaled up to industry with products cleared by regulatory agencies and acceptable to clinicians and patients. The goals of tissue engineering in oncology are improved tissue models for basic cancer research and a change in clinical practice. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:294-301, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Miller
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Marijnissen WJ, van Osch GJ, Aigner J, Verwoerd-Verhoef HL, Verhaar JA. Tissue-engineered cartilage using serially passaged articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes in alginate, combined in vivo with a synthetic (E210) or biologic biodegradable carrier (DBM). Biomaterials 2000; 21:571-80. [PMID: 10701458 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro multiplication of isolated autologous chondrocytes is required to obtain an adequate number of cells to generate neo-cartilage, but is known to induce cell-dedifferentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether multiplied chondrocytes can be used to generate neo-cartilage in vivo. Adult bovine articular chondrocytes, of various differentiation stages, were suspended in alginate at densities of 10 or 50 million/ml, either directly after isolation (P0) or after multiplication in monolayer for one (P1) or three passages (P3). Alginate with cells was seeded in demineralized bovine bone matrix (DBM) or a fleece of polylactic/polyglycolic acid (E210) and implanted in nude mice for 8 weeks. The newly formed tissue was evaluated by Alcian Blue and immunohistochemical staining for collagen type-II and type-I. Structural homogeneity of the tissue, composed of freshly isolated as well as serially passaged cells, was found to be enhanced by high-density seeding (50 million/ml) and the use of E210 as a carrier. The percentage of collagen type-II positive staining P3-cells was generally higher when E210 was used as a carrier. Furthermore, seeding P3-chondrocytes at the highest density (50 million/ml) enhanced collagen type-II expression. This study shows promising possibilities to generate structurally regular neo-cartilage using multiplied chondrocytes in alginate in combination with a fleece of polylactic/polyglycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Marijnissen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hoerstrup SP, Lu L, Lysaght MJ, Mikos AG, Rein D, Schoen FJ, Temenoff JS, Tessmar JK, Vacanti JP. Tissue Engineering. Biomater Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012582460-6/50011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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