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Banari AS, Datana S, Agarwal SS, Bhandari SK. Does Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Have a Long-Term Effect on Nasal and Upper Airway Dimensions? Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:1257-1264. [PMID: 33356522 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620980234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare nasal and upper airway dimensions in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who underwent nasoalveolar molding (NAM) with those without NAM during infancy using acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eccovision acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry (Sleep Group Solutions) was used for assessment of mean area and volume of nasal and upper airway in patients with complete unilateral CLP (age range 16-21 years) treated with NAM (group 1, n = 19) versus without NAM (group 2, n = 22). RESULTS The mean nasal cross-sectional areas and volume were higher in group 1 compared to group 2 on both cleft (P value <.001) and noncleft side (P value >.05). The mean area and volume of upper airway were also significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (P value <.05). CONCLUSIONS Nasoalveolar molding being one of the first interventions in chronology of treatment of patients with CLP, its long-term outcome on nasal and upper airway patency needs to be ascertained. The results of the present study show that the patients with CLP who have undergone NAM during infancy have better improvement in nasal and upper airway patency compared with those who had not undergone NAM procedure. The basic advantages of being noninvasive, nonionizing and providing dynamic assessment of nasal and upper airway patency make acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry a diagnostic tool of choice to be used in patients with CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwina S Banari
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 355441Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sanjeev Datana
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 355441Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Shiv Shankar Agarwal
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 355441Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhandari
- Department of Dental surgery & Oral Health Sciences, 355441Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
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Laine-Alava MT, Murtolahti S, Crouse UK, Warren DW. Guideline Values for Minimum Nasal Cross-Sectional Area in Children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:1043-1050. [PMID: 29589981 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618767107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose was to determine age-specific values of the minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal airway in children without cleft lip or palate and to assess whether gender differences occur with growth in order to develop guidelines for assessment in children with clefts. PARTICIPANTS All schoolchildren aged 8 to 17 years who met the research criteria were studied during rest breathing using the pressure-flow technique. The children came from a rural area of 3800 inhabitants. Consecutive age cohorts were used for comparisons. RESULTS Nasal cross-sectional area increased in females from 0.38 cm2 in 8-year-olds to 0.58 cm2 in 17-year-olds. There was a decrease in size at ages 10 to 11 and 14 to 15 years. In males, the area increased from 0.40 to 0.68 cm2 and decreased slightly from 9 to 10 and 14 to 15 years. The annual changes were statistically significant in females between 8 and 9 and 11 to 13 years of age, and in males from 11 to 12, 13 to 14, and 15 to 17 years of age. Across gender, the only significant difference occurred at age 16. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the increase in nasal airway size is not consistent during growth. Nasal airway size showed almost equal values for both genders in young children but was systematically larger in boys from 14 years of age on. The results refer that by 17 years of age nasal airway may not have reached adult size in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija T Laine-Alava
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Siiri Murtolahti
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla K Crouse
- 3 Department of Orthodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald W Warren
- 4 Craniofacial Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Murtolahti S, Crouse UK, Pahkala R, Warren DW, Laine-Alava MT. Perception and Respiratory Responses of the Upper Airway Mechanism to Added Resistance With Aging. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 2:417-422. [PMID: 29299517 PMCID: PMC5743172 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess breathing behaviors and perception of added respiratory loads in young compared to old individuals, and to determine whether aging affects the perception and response to changes in nasal airway resistance. Study design In a clinical study, 40 young (11-20 years) and 40 older (59-82 years) subjects were evaluated during rest breathing and during the application of added airway resistance loads. Methods The pressure-flow technique was used to measure airflow rate (mL/s) and oral-nasal pressures (cmH2O) to calculate nasal resistance (cmH2O/L/s). To create calibrated resistance loads for the test conditions, we used a device modified from a precision iris diaphragm. Results During rest breathing airflow rate was significantly lower for the younger group compared to older group. Using the loading device, 11-20-year-olds detected increased resistance at the level of 2.26 cmH2O/L/s compared to 4.55 cmH2O/L/s in 59-82-year-olds. In contrast to the younger group, mean airflow rate was higher during expiration than during inspiration among 59-82-year-olds except at rest breathing. Conclusions The data revealed that the perception and respiratory response to increased airway resistance changed with aging. Younger subjects were more sensitive to changes within the airway. In both groups, subjects responded to increased airway resistance by decreasing airflow rate. However, expiratory phase became more active than inspiratory phase only in the older group. Level of Evidence N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla K Crouse
- Department of Orthodontics University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A
| | - Riitta Pahkala
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Kuopio Finland.,University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Donald W Warren
- UNC Craniofacial Center , University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina U.S.A
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Acoustic Rhinometry for Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Function in Preschool Children Post Palatoplasty. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Niemi P, Numminen J, Rautiainen M, Helminen M, Vinkka-Puhakka H, Peltomäki T. The effect of adenoidectomy on occlusal development and nasal cavity volume in children with recurrent middle ear infection. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:2115-9. [PMID: 26454528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine the effect of adenoidectomy on occlusal/dentoalveolar development and nasal cavity volume in children who underwent tympanostomy tube insertion with or without adenoidectomy due to recurrent episodes of middle ear infection. METHODS This prospective controlled study consisted of two randomly allocated treatment groups of children, younger than 2 years, who had underwent more than 3-5 events of middle ear infection during the last 6 months or 4-6 events during the last year. At the mean age of 17 months tympanostomy tube placement without adenoidectomy (Group I, n=63) tympanostomy tube placement with adenoidectomy (Group II, n=74) was performed. At the age of 5 years 41 children of the original Group I (14 females, 27 males, mean age 5.2 yrs, SD 0.17) and 59 children of the original Group II (17 females, 42 males, mean age 5.2 yrs, SD 0.18) participated in the re-examination, which included clinical orthodontic examination defining morphological and functional craniofacial status and occlusal bite index to measure upper dental arch dimensions. Acoustic rhinometry and anterior rhinomanometry was made by otorhinolaryngologist at the same day. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in the frequencies of morphological or functional characteristics or upper dental arch measurements or in the minimal cross-sectional areas or inspiratory nasal airway resistance measurements. CONCLUSION Combining adenoidectomy with tympanostomy tube insertion in the treatment of recurrent middle ear infection at an early age (under the age of 2 years) does not seem to make any difference in occlusal development in primary dentition at the age of 5 years as compared to tympanostomy tube insertion only. Since adenoid size was not evaluated, the findings do not allow interpretation that hypertrophic adenoids should not be removed in children with continuous mouth breathing or sleep disordered breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Niemi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diseases, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
| | - J Numminen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, and University of Tampere, Finland
| | - M Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, and University of Tampere, Finland
| | - M Helminen
- Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | | | - T Peltomäki
- Field of Dentistry, University of Tampere, and Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
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Haavisto LE, Lukkarinen M, Lukkarinen H, Jartti T, Papadopoulos NG, Sipilä JI. Physical exercise increases nasal patency in asthmatic and atopic preschool children. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 27:451-6. [PMID: 24274218 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise causes a decrease in nasal mucosal congestion and hence an increase in nasal patency. This nasal response has been studied only in adults. A correlation between nasal obstruction and asthma or allergic rhinitis has been previously found. This study evaluates the influences of atopy and asthma on nasal patency and the changes in nasal patency induced by physical exercise in preschool children. METHODS An 8-minute exercise challenge test was conducted in 31 children aged between 4.1 and 6.4 years: 13 children had asthma, 17 were atopic, and 13 had neither asthma nor atopy. Nasal patency was measured with acoustic rhinometry at baseline and 10 minutes after the exercise. RESULTS At baseline, the total acoustic values were 17-25% larger in nonasthmatic children than in asthmatic children. Accordingly, the acoustic values in nonatopic children were 16-35% larger than in atopic children. After physical exercise, there was an overall increase in mean total nasal volume from 2.973 (SD = 0.647) to 3.405 cm(3) (SD = 0.705), indicating an improvement of 15% in nasal volume (p = 0.025). The increase in nasal patency was similar in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children, as well as in atopic and nonatopic children. CONCLUSION A significant increase in total nasal volume after physical exercise was found in all preschool children. The minimal cross-sectional areas remained smaller in asthmatic and atopic children after exercise, indicating partly irreversible nasal mucosal congestion in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta E Haavisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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The acoustic reflection method for the assessment of paediatric upper airways. Paediatr Respir Rev 2014; 15:38-41. [PMID: 23680443 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic reflection method (ARM) is based on the analysis of the reflection of an acoustic wave in the airway, allowing the calculation of its longitudinal cross-sectional area profile and airway resistance. The ARM represents a simple, quick and totally non invasive tool for the investigation of the upper airways, requiring minimal cooperation, which makes this technique particularly suitable for children. Normal values of the minimal cross sectional area of the upper airways in children have been recently published. The ARM has shown its utility in the investigation of the nasal cavity in healthy and diseased children and of the upper airways in children with various diseases such as mucopolysaccharidosis and cystic fibrosis. This simple, rapid, and inexpensive technique seems promising for the non-invasive investigation of the whole upper airway during wakefulness in children, both in health and disease, and may constitute a complementary or alternative method to explore and follow children with anomalies of the upper airways.
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Li H, Lu XF, Shi J, Shi HM, Dai J. Measurements of normal nasal airway assessed by 3-dimensional computed tomography in Chinese children and adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:180-3. [PMID: 23164502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish normative data of nasal airway dimensions in Chinese children and adolescents by age and sex. METHODS CT images of 281 Chinese children and adolescents (140 girls and 141 boys) aged from 6 to 18 years (yr) were selected among the patients who visited in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital from September 2009 to August 2010. Subjects were divided into four age groups as group 1 (6-9 yr), group 2 (10-12 yr), group 3 (13-15 yr), and group 4 (16-18 yr). Child was defined as 6-12 yr, and adolescent as 13-18 yr. Nasal parameters were as follow: nasal volume (NV), length of nasal airway (NL), minimal cross-section area (CSA 1) and its location (D 1), inferior turbinate head's location (D 2) and its airway cross-section area (CSA 2), and cross-sectional area of choanal (CSA 3). RESULTS There was no significant sex dimorphism in nasal parameters in children (group 1 and group 2). In adolescents, male's nasal dimension were larger than female's. CSA 1, D 1, CSA 2, CSA 3, NL and NV correlated with age in male and female respectively. CONCLUSIONS Volume, length and cross-section area of nasal airway were correlated with age in Chinese children and adolescents aged from 6 to 18 yr. In children, nasal conformations of male and female are similar. In adolescents, sex dimorphisms in nasal parameters were significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Haavisto LE, Vahlberg TJ, Sipilä JI. Correlation between acoustic rhinometry and visual analogue scale in children with no nasal symptoms: a prospective cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol 2011; 36:129-33. [PMID: 21401889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2011.02292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acoustic rhinometry is an objective tool to evaluate nasal obstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of visual analogue scale (VAS) as a subjective tool for nasal obstruction and the correlation between acoustic rhinometry and VAS in children with no nasal symptoms. DESIGN Unilateral acoustic values and VAS were measured at baseline and after decongestion of the nose. SETTING Tertiary academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS The study included 124 children aged between 7 and 14 years with no permanent nasal symptoms. RESULTS At baseline, the mean minimal cross-sectional area on the right side was 0.392 cm(2) (sd 0.094), and on the left side 0.360 cm(2) (sd 0.093), whereas the mean VAS on the right side was 7.43 (sd 2.50) and on the left side 6.81 (sd 3.01). After decongestion, the mean minimal cross-sectional area on the right and left sides were 0.421 cm(2) (sd 0.087) and 0.373 cm(2) (sd 0.11), respectively, whereas the mean VAS on the right and left sides were 8.77 (sd 2.02) and 8.54 (sd 2.14), respectively. At baseline, a significant correlation was found between VAS and minimal cross-sectional area, but no correlation was found between VAS and acoustic values after decongestion. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that VAS shows potential as a subjective tool to investigate nasal obstruction in children over 7 years of age. There was a correlation between VAS and acoustic rhinometry in children with no nasal symptoms at baseline. No correlation was found in children with decongested normal nasal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Haavisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Okun MN, Hadjiangelis N, Green D, Hedli LC, Lee KC, Krieger AC. Acoustic rhinometry in pediatric sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2009; 14:43-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-009-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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