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Saro C, Degeneffe MA, Andrés S, Mateo J, Caro I, López-Ferreras L, Horst EH, López S, Giráldez FJ. Conventional Feed-Grade or Slow-Release Coated Urea as Sources of Dietary Nitrogen for Fattening Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3465. [PMID: 38003083 PMCID: PMC10668866 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two Assaf male lambs (29.2 ± 0.9 kg live weight and 89 ± 0.2 days of age), distributed in two experimental groups, were used to evaluate the use of either feed-grade conventional urea (Control diet; n = 11) or slow-release urea (SRU diet; n = 11) as sources of dietary nitrogen on animal performance, ruminal fermentation, blood acid-base status, plasmatic metabolic profile, and carcass and meat quality. Animals were housed individually and fed ad libitum. At the end of the fattening period (day 70), the animals were slaughtered to compare the fermentation patterns in ruminal digesta and to evaluate the carcass and meat characteristics. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between treatments in the dry matter intake, final live weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. Regarding the ruminal fermentation parameters, the molar proportion of propionic acid was higher (p < 0.05) and that of butyric acid was lower (p < 0.05) with the SRU than with the Control diet. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between experimental treatments in the blood acid-base status and biochemical profile, except for the concentration of urea in plasma, which was significantly (p < 0. 05) greater in SRU than in Control lambs. No statistically significant differences were observed between treatments (p > 0.05) in the carcass and meat characteristics. In conclusion, the use of slow-release urea as a replacement for feed-grade conventional urea in the diet of Assaf fattening lambs, under the experimental conditions of this study, did not improve animal performance and increased the feeding costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saro
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso Degeneffe
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Irma Caro
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (I.C.)
- Departamento de Pediatría e Inmunología, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Psiquiatría e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda. Ramón y Cajal 7, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Egon Henrique Horst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Parana Midwestern State University, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil;
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.A.D.); (S.A.); (S.L.); (F.J.G.)
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Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4153. [PMID: 36914736 PMCID: PMC10011596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro trial was carried out to investigate the effects of natural Thymbra capitata essential oil (NEO) and its main compounds [including carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene given alone or in a synthetic combination (SEO)] on ruminal fermentation and the bacterial community using batch cultures inoculated with ruminal digesta and incubating two different basal diets [high-forage (F) and high-concentrate (C) diet]. After 24 h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the experimental treatments or diets evaluated. Microbial diversity analysis showed only a moderate effect of carvacrol and SEO on 13 genera, including, mainly, Atopobium and Blautia (involved in subacute ruminal acidosis) or Candidatus Saccharimonas (related to laminitis). In conclusion, T. capitata EO has a limited potential to attain nutritional or environmental benefits, but further research should be carried out to clarify its effects on animal health and microbial food safety.
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BHARATHIDHASAN A. Effect of supplemental malic acid on methane mitigation in paddy straw based complete diet for sustainable animal production in indigenous dairy cattle. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i11.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental malic acid on mitigation of methane emission for dairy cattle by in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vitro finding was validated by in vivo feeding trial in indigenous dairy cattle. Ten dairy cattle with uniform milk production were selected and divided into two groups with five animals each and they were fed with and without supplementation of malic acid at 0.39% in 60% paddy straw and 40% concentrate mixture based complete diet. The malic acid at 0.39% was the minimum level which resulted in highly significant reduction of methane by 15.95% and methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate by 15.69%, respectively than control in in vitro study. The methane emission per animal per day and per kg dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly decreased by 3.26% and 3.11%, respectively in malic acid supplemented group than control. The methane emission per kg milk production was significantly reduced by 5.43% in malic acid supplemented group than control. The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid were significantly increased by 2.69% and 11.71%, respectively in malic acid supplemented group than control. It was concluded that the supplementation of malic acid at 0.39% of paddy straw based complete diet significantly reduced the methane emission per animal per day and per kg milk production than control in indigenous dairy cattle.
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Sallam SMA, Abo-Zeid HM, Abaza MA, El-Zaiat HM. Nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance, and carcass of sheep fed urea-based diet supplemented with natural clinoptilolite. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13689. [PMID: 35080091 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five male Barki lambs (30.62 ± 4.54 kg BW) were allocated into three treatments designed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal nitrogen with urea supplemented with natural clinoptilolite on performance and carcass characteristics. Lambs were randomly assigned to nine pens blocked according to age and initial BW into three blocks of three pens each assigned to one of three treatments: Control diet: animals received only a basal diet ad libitum, UR diet: urea replaced 68% of SBM nitrogen in the control diet or UR-Z diet: UR diet supplemented with 20-g zeolite for 141 days. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet increased (p < 0.05) total intakes of DM, crude protein digestibility, ADG, FCR, blood glucose and cholesterol concentration. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet decreased (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3 -N concentration compared to the UR diet. Carcasses from lambs fed on UR diet had greater (p < 0.05) ether extract content, fat thickness, meat yellowness and saturation attributes than those fed on UR-Z and control diets. Sheep fed on UR-Z diet made higher economic profit than UR and control diets. Partial replacement of soybean meal with urea supplemented with zeolite seemed to be economically efficient, with comparable performance and carcass attributes in growing lambs diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy M A Sallam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Abo-Zeid
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abaza
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hani M El-Zaiat
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Sarkar S, Mohini M, Sharma A, Tariq H, Pal RP. Effect of supplementing Leucaena leucocephala leaves alone or in conjunction with malic acid on nutrient utilization, performance traits, and enteric methane emission in crossbred calves under tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:514. [PMID: 34643791 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary strategies aiming at minimizing enteric methane (CH4) emission in ruminants are of practical interest from nutritional, economical, and environmental point of view. The present study evaluated the effects of supplementing Leucaena leucocephala leaves either alone or in conjunction with malic acid on nutrient utilization, growth performance, and enteric CH4 emission in crossbred cattle fed wheat straw and concentrate-based diet under tropical conditions. Eighteen crossbred (Karan-Fries) calves were randomly allocated into 3 groups: G-I (control)-fed wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw and concentrate mixture in the ratio 50:50; G-II-fed wheat straw, concentrate mixture, and Leucaena leucocephala leaves in the ratio 45:45:10; and (3) G-III-fed similar diet like G-II with an additional supplementation of 1% malic acid on dry matter intake basis. Experimental feeding spanning 90 days included a 7-day metabolism trial and CH4 quantification study by sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Results revealed no significant effect of dietary treatments on dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of nutrients, except neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility which was 5.5% higher (P < 0.05) in G-III as compared to control. Further, nitrogen (N) metabolism, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance remained similar among the treatments. No significant effect was also observed for enteric CH4 emission (expressed as g/day and g/kg DMI) in calves supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala leaves and malic acid. Therefore, the present findings depict modest improvement in fiber digestibility with no encouraging effect in mitigating enteric CH4 in growing cattle calves by supplementing Leucaena leucocephala leaves alone or with malic acid within the selected levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srobana Sarkar
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India. .,ICAR - Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Rajasthan, 304 501, Avikanagar, India.
| | - Madhu Mohini
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India.,Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 001, India
| | - Hujaz Tariq
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Pal
- Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
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Saro C, Mateo J, Caro I, Carballo DE, Fernández M, Valdés C, Bodas R, Giráldez FJ. Effect of Dietary Crude Protein on Animal Performance, Blood Biochemistry Profile, Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Carcass and Meat Quality of Heavy Fattening Assaf Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2177. [PMID: 33233459 PMCID: PMC7700360 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty Assaf male lambs (30 ± 1.9 kg of body weight) were allocated to three groups fed diets differing in their crude protein (CP) contents (low protein (LP), 134 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); medium protein (MP), 157 g CP/kg DM; and high protein (HP), 173 g CP/kg DM) to test the effect of dietary protein content on animal performance, rumen function, animal health, and carcass and meat quality. Feed intake was recorded daily, and animals were weighed every second week. Lambs were blood-sampled to determine their acid-base status and biochemical profile. After 70 days of trial, lambs were slaughtered, and the ruminal content was collected to assess ruminal fermentation. Finally, carcass and meat quality were evaluated. Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased (p < 0.05) when increasing the level of dietary CP. There were not significant differences (p > 0.05) in the evaluated parameters in the rumen fluid of lambs. There were not significant differences in carcass or meat quality (p > 0.05) and in those parameters related to blood acid-base status. Several biochemical parameters showed differences depending on diet CP level (urea, protein, albumin, glucose, and calcium; p < 0.05). Feeding costs calculated in relation to cold carcass weight decreased when dietary CP decreased. The results suggested that a dietary protein content greater than 157 g/kg DM would be required to maximize growth performance in Assaf male fattening lambs under 50 kg of body weight. However, a protein content beyond that level was not found to improve either carcass or meat quality and could worsen profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saro
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.F.); (C.V.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Javier Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (J.M.); (D.E.C.)
| | - Irma Caro
- Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Diego Eloy Carballo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.F.); (C.V.); (F.J.G.)
| | - Carmen Valdés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.F.); (C.V.); (F.J.G.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Raúl Bodas
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Av. Burgos, km 119, 47071 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (M.F.); (C.V.); (F.J.G.)
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Feeding Agroindustrial Byproducts to Light Lambs: Influence on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Plasma Metabolites. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040600. [PMID: 32244765 PMCID: PMC7222727 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total proteins, urea, and hepatic enzymes were not affected by the diet. In conclusion, 44% of feed ingredients in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health.
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Saro C, Mateo J, Andrés S, Mateos I, Ranilla MJ, López S, Martín A, Giráldez FJ. Replacing Soybean Meal with Urea in Diets for Heavy Fattening Lambs: Effects on Growth, Metabolic Profile and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E974. [PMID: 31739618 PMCID: PMC6912220 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six Assaf male lambs (29.4 ± 3.10 kg body weight (BW)) were used to study the feasibility of including urea (at 0, 0.6 or 0.95% of dry matter for Control, Urea1, and Urea2 diets, respectively) in substitution of soybean meal in fattening diets. Animals were individually penned and feed intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were taken at days 35 and 63 of the experimental period to determine the acid-base status and the biochemical profile. At the end of the experiment (nine weeks), lambs were slaughtered, ruminal contents were collected and carcass and meat quality were evaluated. There were not differences (p > 0.05) among treatments in dry matter intake, animal performance, ruminal fermentation pattern, and carcass and meat parameters. Serum albumin concentration was higher and concentration of HCO3 and total CO2 in blood were lower in Urea2 compared to Urea1 and Control lambs. These results, together with the tendency to lower (p = 0.065) blood pH in this group might suggest a moderate metabolic acidosis. Partial replacement of soybean meal with urea did not impair growth rate in heavy fattening Assaf lambs (from 29 to 50 kg body weight), reduced feeding costs and had no adverse effects on feed efficiency, rumen fermentation and carcass and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saro
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Iván Mateos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - María José Ranilla
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Alba Martín
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain; (S.A.); (I.M.); (M.J.R.); (S.L.)
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9
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de la Moneda A, Carro MD, Weisbjerg MR, Roleda MY, Lind V, Novoa-Garrido M, Molina-Alcaide E. Variability and Potential of Seaweeds as Ingredients of Ruminant Diets: An In Vitro Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100851. [PMID: 31652535 PMCID: PMC6827098 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation of eight seaweed species (Brown: Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, Pelvetia canaliculata, Saccharina latissima; Red: Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Porphyra sp.; Green: Cladophora rupestris) collected in Norway during spring and autumn. Moreover, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of seventeen diets composed of 1:1 oat hay:concentrate, without (control diet) or including seaweeds was studied. The ash and N contents were greater (p < 0.001) in seaweeds collected during spring than in autumn, but autumn-seaweeds had greater total extractable polyphenols. Nitrogen in red and green seaweeds was greater than 2.20 and in brown seaweeds, it was lower than 1.92 g/kg DM. Degradability after 24 h of fermentation was greater in spring seaweeds than in autumn, with Palmaria palmata showing the greatest value and Pelvetia canaliculata the lowest. Seaweeds differed in their fermentation pattern, and autumn Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Palmaria palmata were similar to high-starch feeds. The inclusion of seaweeds in the concentrate of a diet up to 200 g/kg concentrate produced only subtle effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de la Moneda
- Estación Experimental del Zaidin (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Maria Dolores Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Michael Y Roleda
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, 1431 Ås, Norway.
- The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
| | - Vibeke Lind
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Margarita Novoa-Garrido
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PB 115, 1431 Ås, Norway.
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Nordland, Norway.
| | - Eduarda Molina-Alcaide
- Estación Experimental del Zaidin (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Haro A, Gonzalez J, de Evan T, de la Fuente J, Carro MD. Effects of Feeding Rumen-Protected Sunflower Seed and Meal Protein on Feed Intake, Diet Digestibility, Ruminal, Cecal Fermentation, and Growth Performance of Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070415. [PMID: 31277374 PMCID: PMC6680465 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of a treatment (MAH) of sunflower seed (SS) and meal (SM) with a malic acid solution (1 M; 400 mL/kg) and heating (150 °C, 2 h) to protect protein against rumen degradation and to improve the growth of lambs. Two homogeneous groups of 12 Lacaune lambs each (14.2 ± 0.35 kg body weight) were fed either a concentrate including untreated SS and SM or a concentrate with MAH-treated SS and SM. Lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum for 40 days (about 26 kg body weight); feed intake and growth of lambs were recorded; blood samples were taken on days 0, 20, and the slaughter day for analysis of urea-N and amino acid-N; diet digestibility was determined; and ruminal and cecal samples were collected after slaughter. The in vitro incubation of both concentrates with sheep ruminal fluid for 12 h showed that the MAH-treatment tended to reduce NH3-N concentrations and increased propionate production. However, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups in any of the tested variables in the in vivo trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Haro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad de Evan
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus de la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Vyas D, Beauchemin KA, Koenig KM. Using organic acids to control subacute ruminal acidosis and fermentation in feedlot cattle fed a high-grain diet1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3950-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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12
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Malekkhahi M, Tahmasbi AM, Naserian AA, Danesh Mesgaran M, Kleen JL, Parand AA. Effects of essential oils, yeast culture and malate on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Baluchi lambs fed high-concentrate diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:221-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Malekkhahi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A. M. Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A. A. Naserian
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - M. Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | | | - A. A. Parand
- Dairy Cow Veterinary Consult; Khorasan Razavi Iran
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13
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of malic acid and a mixture of sodium and calcium malate when used as technological additives for all animal species. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Kumar S, Choudhury PK, Carro MD, Griffith GW, Dagar SS, Puniya M, Calabro S, Ravella SR, Dhewa T, Upadhyay RC, Sirohi SK, Kundu SS, Wanapat M, Puniya AK. New aspects and strategies for methane mitigation from ruminants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:31-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Effect of malate form (acid or disodium/calcium salt) supplementation on performance, ruminal parameters and blood metabolites of feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mungói M, Flores C, Casals R, Caja G. Effect of malate and starch source on digestibility and nutrient balance of growing-fattening lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Ungerfeld E, Forster R. A meta-analysis of malate effects on methanogenesis in ruminal batch cultures. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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The influence of chemical form on the effects of supplementary malate on serum metabolites and enzymes in finishing bull calves. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Foley P, Kenny D, Lovett D, Callan J, Boland T, O’Mara F. Effect of dl-malic acid supplementation on feed intake, methane emissions, and performance of lactating dairy cows at pasture. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3258-64. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Ramos S, Tejido ML, Martínez ME, Ranilla MJ, Carro MD. Microbial protein synthesis, ruminal digestion, microbial populations, and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets varying in forage-to-concentrate ratio and type of forage. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2924-34. [PMID: 19465498 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated sheep were used in a partially replicated 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of 4 diets on microbial synthesis, microbial populations, and ruminal digestion. The experimental diets had forage to concentrate ratios (F:C; DM basis) of 70:30 (HF) or 30:70 (HC) with alfalfa hay (A) or grass hay (G) as forage and were designated as HFA, HCA, HFG, and HCG. The concentrate was based on barley, gluten feed, wheat middlings, soybean meal, palmkern meal, wheat, corn, and mineral-vitamin premix in the proportions of 22, 20, 20, 13, 12, 5, 5, and 3%, respectively (as-is basis). Sheep were fed the diets at a daily rate of 56 g/kg of BW(0.75) to minimize feed selection. High-concentrate diets resulted in greater (P < 0.001) total tract apparent OM digestibility compared with HF diets, but no differences were detected in NDF digestibility. Ruminal digestibility of OM, NDF, and ADF was decreased by increasing the proportion of concentrate, but no differences between forages were detected. Compared with sheep fed HF diets, sheep receiving HC diets had less ruminal pH values and acetate proportions, but greater butyrate proportions. No differences among diets were detected in numbers of cellulolytic bacteria, but protozoa numbers were less (P = 0.004) and total bacteria numbers tended (P = 0.08) to be less for HC diets. Carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, and amylase activities were greater for HC compared with HF diets, with A diets showing greater (P = 0.008) carboxymethylcellulase activities than G diets. Retained N ranged from 28.7 to 37.9% of N intake and was not affected by F:C (P = 0.62) or the type of forage (P = 0.31). Microbial N synthesis and its efficiency was greater (P < 0.001) for HC diets compared with HF diets. The results indicate that concentrates with low cereal content can be included in the diet of sheep up to 70% of the diet without detrimental effects on ruminal activity, microbial synthesis efficiency, and N losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramos
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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21
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Nutrient intake, digestibility, mastication and ruminal fermentation of Pelibuey lambs fed finishing diets with ionophore (monensin or lasalocid) and sodium malate. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Effects of malic acid on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers. Animal 2009; 3:32-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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23
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Sgoifo Rossi CA, Vandoni S. Malate supplementation to beef cattle: effects on growth performance and rumen fermentation products. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Vandoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
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24
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Foley PA, Kenny DA, Callan JJ, Boland TM, O'Mara FP. Effect of DL-malic acid supplementation on feed intake, methane emission, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1048-57. [PMID: 19028842 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary concentration of dl-malic acid (MA) on DMI, CH(4) emission, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Two Latin square experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, six beef heifers (19 +/- 1 mo old) were assigned in a duplicated Latin square to 1 of 3 dietary concentrations of MA on a DMI basis (0%, MA-0; 3.75%, MA-3.75; or 7.5%, MA-7.5) over 3 periods. In Exp. 2, four rumen-fistulated steers (48 +/- 1 mo old) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary concentrations of MA (0%, MA-0; 2.5%, MA-2.5; 5.0%, MA-5.0; or 7.5%, MA-7.5) on a DMI basis, over 4 periods. Both experimental diets consisted of grass silage and pelleted concentrate (containing MA). Silage was fed ad libitum once daily (a.m.), whereas concentrate was fed twice daily (a.m. and p.m.) with the aim of achieving a total DMI of 40:60 silage:concentrate. In both Exp. 1 and 2, experimental periods consisted of 28 d, incorporating a 13-d acclimatization, a 5-d measurement period, and a 10-d washout period. In Exp. 1, enteric CH(4), feed apparent digestibility, and feed intake were measured over the 5-d measurement period. In Exp. 2, rumen fluid was collected on d 16 to 18, immediately before (a.m.) feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h thereafter. Rumen pH was determined and samples were taken for protozoa count, VFA, and ammonia analysis. Enteric CH(4) emissions were estimated by using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique and feed apparent digestibility was estimated by using chromic oxide as an external marker for fecal output. In Exp. 1, increasing dietary MA led to a linear decrease in total DMI (P < 0.001) and total daily CH(4) emissions (P < 0.001). Compared with the control diet, the greatest concentration of MA decreased total daily CH(4) emissions by 16%, which corresponded to a 9% reduction per unit of DMI. Similarly, in Exp. 2, inclusion of MA reduced DMI in a linear (P = 0.002) and quadratic (P < 0.001) fashion. Increasing dietary MA led to a linear decrease in molar proportion of acetic (P = 0.004) and butyric acids (P < 0.001) and an increase in propionic acid (P < 0.001). Ruminal pH tended to increase (P = 0.10) with increasing dietary MA. Dietary inclusion of MA led to a linear (P = 0.01) decrease in protozoa numbers. Increasing supplementation with MA decreased CH(4) emissions, but DMI was also decreased, which could have potentially negative effects on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Foley
- University College Dublin School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Ranilla MJ, Ramos S, Carro MD. Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1617-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Castillo C, Benedito JL, Pereira V, Méndez J, Vazquez P, López-Alonso M, Hernández J. Effects of malate supplementation on acid-base balance and productive performance in growing/finishing bull calves fed a high-grain diet. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:70-81. [PMID: 18341081 DOI: 10.1080/17450390701780193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of malate supplementation on blood acid-base balance and serum lactate levels in a 137-day feedlot experiment with bull calves. Animals were allotted to one of two experimental groups: (1) A control group (no supplementation), and (2) a group receiving a salt of DL-malic acid. Blood pH, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess, serum L-lactate and productivity parameters were evaluated. Our data reveal that under the conditions of the present experiment malate supplementation did not have any significant effect on productivity parameters by comparison with non-supplemented animals. As regards acid-base balance, no significant effects attributable only to malate were observed. In conclusion, the time-course and the overall means of serum L-lactate for both groups in both growing and finishing periods (0.44 +/- 0.04 mmol/l and 0.39 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, respectively, for control animal; and 0.54 +/- 0.03 mmol/l and 0.49 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, respectively, for supplemented animals) suggests that malate does not have any beneficial effects in animals fed a diet of similar characteristics to that given in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Castillo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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