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Pianezze S, Corazzin M, Bontempo L, Sepulcri A, Saccà E, Perini M, Piasentier E. Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry to Detect Differences in Four Compartments of Simmental Cows Fed on C3 and C4 Diets. Molecules 2022; 27:2310. [PMID: 35408709 PMCID: PMC9000290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) metabolism in animals represents an important field of study since they influence the quality and the properties of the meat. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to discriminate the diets of cows in different animal compartments and to study the fate of dietary FAs in the bovine organism, using carbon isotopic ratios. Five FAs, both essential (linoleic and linolenic) and non-essential (palmitic, stearic, and oleic) in four compartments (feed, rumen, liver, meat) of animals fed two different diets (based on either C3 or C4 plants) were considered. For all compartments, the carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of all FAs (with few exceptions) resulted significantly lower in cows fed on C3 than C4 plants, figuring as a powerful tool to discriminate between different diets. Moreover, chemical reactions taking place in each animal compartment result in fraction processes affecting the δ13C values. The δ13CFAs tendentially increase from feed to meat in group C3. On the other hand, the δ13CFAs generally increase from rumen to liver in group C4, while δ13CFAs of rumen and meat are mostly not statistically different. Different trends in the δ13CFAs of the two groups suggested different FAs fates depending on the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Saccà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Matteo Perini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
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Pianezze S, Corazzin M, Perini M, Camin F, Paolini M, Sepulcri A, Saccà E, Fabro C, Piasentier E. Fatty acids stable carbon isotope fractionation in the bovine organism. A compound-specific isotope analysis through gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461966. [PMID: 33618180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of dietary fatty acids to the quality of the meat and their path through the bovine organism is currently the subject of a lot of research. Stable isotope ratio analysis represents a powerful tool for this aim, one that has not been studied in depth yet. In this work, for the first time, the carbon isotopic ratios of six fatty acids (myristic 14:0, palmitic 16:0, stearic 18:0, oleic 18:1n-9, linoleic 18:2n-6 and linolenic 18:3n-3 acids) in different matrixes (diet, rumen, duodenal content, liver and loin) were analysed through gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Moreover, the quantification of the single fatty acids was carried out, providing important information supporting the carbon isotopic ratio results. The variation in the concentration of the fatty acids in the different matrices depends on the chemical modifications they undergo in the sequential steps of the metabolic path. GC-C-IRMS turned out to be a powerful tool to investigate the fate of dietary fatty acids, providing information about the processes they undergo inside the bovine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Matteo Perini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy.
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Mauro Paolini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, San Michele All'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Elena Saccà
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Carla Fabro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences DI4A, University of Udine (UD), Italy
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Effects of vegetation type and breed on n-3 and n-6 fatty acid proportions in heart, lung and brain phospholipids of lambs. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McClure SB, Magill C, Podrug E, Moore AMT, Harper TK, Culleton BJ, Kennett DJ, Freeman KH. Fatty acid specific δ13C values reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202807. [PMID: 30183735 PMCID: PMC6124750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest evidence for cheese production in the Mediterranean is revealed by stable carbon isotope analyses of individual fatty acids in pottery residues from the Dalmatian coast of Croatia. Lipid residue data indicate the presence of milk in the earliest pottery, Impressed Ware, by 5700 cal. BCE (7700 BP). In contrast, by 5200 cal BCE (7200 BP), milk was common in refined Figulina pottery, meat was mostly associated with Danilo ware, cheese occurred in Rhyta, and sieves contained fermented dairy, representing strong links between specific function and stylistically distinctive pottery vessels. Genetic data indicate the prevalence of lactose intolerance among early farming populations. However, young children are lactase persistent until after weaning and could consume milk as a relatively pathogen-free and nutrient rich food source, enhancing their chances of survival into adulthood. Fermentation of milk into yogurt and cheese decreases lactose content. The evidence for fermented dairy products by 5200 cal BCE indicates a larger proportion of the population was able to consume dairy products and benefit from their significant nutritional advantages. We suggest that milk and cheese production among Europe’s early farmers reduced infant mortality and helped stimulate demographic shifts that propelled farming communities to expand to northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. McClure
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Clayton Magill
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew M. T. Moore
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas K. Harper
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Culleton
- AMS Radiocarbon Facility, Energy and Environmental Sustainability Labs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Katherine H. Freeman
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Monahan FJ, Schmidt O, Moloney AP. Meat provenance: Authentication of geographical origin and dietary background of meat. Meat Sci 2018; 144:2-14. [PMID: 29859716 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity of meat is now an important consideration in the multi-step food chain from production of animals on farm to consumer consumption of the final meat product. A range of techniques, involving analysis of elemental and molecular constituents of meat, fingerprint profiling and multivariate statistical analysis exists and these techniques are evolving in the quest to provide robust methods of establishing the dietary background of animals and the geographical origin of the meat derived from them. The potential application to meat authentication of techniques such as stable isotope ratio analysis applied to different animal tissues, measurement in meat of compounds directly derived from the diet of animals, such as fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins, and spectroscopy is explored. Challenges pertaining to the interpretation of data, as they relate to assignment of dietary background or geographical origin, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Monahan
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Aidan P Moloney
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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van Leeuwen KA, Camin F, Jerónimo E, Vasta V, Prenzler PD, Ryan D, Bessa RJB. Dietary Effects on Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Fatty Acids in Polar and Neutral Fractions of Intramuscular Fat of Lambs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9404-9411. [PMID: 28972778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we measured δ13C values of the main fatty acids (FA) present in neutral and polar intramuscular lipids of meat samples from 24 lambs, fed with four different diets supplemented with sunflower and linseed oil and the tanniferous shrub Cistus ladanifer L. The objective was to understand if the increase in intramuscular fat observed in lambs fed simultaneously C. ladanifer and oil was explained mostly by incorporation of diet derived FA or by increased de novo FA synthesis. De novo FA synthesis was evaluated by 13C enrichment (‰) of 16:0 in intramuscular lipids compared to bulk diet or compared to dietary 16:0. Oil reduced 13C enrichment of 16:0 in muscle lipid but had no effect when the diet included C. ladanifer (P value <0.01). Thus, dietary C. ladanifer blocked the inhibitory effects of lipid supplementation on de novo FA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryna A van Leeuwen
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Eliana Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja) , 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
- ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora , Évora, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vasta
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A) , via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Paul D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Danielle Ryan
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
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Detecting animal by-product intake using stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Vet J 2016; 217:119-125. [PMID: 27810202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are used in many countries as food and for manufacturing bioproducts. However, when these animals consume animal by-products (ABP), which is widely prohibited, there is a risk of transmitting scrapie - a fatal prion disease in human beings. Therefore, it is essential to develop sensitive methods to detect previous ABP intake to select safe animals for producing biopharmaceuticals. We used stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for 13C and 15N to trace animal proteins in the serum of three groups of sheep: 1 - received only vegetable protein (VP) for 89 days; 2 - received animal and vegetable protein (AVP); and 3 - received animal and vegetable protein with animal protein subsequently removed (AVPR). Groups 2 and 3 received diets with 30% bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) added to a vegetable diet (from days 16-89 in the AVP group and until day 49 in the AVPR group, when MBM was removed). The AVPR group showed 15N equilibrium 5 days after MBM removal (54th day). Conversely, 15N equilibrium in the AVP group occurred 22 days later (76th day). The half-life differed between these groups by 3.55 days. In the AVPR group, 15N elimination required 53 days, which was similar to this isotope's incorporation time. Turnover was determined based on natural 15N signatures. IRMS followed by turnover calculations was used to evaluate the time period for the incorporation and elimination of animal protein in sheep serum. The δ13C and δ15N values were used to track animal protein in the diet. This method is biologically and economically relevant for the veterinary field because it can track protein over time or make a point assessment of animal feed with high sensitivity and resolution, providing a low-cost analysis coupled with fast detection. Isotopic profiles could be measured throughout the experimental period, demonstrating the potential to use the method for traceability and certification assessments.
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Zhou C, Chen L, Tang S, Kang J, Han X, Wang M, He Z, Yan Q, Tan Z. True digestibility of protein and amino acids in goats using plants naturally enriched in 13C as a label to determine endogenous amino acid excretion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Auerswald K, Schäufele R, Bellof G. Routing of Fatty Acids from Fresh Grass to Milk Restricts the Validation of Feeding Information Obtained by Measuring (13)C in Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10500-10507. [PMID: 26567466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dairy production systems vary widely in their feeding and livestock-keeping regimens. Both are well-known to affect milk quality and consumer perceptions. Stable isotope analysis has been suggested as an easy-to-apply tool to validate a claimed feeding regimen. Although it is unambiguous that feeding influences the carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) in milk, it is not clear whether a reported feeding regimen can be verified by measuring δ(13)C in milk without sampling and analyzing the feed. We obtained 671 milk samples from 40 farms distributed over Central Europe to measure δ(13)C and fatty acid composition. Feeding protocols by the farmers in combination with a model based on δ(13)C feed values from the literature were used to predict δ(13)C in feed and subsequently in milk. The model considered dietary contributions of C3 and C4 plants, contribution of concentrates, altitude, seasonal variation in (12/13)CO2, Suess's effect, and diet-milk discrimination. Predicted and measured δ(13)C in milk correlated closely (r(2) = 0.93). Analyzing milk for δ(13)C allowed validation of a reported C4 component with an error of <8% in 95% of all cases. This included the error of the method (measurement and prediction) and the error of the feeding information. However, the error was not random but varied seasonally and correlated with the seasonal variation in long-chain fatty acids. This indicated a bypass of long-chain fatty acids from fresh grass to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bellof
- Fachgebiet Tierernährung, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf , D-85350 Freising, Germany
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Compositional Signatures of Conventional, Free Range, and Organic Pork Meat Using Fingerprint Techniques. Foods 2015; 4:359-375. [PMID: 28231211 PMCID: PMC5224536 DOI: 10.3390/foods4030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumers’ interest in the way meat is produced is increasing in Europe. The resulting free range and organic meat products retail at a higher price, but are difficult to differentiate from their counterparts. To ascertain authenticity and prevent fraud, relevant markers need to be identified and new analytical methodology developed. The objective of this pilot study was to characterize pork belly meats of different animal welfare classes by their fatty acid (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester—FAME), non-volatile compound (electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry—ESI-MS/MS), and volatile compound (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry—PTR-MS) fingerprints. Well-defined pork belly meat samples (13 conventional, 15 free range, and 13 organic) originating from the Netherlands were subjected to analysis. Fingerprints appeared to be specific for the three categories, and resulted in 100%, 95.3%, and 95.3% correct identity predictions of training set samples for FAME, ESI-MS/MS, and PTR-MS respectively and slightly lower scores for the validation set. Organic meat was also well discriminated from the other two categories with 100% success rates for the training set for all three analytical approaches. Ten out of 25 FAs showed significant differences in abundance between organic meat and the other categories, free range meat differed significantly for 6 out of the 25 FAs. Overall, FAME fingerprinting presented highest discrimination power.
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Warner D, Dijkstra J, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. Stable isotope-labelled feed nutrients to assess nutrient-specific feed passage kinetics in ruminants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:819-824. [PMID: 24114801 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of digesta passage kinetics in ruminants is essential to predict nutrient supply to the animal in relation to optimal animal performance, environmental pollution and animal health. Fractional passage rates (FPR) of feed are widely used in modern feed evaluation systems and mechanistic rumen models, but data on nutrient-specific FPR are scarce. Such models generally rely on conventional external marker techniques, which do not always describe digesta passage kinetics in a satisfactory manner. Here the use of stable isotope-labelled dietary nutrients as a promising novel tool to assess nutrient-specific passage kinetics is discussed. Some major limitations of this technique include a potential marker migration, a poor isotope distribution in the labelled feed and a differential disappearance rate of isotopes upon microbial fermentation in non-steady state conditions. Such limitations can often be circumvented by using intrinsically stable isotope-labelled plant material. Data are limited but indicate that external particulate markers overestimate rumen FPR of plant fibre compared with the internal stable isotope markers. Stable isotopes undergo the same digestive mechanism as the labelled feed components and are thus of particular interest to specifically measure passage kinetics of digestible dietary nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Warner
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Willems H, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid in meat and adipose tissue of grazing lambs differ among alpine pasture types with contrasting plant species and phenolic compound composition. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shang ZH, Gibb MJ, Leiber F, Ismail M, Ding LM, Guo XS, Long RJ. The sustainable development of grassland-livestock systems on the Tibetan plateau: problems, strategies and prospects. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/rj14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Tibetan plateau is the source of most of the major rivers of Asia and has a huge impact on the livelihoods of the population, who have for centuries engaged in traditional herding practices. Sustainable management of the plateau is of critical importance not only for maintaining livelihoods but also because of its vital ecological function. The major problem of sustainable development in these grassland-livestock systems is the conflict between forage and livestock production. Despite considerable investment of manpower, material resources and capital over many years, attempts to resolve the problem have not been successful. The magnitude of conflict between forage and livestock is addressed by presenting 19 resolution strategies based on numerous research data. Each of these strategies is evaluated in terms of how it can be implemented, its potential benefits for livestock production, current progress and the requirement for further research. The 19 strategies have been divided into four topic categories, namely; grassland-forage, livestock, economy and market, society-culture, which cover the basic elements of sustainable development in this pastoral region. It is argued that improved planning and implementation of the proposed strategies must be based on the background investigation of natural and social status of the pastoral region. Particular attention needs to be given to genetic resources and technology in order to ensure the successful implementation of these proposals. In addition to expanding the use of 18 currently practiced strategies, the authors propose a further novel strategy of replacing the current intensive form of ecological migration with a model incorporating two semi-permanent settlements. The objective of this novel strategy is to retain the nomadic element of pastoral husbandry while increasing the temporal and spatial scale of rotational stocking to reduce pasture degradation on the Tibetan plateau. It is argued that these proposals should be urgently incorporated into two national plans for the pastoral livestock industry, and the construction of an ecologically safe shelter zone on the Tibetan plateau, while ensuring a sustainable livelihood of its pastoral residents. Ensuring a successful implementation of these strategies in resolving the conflict between grassland and livestock, and promoting sustainable development on the Tibetan plateau, requires willing support at the level of national investment and policy commitment and from the herdsmen.
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Staerfl SM, Zeitz JO, Amelchanka SL, Kälber T, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Comparison of the milk fatty acid composition from dairy cows fed high-sugar ryegrass, low-sugar ryegrass, or maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-013-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Monahan F, Moloney A, Osorio M, Röhrle F, Schmidt O, Brennan L. Authentication of grass-fed beef using bovine muscle, hair or urine. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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