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Alfaro GF, Palombo V, D’Andrea M, Cao W, Zhang Y, Beever JE, Muntifering RB, Pacheco WJ, Rodning SP, Wang X, Moisá SJ. Hepatic transcript profiling in beef cattle: Effects of feeding endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306431. [PMID: 39058685 PMCID: PMC11280227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) seeds intake on liver tissue transcriptome in growing Angus × Simmental steers and heifers through RNA-seq analysis. Normal weaned calves (~8 months old) received either endophyte-free tall fescue (E-; n = 3) or infected tall fescue (E+; n = 6) seeds for a 30-d period. The diet offered was ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay combined with a nutritional supplement of 1.61 kg (DM basis) of E+ or E- tall fescue seeds, and 1.61 kg (DM basis) of energy/protein supplement pellets for a 30-d period. Dietary E+ tall fescue seeds were included in a rate of 20 μg of ergovaline/kg BW/day. Liver tissue was individually obtained through biopsy at d 30. After preparation and processing of the liver samples for RNA sequencing, we detected that several metabolic pathways were activated (i.e., upregulated) by the consumption of E+ tall fescue. Among them, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome biogenesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis, suggesting an active mechanism to cope against impairment in normal liver function. Interestingly, hepatic protein synthesis might increase due to E+ consumption. In addition, there was upregulation of "thermogenesis" KEGG pathway, showing a possible increase in energy expenditure in liver tissue due to consumption of E+ diet. Therefore, results from our study expand the current knowledge related to liver metabolism of growing beef cattle under tall fescue toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón F. Alfaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Valentino Palombo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - MariaSilvia D’Andrea
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Wenqi Cao
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Beever
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Soren P. Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Sonia J. Moisá
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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2
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Llada IM, Mote RS, Hill NS, Lourenco JM, Jones DP, Suen G, Ross MK, Filipov NM. Ruminal ergovaline and volatile fatty acid dynamics: Association with poor performance and a key growth regulator in steers grazing toxic tall fescue. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104354. [PMID: 38151218 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Fescue toxicosis (FT) is produced by an ergot alkaloid (i.e., ergovaline [EV])-producing fungus residing in toxic fescue plants. Associations between EV, decreased weight gain and ruminal volatile fatty acids are unclear. Feces, rumen fluid, and blood were collected from 12 steers that grazed non-toxic (NT) or toxic (E +) fescue for 28 days. The E + group exhibited decreased propionate (P), increased acetate (A), and increased ruminal A:P ratio, with similar trends in feces. Plasma GASP-1 (G-Protein-Coupled-Receptor-Associated-Sorting-Protein), a myostatin inhibitor, decreased (day 14) only in E + steers. Ergovaline was present only in E + ruminal fluid and peaked on day 14. The lower ruminal propionate and higher A:P ratio might contribute to FT while reduced GASP-1 might be a new mechanism linked to E + -related weight gain reduction. Day 14 ergovaline zenith likely reflects ruminal adaptations favoring EV breakdown and its presence only in rumen points to local, rather than systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Llada
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States
| | - R S Mote
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States
| | - N S Hill
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, United States
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - D P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - G Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - N M Filipov
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States.
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Llada IM, Lourenco JM, Dycus MM, Carpenter JM, Suen G, Hill NS, Filipov NM. Behavioral and Physiological Alterations in Angus Steers Grazing Endophyte-Infected Toxic Fescue during Late Fall. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050343. [PMID: 37235377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is caused by grazing ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala)-infected tall fescue (E+). Summer grazing of E+ leads to decreased productivity, associated impaired thermoregulation, and altered behavior. The goal of this study was to determine the role of E+ grazing-climate interaction on animal behavior and thermoregulation during late fall. Eighteen Angus steers were placed on nontoxic (NT), toxic (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) fescue pastures for 28 days. Physiological parameters, such as rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), ear and ankle surface temperature (ET, AT), and body weights, were measured. Skin surface temperature (SST) and animal activity were recorded continuously with temperature and behavioral activity sensors, respectively. Environmental conditions were collected using paddocks-placed data loggers. Across the trial, steers on E+ gained about 60% less weight than the other two groups. E+ steers also had higher RT than E- and NT, and lower SST than NT post-pasture placement. Importantly, animals grazing E+ spent more time lying, less time standing, and took more steps. These data suggest that late fall E+ grazing impairs core and surface temperature regulation and increases non-productive lying time, which may be partly responsible for the observed decreased weight gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Llada
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeferson M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mikayla M Dycus
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica M Carpenter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Altman A, Adams AA, McLeod KR, Vanzant ES. Interactions between animal temperament and exposure to endophytic tall fescue: Effects on cell-mediated and humoral immunity in beef heifers. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1086755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments (n=12 Angus heifers/experiment) investigated influences of animal temperament, as indicated by exit velocity (EV; determined at weaning) and consumption of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue seed on peripheral lymphocyte production of interferon-γ. Heifers were selected from calves born on the University of Kentucky’s C. Oran Little Research Center. In experiment 1, calves were randomly selected from 50 heifers within a single calf crop. In experiment 2, calves with the 6 fastest and 6 slowest EV in the subsequent year’s calf crop were selected. In both experiments, heifers were assigned to either high or low EV treatments based on relative ranking, and endophyte treatments (toxic endophyte-infected, E+, or endophyte-free, E-, fescue seed) were balanced by body weight. Rations were restricted to 1.8 x NEm and common diet was top-dressed with fescue seed each morning. Experiment 1 had four phases (pre-endophyte treatment/thermoneutral, increased room temperature, increased room temperature/endophyte treatment, and post-endophyte/thermoneutral) and experiment 2 had two phases (increased room temperature/endophyte treatment and thermoneutral). During endophyte treatment phases, heifers were fed their respective treatment seed. During all other phases, all heifers received E- seed. In experiment 1, proportions of lymphocytes producing interferon-γ were decreased in E+ heifers during the heat/endophyte phase (P=0.03) whereas during the subsequent thermoneutral period this response was greater in high, compared with low, EV heifers on E- treatment, with no difference observed among E+ heifers (interaction P=0.08). Also during the recovery phase, average lymphocyte production of interferon-γ was higher in E+ heifers (P=0.01). Consistent with experiment 1 findings, during the recovery period of experiment 2, endophyte exposure increased the per cell production of interferon-γ (P<0.01). In this experiment, the difference was of sufficient magnitude to result in a concomitant increase (P=0.03) in total interferon-γ production during that period. These results indicate peripheral lymphocyte production of interferon-γ can be influenced by both EV and endophyte exposure following periods of increased ambient temperature humidity indices, though there was minimal indication of interactions between temperament and alkaloid exposure. This may imply that cattle with high exit velocities and those previously exposed to toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue are better poised against cell-mediated challenges.
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Ferguson TD, Loos CMM, Vanzant ES, Urschel KL, Klotz JL, McLeod KR. Impact of ergot alkaloid and steroidal implant on whole-body protein turnover and expression of mTOR pathway proteins in muscle of cattle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1104361. [PMID: 37143501 PMCID: PMC10151678 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Holstein steers (n = 32) were used to determine if the ergot analog, bromocriptine decreases muscle protein synthesis through inhibitory action on the mTOR pathway via a direct effect on signal proteins, and if these negative effects can be alleviated with anabolic agents. Methods Steers were treated with intramuscular administration of bromocriptine (vehicle or 0.1 mg/kg BW) and a subdermal commercial steroidal implant containing trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol 17β (with or without), in a 2×2 factorial design. During the 35 day experiment, intake was restricted to 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement. On days 27 through 32, steers were moved to metabolism stalls for urine collection, and whole-body protein turnover was determined using a single pulse dose of [15N] glycine into the jugular vein on day 28. On day 35, skeletal muscle samples were collected before (basal state) and 60 min after (stimulated state) an i.v. glucose challenge (0.25 g glucose/kg). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals before and after glucose infusion for determination of circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin. Results Bromocriptine reduced insulin and glucose clearance following the glucose challenge, indicating decreased insulin sensitivity and possible disruption of glucose uptake and metabolism in the skeletal muscle. Conversely, analysis of whole-body protein turnover demonstrated that bromocriptine does not appear to affect protein synthesis or urea excretion. Western immunoblot analysis of skeletal muscle showed that it did not affect abundance of S6K1 or 4E-BP1, so bromocriptine does not appear to inhibit activation of the mTOR pathway or protein synthesis. Estradiol/TBA implant decreased urea excretion and protein turnover but had no effect on protein synthesis, suggesting that steroidal implants promote protein accretion through unchanged rates of synthesis and decreased degradation, even in the presence of bromocriptine, resulting in improved daily gains. Implanted steers likely experienced increased IGF-1 signaling, but downstream activation of mTOR, S6K and 4E-BP1, and thus increased protein synthesis did not occur as expected. Conclusions Overall, this data suggests that bromocriptine does not have a negative impact on muscle protein synthetic pathways independent of DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D. Ferguson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Caroline M. M. Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kristine L. Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James L. Klotz
- Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kyle R. McLeod,
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Finch SC, Webb NG, Munday JS, Sprosen JM, Cave VM. Sub-acute feeding study of a tall fescue endophyte in a perennial ryegrass host using mice. Toxicon 2022; 214:30-36. [PMID: 35523309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes in grass associations express a myriad of secondary metabolites which can affect the health of grazing animals and reduce the impact of insect pests on pasture. The ideal endophyte-grass association must have a favourable chemical profile such that the impact on animal health is minimised while the beneficial, deterrent effect on insect pests is maximised. A number of endophyte-perennial ryegrass associations have been successfully commercialised but research is on-going to further improve production in farming systems. Secondary metabolites expressed by endophyte-infected tall fescue include lolines, an animal-safe class of compound which imparts a potent effect on insects. Since endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass does not express lolines, a tall fescue endophyte, AR501, was inoculated into perennial ryegrass in an attempt to improve the insect resistance of this pasture type. In addition to animal safety, it is imperative that consideration is given to the safety of humans consuming animal products derived from livestock grazing the novel pasture. Although pure loline alkaloids have previously been tested on mice it is essential that the entire AR501 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass matrix is tested since this will result in the exposure of both known and unknown secondary metabolites to mice. Three treatment groups each containing 6 male and 6 female mice were fed diets containing AR501 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed (30%), perennial ryegrass seed containing no endophyte (30%) or a diet without seed (control) for 3 weeks. Mice fed control diet ate more than either of the treatment groups fed a diet containing seed. Male mice fed diet containing Nil endophyte seed ate more than those eating AR501 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed although there was no difference observed in the food intake of female mice. While a few statistically significant differences were observed in the haematology and serum biochemical data, in every instance the difference was restricted to only one gender so is considered unlikely to be of toxicological significance. Mice fed AR501 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed remained healthy throughout the experimental period despite consuming 62,000 mg/kg lolines and 4600 mg/kg peramine per day as well as the wide array of other unknown secondary metabolites expressed by this endophyte. Although animal products may contain additional metabolites as a result of animal metabolism, this experiment raises no food safety concerns for AR501 endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Nicola G Webb
- AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - John S Munday
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jan M Sprosen
- AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa M Cave
- AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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7
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Ferguson TD, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR. Endophyte Infected Tall Fescue: Plant Symbiosis to Animal Toxicosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:774287. [PMID: 35004925 PMCID: PMC8740028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.774287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophyte-infected fescue is a major cool season forage used for livestock production in the United States and through other areas of the world. A unique aspect of this forage resource is the symbiotic relationship with an endophytic fungus (Epichloë coenophiala) that has detrimental impact on herbivores due to toxic ergot alkaloids. Research over the past 50 years has unveiled details regarding this symbiotic relationship. This review focuses on the origin of tall fescue in the United States and the consequences of its wide-spread utilization as a livestock forage, along with the discovery and toxicodynamics of ergot alkaloids produced by E. coenophiala. The majority of past ergot alkaloid research has focused on observing phenotypic changes that occur in livestock affected by ergot alkaloids, but recent investigation of the metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome have shown that fescue toxicity-related illnesses are much more complex than previous research suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Ferguson
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eric S Vanzant
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R McLeod
- Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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8
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Croy RG, Sutherland BL, Hume DE, Mace WJ, van Koten C, Finch SC. Animal safety of a tall fescue endophyte ( Epichloë sp.) in a perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) host. N Z Vet J 2021; 70:165-176. [PMID: 34850658 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.2011795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess animal health and production in sheep grazing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with a tall fescue endophyte (Epichloë sp.). METHODS Three replicates of pure perennial ryegrass pastures infected with AR501 tall fescue endophyte (AR501 HE), AR1, AR37 or standard endophyte (STD) (all >85% infection) and a low endophyte control (AR501 LE) were grazed by 10 lambs for 7 weeks during late summer/early autumn, 2017. AR501 HE and AR501 LE were in the same tetraploid cultivar and the remaining treatments were in the same diploid cultivar. Lambs were weighed on Days 0, 19, 37 and 48 and assessed for ryegrass staggers on a 0-4 tremor scale nine times from Day 13. On Days 14 and 20, rectal temperatures and respiration rates were measured in lambs grazing AR501 HE, AR501 LE and STD under heat load. Pasture samples from each treatment were taken regularly (8 times) for analysis of known endophyte secondary metabolites. RESULTS Peak mean ryegrass staggers scores for lambs grazing STD and AR37 treatments were 3.9 and 2.7, respectively, indicating environmental conditions were conducive to toxicity. Lambs grazing AR501 HE showed no ryegrass staggers at any date. The liveweight of STD lambs was up to 6.6 kg less than some or all other treatments on Days 19, 34 and 48 but there was no evidence of a difference between the liveweight of AR501 HE lambs and AR501 LE, AR37 or AR1 lambs on any date. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of STD lambs were higher than AR501 HE lambs by 0.2°C and 26 breaths/minute, respectively. Apart from lower rectal temperature of AR501 HE lambs on Day 14, there was no evidence of differences between the AR501 HE and AR501 LE lambs.N-Formylloline was the only loline present in AR501 HE herbage (350-860 mg/kg). Peramine in AR501 HE herbage (42-77 mg/kg) was greater than that in STD and AR1 herbage on five and seven of the eight sampling dates, respectively. CONCLUSION Lambs grazing AR501 HE showed no ryegrass staggers, exacerbated heat stress or suppressed liveweight gain compared with lambs grazing AR501 LE in a season when endophyte-induced toxicity was evident in STD and AR37 pastures. This suggests AR501 tall fescue endophyte does not produce toxic concentrations of secondary metabolites. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that there are no secondary metabolites produced by the tall fescue AR501 endophyte-perennial ryegrass association which affect animal health or production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Croy
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - B L Sutherland
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - D E Hume
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - W J Mace
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C van Koten
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - S C Finch
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Kudupoje MB, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR, Yiannikouris A. Synthesis, Evaluation, and Characterization of an Ergotamine Imprinted Styrene-Based Polymer for Potential Use as an Ergot Alkaloid Selective Adsorbent. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30260-30280. [PMID: 34805659 PMCID: PMC8600535 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloid toxicities negatively impact livestock health and production. To assess alkaloid occurrences, adsorbent technologies may offer effective means to their extraction and isolation from a complex feed matrix. In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized and evaluated for their specificity of binding to various ergot alkaloids. Co-polymers of styrene and hydroxyethyl methacrylate were synthesized in the absence or presence of an ergotamine (ETA) template, yielding non-imprinted polymer (NIP) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), respectively. The influence of parameters such as pH, temperature, and initial concentration on the adsorption of ergot alkaloids was evaluated along with their application as solid phase extraction materials. Chemical and morphological properties were characterized. Adsorption was generally greater for MIP compared to NIP. Cross-reactivity with related alkaloids existed due to similarities in structure and functional groups and was dependent on the type and concentration of alkaloid and polymer type (alkaloid type × concentration × product; P < 0.05). The pH of the medium had no influence on the binding properties of polymers toward ETA within a pH range of 2-10. Binding was independent of temperature between 36 and 42 °C. When kinetics of adsorption were evaluated, the Langmuir isotherm had a better fit (R 2 > 0.95) to adsorption equilibrium data than the Freundlich equation. The maximum amounts adsorbed (Q o) from the Langmuir model were 8.68 and 7.55 μM/g for MIP and NIP, respectively. Fourier transform infrared, scanning and tandem electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis confirmed a highly porous MIP structure with a greater surface area compared to NIP. Binding characteristics evaluated with computational strategy using molecular docking experiments and in vitro in a complex media (rumen fluid) indicated a stronger ETA adsorption by the tested composition selected among other polymeric materials and affinity of MIP compared with NIP. This study suggested the possible utility of MIP as a solid phase extraction sorbent for applications in analytical chemistry or sensing devices tailored to track ergot alkaloid incidence and the fate of those alkaloids in complex ruminal digestive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B. Kudupoje
- Chemistry
and Toxicology Division, Center for animal Nutrigenomics & Applied
Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, United States
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Kentucky, W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0215, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Kentucky, W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0215, United States
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Kentucky, W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0215, United States
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Chemistry
and Toxicology Division, Center for animal Nutrigenomics & Applied
Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, Kentucky 40356, United States
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10
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Alfaro GF, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Muntifering RB, Rodning SP, Pacheco WJ, Moisá SJ. Complete Blood Count Analysis on Beef Cattle Exposed to Fescue Toxicity and Rumen-Protected Niacin Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040988. [PMID: 33916070 PMCID: PMC8065407 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fescue toxicity results from cattle consuming fungal (Ergot spp.) endophyte-infected tall fescue. Ergot alkaloids like ergovaline produce vasoconstriction in cattle. Our objectives were to analyze changes in complete blood count and performance due to ergot alkaloid detoxification in growing beef cattle and the effect of selecting dams tolerant or susceptible to fescue toxicity based on their tolerance index, measured through a genetic test currently available for beef producers. Furthermore, rumen-protected niacin supplementation is proposed as a potential alleviator for vasoconstriction produced by fescue toxicity. Therefore, we assessed the effects of consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds in addition to rumen-protected niacin supplementation in offspring performance and hematological parameters. Signs for anemia were noticed in susceptible heifer offspring that did not receive rumen-protected niacin, whereas inflammation or infection was detected in tolerant steers that received niacin in their diet. Typical symptoms of heat stress and intoxication with ergot alkaloids were noticed in offspring. Our results suggest that susceptible heifer offspring might have a more active detox metabolism when under fescue toxicity. Findings from this study could be utilized as a new tool to help beef cattle producers to dampen the adverse effects of fescue toxicity. Abstract Offspring born to dams genetically tested for resistance to fescue toxicity were separated in groups based on their dams’ resistance level (tolerant vs. susceptible). Rumen-protected niacin (RPN) is proposed as a potential alleviator for vasoconstriction produced by fescue toxicity. Complete blood count (CBC) analysis was utilized for detection of significant responses to treatments applied. Our objectives were as follows: (a) to analyze changes in CBC due to fescue toxicity, maternal resistance level, and RPN in growing offspring; and (b) to assess the effects of maternal resistance level when consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds in addition to RPN in offspring performance. Body weight, average daily gain, or health status were not improved by RPN or the genetic test to detect fescue toxicity resistance. Typical signs of alkaloids intoxication and heat stress were noticed in offspring. Particularly, rectal temperature was greater for susceptible control heifers. Results showed that susceptible control offspring presented signs of anemia denoted by low mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). High levels of white blood cells (WBC) and basophils in combination to low neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio were the signs of infection or inflammation detected in the CBC analysis, especially in tolerant niacin steers. Furthermore, offspring of control heifers had a greater percentage of reticulocytes and RDW, denoting signs of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston F. Alfaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (G.F.A.); (R.B.M.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.L.R.-Z.); (B.R.S.)
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.L.R.-Z.); (B.R.S.)
| | - Russell B. Muntifering
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (G.F.A.); (R.B.M.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Soren P. Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (G.F.A.); (R.B.M.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Wilmer J. Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Sonia J. Moisá
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (G.F.A.); (R.B.M.); (S.P.R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Feeding Tall Fescue Seed Reduces Ewe Milk Production, Lamb Birth Weight and Pre-Weaning Growth Rate. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122291. [PMID: 33287449 PMCID: PMC7761808 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study was conducted to examine how ergovaline/ergovalinine ingestion during pregnancy in ewes with different DRD2 genotypes altered ewe and lamb performance. Feeding ergovaline/ergovalinine in last trimester reduced lamb birth weight; however, milk production was lower for all ewes fed ergovaline/ergovalinine. Lambs born to dams fed ergovaline/ergovalinine had slower growth rates and lower weaning weights. These results demonstrate that ingestion of ergot alkaloids during pregnancy can negatively influence lactation, growth of offspring and birth and weaning weights. Recommendations would include strategies to mitigate mycotoxin exposure in pregnant ewes to improve production. Abstract Endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) produces ergovaline and ergovalinine, which are mycotoxins that act as dopamine agonists to suppress prolactin and induce vasoconstriction. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial with DRD2 genotype (AA, AG, GG), fescue seed (endophyte-free, E− or endophyte-infected, E+), stage of gestation (MID, d (day) 35–85; LATE, d 86–parturition) and all interactions in the model. Pregnant Suffolk ewes (n = 60) were stratified by genotype and fed E+ or E− seed in a total mixed ration according to treatment assignment. Serum prolactin concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ seed but did not differ by maternal DRD2 genotype or two-way interaction. Lamb birth weight was lower (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ seed in last trimester. Pre-weaning growth rate, milk production and total weaning weight was reduced (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ fescue seed during MID and LATE gestation. Ingestion of ergovaline/ergovalinine in last trimester reduces lamb birth weight; however, lamb growth rate, milk production and total weaning weight are reduced in all ewes fed E+ during mid and last trimester.
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12
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Caradus JR, Johnson LJ. Epichloë Fungal Endophytes-From a Biological Curiosity in Wild Grasses to an Essential Component of Resilient High Performing Ryegrass and Fescue Pastures. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E322. [PMID: 33261217 PMCID: PMC7720123 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Epichloë endophytes found in a wide range of temperate grasses spans the continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic. The diversity of asexual mutualistic types can be characterised by the types of alkaloids they produce in planta. Some of these are responsible for detrimental health and welfare issues of ruminants when consumed, while others protect the host plant from insect pests and pathogens. In many temperate regions they are an essential component of high producing resilient tall fescue and ryegrass swards. This obligate mutualism between fungus and host is a seed-borne technology that has resulted in several commercial products being used with high uptake rates by end-user farmers, particularly in New Zealand and to a lesser extent Australia and USA. However, this has not happened by chance. It has been reliant on multi-disciplinary research teams undertaking excellent science to understand the taxonomic relationships of these endophytes, their life cycle, symbiosis regulation at both the cellular and molecular level, and the impact of secondary metabolites, including an understanding of their mammalian toxicity and bioactivity against insects and pathogens. Additionally, agronomic trials and seed biology studies of these microbes have all contributed to the delivery of robust and efficacious products. The supply chain from science, through seed companies and retailers to the end-user farmer needs to be well resourced providing convincing information on the efficacy and ensuring effective quality control to result in a strong uptake of these Epichloë endophyte technologies in pastoral agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Caradus
- Grasslanz Technology Ltd., Palmerston North PB11008, New Zealand
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13
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Greene MA, Klotz JL, Goodman JP, May JB, Harlow BE, Baldwin WS, Strickland JR, Britt JL, Schrick FN, Duckett SK. Evaluation of oral citrulline administration as a mitigation strategy for fescue toxicosis in sheep. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa197. [PMID: 33269340 PMCID: PMC7684870 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestating ewes consuming ergot alkaloids, from endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue seed, suffer from intrauterine growth restriction and produce smaller lambs. Arginine (Arg) supplementation has been shown to increase birth weight and oral citrulline (Cit) administration is reported to increase arginine concentrations. Two experiments were conducted to: 1) evaluate if oral supplementation with Cit or water, to ewes consuming E+ fescue seed, increases lamb birth weight and 2) determine the effectiveness of Cit and citrulline:malate as an oral drench and elevating circulating levels of Cit to determine levels and dose frequency. In experiment 1, gestating Suffolk ewes (n = 10) were assigned to one of two treatments [oral drench of citrulline-malate 2:1 (CITM; 81 mg/kg/d of citrulline) or water (TOX)] to start on d 86 of gestation and continued until parturition. Ewes on CITM treatment had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma Arg and Cit concentrations during gestation. At birth, lambs from CITM ewes had reduced (P < 0.05) crude fat and total fat but did not differ (P > 0.05) in birth weight from lambs born to TOX ewes. In experiment 2, nonpregnant Suffolk ewes (n = 3) were assigned to either oral citrulline (CIT; 81 mg/kg/d), citrulline-malate 2:1 (CITM; 81 mg/kg/d of citrulline), or water (CON) drench in a Latin Square design for a treatment period of 4 d with a washout period of 3 d. On d 4, blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 h post drench. Oral drenching of CIT and CITM increased (P < 0.0001) Cit concentrations within 2 h and levels remained elevated for 6 h. Apparent half-life of elimination for CIT and CITM were 8.484 and 10.392 h, respectively. Our results show that lamb birth weight was not altered with a single oral drench of citrulline-malate; however, lamb body composition was altered. The level and frequency of citrulline dosing may need to be greater in order to observe consistent elevation of Cit/Arg concentrations to determine its effectiveness in mitigating fescue toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maslyn A Greene
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - James L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - Jack P Goodman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - John B May
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - James R Strickland
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Jessica L Britt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Susan K Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
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14
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Mote RS, Filipov NM. Use of Integrative Interactomics for Improvement of Farm Animal Health and Welfare: An Example with Fescue Toxicosis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100633. [PMID: 33019560 PMCID: PMC7600642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid scientific advances are increasing our understanding of the way complex biological interactions integrate to maintain homeostatic balance and how seemingly small, localized perturbations can lead to systemic effects. The ‘omics movement, alongside increased throughput resulting from statistical and computational advances, has transformed our understanding of disease mechanisms and the multi-dimensional interaction between environmental stressors and host physiology through data integration into multi-dimensional analyses, i.e., integrative interactomics. This review focuses on the use of high-throughput technologies in farm animal research, including health- and toxicology-related papers. Although limited, we highlight recent animal agriculture-centered reports from the integrative multi-‘omics movement. We provide an example with fescue toxicosis, an economically costly disease affecting grazing livestock, and describe how integrative interactomics can be applied to a disease with a complex pathophysiology in the pursuit of novel treatment and management approaches. We outline how ‘omics techniques have been used thus far to understand fescue toxicosis pathophysiology, lay out a framework for the fescue toxicosis integrome, identify some challenges we foresee, and offer possible means for addressing these challenges. Finally, we briefly discuss how the example with fescue toxicosis could be used for other agriculturally important animal health and welfare problems.
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15
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Idbella M, Zotti M, Cesarano G, Fechtali T, Mazzoleni S, Bonanomi G. Fungal endophytes affect plant response to leaf litter with contrasting chemical traits. COMMUNITY ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Idbella
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - M. Zotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - G. Cesarano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - T. Fechtali
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - S. Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - G. Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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16
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Britt JL, Greene MA, Bridges WC, Klotz JL, Aiken GE, Andrae JG, Pratt SL, Long NM, Schrick FN, Strickland JR, Wilbanks SA, Miller MF, Koch BM, Duckett SK. Ergot alkaloid exposure during gestation alters. I. Maternal characteristics and placental development of pregnant ewes1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1874-1890. [PMID: 30895321 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Scheyreb.) Darbysh] is the primary cool season forage grass in the Southeastern United States. Most tall fescue contains an endophytic fungus (Epichloë coenophiala) that produces ergot alkaloids and upon ingestion induces fescue toxicosis. The objective of this study was to assess how exposure to endophyte-infected (E+; 1.77 mg hd-1 d-1 ergovaline and ergovalinine) or endophyte-free (E-; 0 mg hd-1 d-1 ergovaline and ergovalinine) tall fescue seed fed during 2 stages of gestation (MID, days 35-85/LATE, days 86-133) alters placental development. Thirty-six, fescue naïve Suffolk ewes were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 fescue treatments: E-/E-, E-/E+, E+/E-, or E+/E+. Ewes were individually fed the same amount of E+ or E- seed mixed into total mixed ration during MID and LATE gestation. Terminal surgeries were conducted on day 133 of gestation. Ewes fed E+ fescue seed had elevated (P < 0.001) ergot alkaloid excretion and reduced (P < 0.001) prolactin levels during the periods when fed E+ seed. Ewes switched on day 86 from E- to E+ seed had a 4% reduction (P = 0.005) in DMI during LATE gestation, which translated to a 2% reduction (P = 0.07) in DMI overall. Average daily gain was also reduced (P = 0.049) by 64% for E-/E+ ewes during LATE gestation and tended to be reduced (P = 0.06) by 33% overall. Ewes fed E+ seed during LATE gestation exhibited a 14% and 23% reduction in uterine (P = 0.03) and placentome (P = 0.004) weights, respectively. Caruncle weights were also reduced by 28% (P = 0.003) for E-/E+ ewes compared with E-/E- and E+/E-. Ewes fed E+ seed during both MID and LATE gestation exhibited a 32% reduction in cotyledon (P = 0.01) weights, whereas ewes fed E+ seed only during MID gestation (E+/E-) had improved (P = 0.01) cotyledon weights. The percentage of type A placentomes tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for E+/E+ ewes compared with other treatments. Other placentome types (B, C, or D) did not differ (P > 0.05). Total fetal weight per ewe was reduced (P = 0.01) for ewes fed E+ seed during LATE gestation compared with E-; however, feeding E+ seed during MID gestation did not alter (P = 0.70) total fetal weight per ewe. These results suggest that exposure to ergot alkaloids during LATE (days 86-133) gestation has the greatest impact on placental development by reducing uterine and placentome weights. This, in turn, reduced total fetal weight per ewe by 15% in ewes fed E+ seed during LATE gestation (E-/E+ and E+/E+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Britt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Maslyn A Greene
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - William C Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - James L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - Glen E Aiken
- USDA-ARS, Forage Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - John G Andrae
- Simpson Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Scott L Pratt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Nathan M Long
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - James R Strickland
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Sarah A Wilbanks
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Markus F Miller
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Brandon M Koch
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Susan K Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
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17
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Finch SC, Munday JS, Sprosen JM, Bhattarai S. Toxicity Studies of Chanoclavine in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050249. [PMID: 31052510 PMCID: PMC6563201 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes have been used successfully in pastoral grasses providing protection against insect pests through the expression of secondary metabolites. This approach could be extended to other plant species, such as cereals, reducing reliance on pesticides. To be successful, the selected endophyte must express secondary metabolites that are active against cereal insect pests without any secondary metabolite, which is harmful to animals. Chanoclavine is of interest as it is commonly expressed by endophytes and has potential insecticidal activity. Investigation of possible mammalian toxicity is therefore required. An acute oral toxicity study showed the median lethal dose of chanoclavine to be >2000 mg/kg. This allows it to be classified as category 5 using the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals, and category 6.1E using the New Zealand Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) hazard classes, the lowest hazard class under both systems of classification. A three-week feeding study was also performed, which showed chanoclavine, at a dose rate of 123.9 mg/kg/day, initially reduced food consumption but was resolved by day seven. No toxicologically significant effects on gross pathology, histology, hematology, or blood chemistry were observed. These experiments showed chanoclavine to be of low toxicity and raised no food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - John S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jan M Sprosen
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Sweta Bhattarai
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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18
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Koivusaari P, Tejesvi MV, Tolkkinen M, Markkola A, Mykrä H, Pirttilä AM. Fungi Originating From Tree Leaves Contribute to Fungal Diversity of Litter in Streams. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:651. [PMID: 31001228 PMCID: PMC6454979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass production and decomposition are key processes in ecology, where plants are primarily responsible for production and microbes act in decomposition. Trees harbor foliar microfungi living on and inside leaf tissues, epiphytes, and endophytes, respectively. Early researchers hypothesized that all fungal endophytes are parasites or latent saprophytes, which slowly colonize the leaf tissues for decomposition. While this has been proven for some strains in the terrestrial environment, it is not known whether foliar microfungi from terrestrial origin can survive or perform decomposition in the aquatic environment. On the other hand, aquatic hyphomycetes, fungi which decompose organic material in stream environments, have been suggested to have a plant-associated life phase. Our aim was to study how much the fungal communities of leaves and litter submerged in streams overlap. Ergosterol content on litter, which is an estimator of fungal biomass, was 5-14 times higher in submerged litter than in senescent leaves, indicating active fungal colonization. Leaves generally harbored a different microbiome prior to than after submergence in streams. The Chao1 richness was significantly higher (93.7 vs. 60.7, p = 0.004) and there were more observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (78.3 vs. 47.4, p = 0.004) in senescent leaves than in stream-immersed litter. There were more Leotiomycetes (9%, p = 0.014) in the litter. We identified a group of 35 fungi (65%) with both plant- and water-associated lifestyles. Of these, eight taxa had no previous references to water, such as lichenicolous fungi. Six OTUs were classified within Glomeromycota, known as obligate root symbionts with no previous records from leaves. Five members of Basidiomycota, which are rare in aquatic environments, were identified in the stream-immersed litter only. Overall, our study demonstrates that foliar microfungi contribute to fungal diversity in submerged litter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mysore V Tejesvi
- Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Chain Antimicrobials Oy, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Heikki Mykrä
- Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Oulu, Finland
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19
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White JF, Cole GT. Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. I. Distribution of Fungal Endophytes in Some Species ofLoliumandFestuca. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1985.12025104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F. White
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Garry T. Cole
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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20
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White JF, Cole GT. Endophyte—Host Associations in Forage Grasses. V. Occurrence of Fungal Endophytes in Certain Species ofBromusandPoa. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1986.12025333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James F. White
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713-7640
| | - Garry T. Cole
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713-7640
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21
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Ghimire SR, Rudgers JA, Charlton ND, Young C, Craven KD. Prevalence of an intraspecificNeotyphodiumhybrid in natural populations of stout wood reed (Cinna arundinaceaL.) from eastern North America. Mycologia 2017; 103:75-84. [DOI: 10.3852/10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sita R. Ghimire
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Nikki D. Charlton
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Carolyn Young
- Forage Improvement Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Kelly D. Craven
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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22
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Finch SC, Munday JS, Munday R, Kerby JWF. Short-term toxicity studies of loline alkaloids in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:243-9. [PMID: 27276360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes have been used successfully in pastoral systems to reduce the impact of insect pests through the expression of secondary metabolites. The use of endophytes could be extended to other plant species, such as cereal crops, where the production of bioactive secondary metabolites would reduce the reliance on pesticides for insect control. The success of this approach is dependent on the selection of an appropriate secondary metabolite target which must not only be effective against insect pests but also be safe for grazing and monogastric animals. The loline alkaloids have been identified as possible target metabolites as they are associated with potent effects on insects and low toxicity to grazing animals. The purpose of the current study was to generate toxicological data on the loline alkaloids in a monogastric system using mice. Male and female mice were fed 415 mg/kg/day total lolines for a 3-week period. The loline treatment caused no statistically significant effect on gross pathology, histology, haematology, blood chemistry, heart rate, blood pressure or motor coordination. Reduced weight gain and food consumption were noted in the loline groups during the initial stages of the experiment. This experiment raises no food safety concerns for the loline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Finch
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - J S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, PB 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Munday
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - J W F Kerby
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Jackson JJ, Lindemann MD, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Summer-Long Grazing of High vs. Low Endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-Infected Tall Fescue by Growing Beef Steers Results in Distinct Temporal Blood Analyte Response Patterns, with Poor Correlation to Serum Prolactin Levels. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:77. [PMID: 26734619 PMCID: PMC4685929 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the effects of fescue toxicosis on developing Angus-cross steer growth, carcass, hepatic mRNA, and protein expression profiles of selected serum proteins, and blood clinical and chemical profiles, after summer-long grazing (85 days) of high endophyte (HE)- vs. low endophyte (LE)-infected fescue pastures. We now report the temporal development of acute, intermediate, and chronic responses of biochemical and clinical blood analytes determined at specified time intervals (period 1, day 0–36; period 2, day 37–58; and period 3, day 59–85). Throughout the trial, the alkaloid concentrations of the HE forage was consistently 19–25 times greater (P ≤ 0.002) than the concentration in the LE forage, and HE vs. LE steers had continuously lower (P ≤ 0.049) serum prolactin (85%), cholesterol (27%), and albumin (5%), but greater red blood cells (7%). The HE steers had decreased (P = 0.003) ADG only during period 1 (−0.05 vs. 0.4 kg/day). For period 1, HE steers had reduced (P ≤ 0.090) numbers of eosinophils (55%) and lymphocytes (18%), serum triglyceride (27%), and an albumin/globulin ratio (9%), but an increased bilirubin concentration (20%). During period 2, serum LDH activities were 18% lower (P = 0.022) for HE vs. LE steers. During period 3, serum levels of ALP (32%), ALT (16%), AST (15%), creatine kinase (35%), glucose (10%), and LDH (23%) were lower (P ≤ 0.040) for HE steers. Correlation analysis of serum prolactin and other blood analytes revealed that triglycerides (P = 0.042) and creatinine (P = 0.021) were moderately correlated (r ≤ 0.433) with HE serum prolactin. In conclusion, three HE-induced blood analyte response patterns were identified: continually altered, initially altered, and subsequently “recovered,” or altered only after long-term exposure. Blood analytes affected by length of grazing HE vs. LE forages were either not or poorly correlated with serum prolactin. These data reveal important, temporal, data about how young cattle respond to the challenge of consuming HE pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Jackson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Merlin D Lindemann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - James A Boling
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - James C Matthews
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C.P. West
- University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
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Strickland JR, Aiken GE, Spiers DE, Fletcher LR, Oliver JW. Physiological Basis of Fescue Toxicosis. AGRONOMY MONOGRAPHS 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr53.c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Strickland
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit; Lexington Kentucky
| | - G. E. Aiken
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit; Lexington Kentucky
| | | | | | - J. W. Oliver
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tennessee; Knoxville
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Guerre P. Ergot alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi of the genus Epichloë. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:773-90. [PMID: 25756954 PMCID: PMC4379524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grasses results in the production of different groups of alkaloids, whose mechanism and biological spectrum of toxicity can differ considerably. Ergot alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected tall fescue, are responsible for "fescue toxicosis" in livestock, whereas indole-diterpene alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected ryegrass, are responsible for "ryegrass staggers". In contrast, peramine and loline alkaloids are deterrent and/or toxic to insects. Other toxic effects in livestock associated with the consumption of endophyte-infected grass that contain ergot alkaloids include the "sleepy grass" and "drunken horse grass" diseases. Although ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in endophyte-infected tall fescue and is recognized as responsible for fescue toxicosis, a number of questions still exist concerning the profile of alkaloid production in tall fescue and the worldwide distribution of tall fescue toxicosis. The purpose of this review is to present ergot alkaloids produced in endophyte-infected grass, the factors of variation of their level in plants, and the diseases observed in the mammalian species as relate to the profiles of alkaloid production. In the final section, interactions between ergot alkaloids and drug-metabolizing enzymes are presented as mechanisms that could contribute to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
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Koontz AF, Kim DH, McLeod KR, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Effect of fescue toxicosis on whole body energy and nitrogen balance, in situ degradation and ruminal passage rates in Holstein steers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine alteration of ruminal kinetics, as well as N and energy balance during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (bodyweight (BW) = 217 ± 7 kg) were weight matched into pairs and pair fed throughout a crossover design experiment with a 2×2 factorial treatment structure. Factors were endophyte (infected, E+ vs. uninfected, E−) and feeding level (1100 (L) or 1800 (H) kJ/kG BW.75). During each period, after 8 days of feeding level adaptation, animals were ruminally dosed twice daily with ground fescue seed for the remainder of the period. One steer per pair was dosed with ground endophyte infected fescue seed (E+), the other with ground endophyte free fescue seed. In situ degradation of ground alfalfa was determined on Days 13–16. Total faecal and urinary collections were performed on Days 17–21, with animals placed into indirect calorimetry head-boxes during Days 20 and 21. Heat production (HP) was calculated using the Brower equation. Retained energy (RE) was calculated as intakeE – (faecalE + urinaryE + gaseousE + HP). Liquid and particulate passage rates were evaluated using Cr:EDTA and iADF respectively on Days 22 and 23. There was no difference (P > 0.9) in dry matter intake (DMI)/kg.75 between endophyte treatments, and DMI/kg.75 was different (P < 0.01) between H and L intake by design. Animals on H feeding had higher (P < 0.01) water, N and energy intakes. Energy and N excretion, as well as retained DE, ME, RE, and HP were higher (P < 0.03) for H versus L. There was no difference in retained N, DE, ME, or HP (P > 0.15) between endophyte treatments. Neither rate nor extent of in situ degradation was altered by intake level or endophyte treatment (P > 0.3). DM percentage and DM weight of rumen contents were increased (P < 0.01) by E+ dosing. Particulate passage increased (P = 0.0002) during H intake and decreased (P = 0.02) with E+ dosing. Ruminal liquid passage decreased (P < 0.03) with H feeding, while liquid flow rate tended to be reduced (P < 0.14) with E+ dosing. Total VFA concentration increased with both H feeding (P < 0.01) and E+ dosing (P < 0.0001). Despite these differences, the N and energy balance data indicate that the reductions in weight gain and productivity seen during fescue toxicosis are primarily due to reduced intake.
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Zbib N, Repussard C, Tardieu D, Priymenko N, Domange C, Guerre P. Ergovaline in tall fescue and its effect on health, milk quality, biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and drug metabolizing enzymes of lactating ewes. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5112-23. [PMID: 25253811 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergovaline (EV) produced by symbiotic association of Epichloë coenophiala with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) causes toxicoses in livestock. In this study, 16 lactating ewes (BW 76.0 ± 0.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of feeding endophyte-infected (FE+) or endophyte free (FE-) tall fescue hay on animal health and performances and to investigate the putative mechanisms of action of EV. The mean EV concentrations in FE+ and FE- diets were 497 ± 52 and <5 µg/kg DM, respectively. Decreased hay consumption and BW were observed in the FE+ group. Prolactin (PRL) concentrations decreased (P < 0.02) in the FE+ group from d 3 to 28 of the study compared to the FE- group, but no consequences were observed on milk quantity or quality. Skin temperature and the thermocirculation index were lower (P < 0.05) in the FE+ than in the FE- group from d 3 to 7, but this effect disappeared from d 14 to 28. Hematocrit, mineral and biochemical, and enzymatic analyses of plasma revealed no differences between the 2 groups. Measurement of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities revealed a decrease in the activities of plasma catalase (P < 0.05), kidney glutathione reductase and peroxidase and in kidney total glutathione and malondialdehyde contents (P < 0.02) in ewes fed FE+. Hepatic flavin monooxygenase enzyme activities decreased (P < 0.01) in ewes fed FE+, except for a marked increase in the demethylation of erythromycin. This activity is linked to cytochrome P4503A content and is known to be involved in ergot alkaloid metabolism. Glutathione S-transferase activity in the kidneys decreased (P < 0.02) in the FE+ group, whereas no difference was observed in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase activity in the liver or kidneys. The reversibility of the effect of FE+ hay on skin temperature and the increase in erythromycin N-demethylase activity may contribute to the relative resistance of ewes to EV toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zbib
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - C Repussard
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - D Tardieu
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - N Priymenko
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, INRA UMR1331 Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse France
| | - C Domange
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, INRA UMR1331 Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse France
| | - P Guerre
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF. Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution. Mycologia 2014; 106:181-201. [PMID: 24877257 DOI: 10.3852/106.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë species with their asexual states are specialized fungi associated with cool-season grasses. they grow endophytically in tissues of aerial parts of host plants to form systemic and mostly asymptomatic associations. Their life cycles may involve vertical transmission through host seeds and/or horizontal transmission from one plant to other plants of the same species through fungal propagules. Vertical transmission has been well studied, but comparatively little research has been done on horizontal dissemination. The goal of this review is to provide new insights on modes of dissemination of systemic grass endophytes. The review addresses recent progress in research on (i) the process of growth of Epichloë endophytes in the host plant tissues, (ii) the types and development of reproductive structures of the endophyte, (iii) the role of the reproductive structures in endophyte dissemination and host plant infection processes and (iv) some ecological and evolutionary implications of their modes of dissemination. Research in the Epichloë grass endophytes has accelerated in the past 25 y and has demonstrated the enormous complexity in endophyte-grass symbioses. There still remain large gaps in our understanding of the role and functions of these fungi in agricultural systems and understanding the functions, ecology and evolution of these endophytes in natural grass populations.
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31
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Bernard M, Maughan B, Villalba JJ. Preference for tannin-containing supplements by sheep consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue hay. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3445-56. [PMID: 23658337 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins may bind to alkaloids in endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue and attenuate fescue toxicosis. To test this hypothesis, thirty-two 4-mo-old lambs were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (8 lambs/treatment) in a 2 by 2 factorial design that included a basal diet of tall fescue hay [E+ or endophyte-free (E-)] supplemented with (TS) or without (CS) bioactive Quebracho tannins. The concentration of ergovaline in E+ fed in 2 successive phases was 65 ± 21 µg/kg (Phase 1) and 128 ± 4 µg/kg (Phase 2). After exposure to hays and supplements, all lambs were offered choices between TS and CS and between E+ and E- hays. During Phase 1, lambs offered E+ consumed more hay than lambs offered E- (P = 0.03). Lambs on E+/TS displayed the greatest intake of hay and the least intake of TS (P < 0.05). During Phase 2, when the concentration of ergovaline increased, lambs offered E+ consumed less hay than lambs fed E- (P < 0.0001). Lambs on E+/CS consumed less hay than lambs on E-/CS (P = 0.02), but hay intake by lambs on E-/TS and E+/TS did not differ (P = 0.96). Lambs preferred CS to TS during preference tests (P < 0.0001) and lambs on E+/TS ingested the least amounts of supplement TS and the greatest amounts of supplement CS (P = 0.001). Lambs offered E+ displayed greater body temperatures than lambs offered E- in both phases (P < 0.05). When offered a choice among the 3 hays, lambs previously exposed to E+ preferred E+ (low content of ergovaline) > E- > E+ (greater content of ergovaline; P < 0.001). Thus, decreased concentrations of ergovaline increased rectal temperatures, and affected intake of and preference for tannins and fescue hay. Quebracho tannins did not attenuate the effects of E+ on body temperature and feed intake. Ingestion of E+ reduced intake of quebracho tannins, suggesting that alkaloids in E+ antagonized ingestion of condensed tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernard
- INRA, Unité d'Expérimentation 1354 sur les Ruminants de Theix, Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Chestnut AB, Fribourg HA, McLaren JB, Keltner DG, Reddick BB, Carlisle RJ, Smith MC. Effects of Acremonium coenophialum
Infestation, Bermudagrass, and Nitrogen or Clover on Steers Grazing Tall Fescue Pastures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1991.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - B. B. Reddick
- Dep. of Entomology and Plant Pathology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37901-1071
| | | | - M. C. Smith
- Ames Plantation; Grand Junction TN 38039-0389
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Coffey KP, Lomas LW, Moyer J. Grazing and Subsequent Feedlot Performance by Steers That Grazed Different Types of Fescue Pasture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1990.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Coffey
- Southeast Kansas Branch Exp. Stn.; P.O. Box 316 Parson KS 67357
| | - L. W. Lomas
- Southeast Kansas Branch Exp. Stn.; P.O. Box 316 Parson KS 67357
| | - J.L. Moyer
- Southeast Kansas Branch Exp. Stn.; P.O. Box 316 Parson KS 67357
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Lusby KS, McMurphy WE, Strasia CA, Smith SC, Muntz SH. Effects of Fescue Endophyte and Interseeded Clovers on Subsequent Finishing Performance of Steers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1990.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. A. Strasia
- Cooperative Extension; Oklahoma State Univ.; Stillwater OK 74078
| | - S. C. Smith
- Cooperative Extension; Oklahoma State Univ.; Stillwater OK 74078
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McMurphy W, Lusby KS, Smith SC, Muntz SH, Strasia CA. Steer Performance on Tall Fescue Pasture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1990.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. C. Smith
- Cooperative Extension; Oklahoma State Univ.; Stillwater OK 74078
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36
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Crawford RJ, Forwood JR, Belyea RL, Garner GB. Relationship between Level of Endophyte Infection and Cattle Gains on Tall Fescue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1989.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Crawford
- Dep. of Dairy Science; University of Missouri Southwest Center; Mt. Vernon MO 65712
| | | | | | - G. B. Garner
- Dep. of Animal Science; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211
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37
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38
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Stuedemann JA, Hoveland CS. Fescue Endophyte: History and Impact on Animal Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2134/jpa1988.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Stuedemann
- Forage/Livestock Research UnitUSDA/ARS, Southern Piedmont Conservation Res. CenterWatkinsvilleGA30677
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Fanning MD, Spitzer JC, Cross DL, Thompson FN. A preliminary study of growth, serum prolactin and reproductive performance of beef heifers grazing Acremonium coenophialum -infected tall fescue. Theriogenology 2012; 38:375-84. [PMID: 16727141 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(92)90058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1991] [Accepted: 05/15/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In an experiment with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 32 virgin Angus heifers were used to study effects of tall fescue endophyte Acremonium coenophialum and energy supplementation on reproductive performance. Treatments were feeding of endophyte-free (EF) or endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue without (0%) and with energy supplementation at one percent group mean body weight (1%). Blood samples were collected at 28-day intervals for prolactin (PRL). Starting 21 days before the breeding season, blood was also collected weekly for progesterone (P(4)) and PRL. After 99 days of grazing, heifers received Syncro-Mate-B (SMB) and were then artificially inseminated over a 30-day period. Heifers on EI-0% had a lower (P<0.05) average final body weight. Highest average daily gain was observed in heifers fed EF-1% (0.98 kg/day), whereas, heifers fed EI-0% had lowest average daily gain (0.53 kg/day; P<0.05). Endophyte-infected fescue depressed serum PRL concentrations (171 and 143 ng/ml vs 70 and 85 ng/ml; EF-0% and EF-1% vs EI-0% and EI-1%, respectively; P<0.05). No differences were observed among treatments in luteal activity before or after SMB, in pregnancy rates after a synchronized estrus or in overall pregnancy rates during the 30-day breeding season. Endophyte-infected fescue decreased average daily gain and depressed serum concentrations of prolactin, but had no effect on reproductive performance as measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fanning
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
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40
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Kishore D, Eichen P, Spiers D. Adaptive responses to fescue toxicosis under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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41
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Strickland JR, Looper ML, Matthews JC, Rosenkrans CF, Flythe MD, Brown KR. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: St. Anthony's Fire in livestock: Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions1,2. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1603-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Belesky DP, Bacon CW. Tall fescue and associated mutualistic toxic fungal endophytes in agroecosystems. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brown KR, Anderson GA, Son K, Rentfrow G, Bush LP, Klotz JL, Strickland JR, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Growing steers grazing high versus low endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected tall fescue have reduced serum enzymes, increased hepatic glucogenic enzymes, and reduced liver and carcass mass1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:748-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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45
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Burns JC. ASAS Centennial Paper: Utilization of pasture and forages by ruminants: A historical perspective1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3647-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Evaluation of Domperidone Dosages and Delivery Methods for the Treatment of Fescue Toxicosis in Beef Heifers 11This research was supported by Illinois Council for Food and Agricultural Research (grant #05I-11). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Videmann B, Bony S, Berny P. DETERMINATION OF ERGOVALINE IN ENDOPHYTED SEEDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPTLC). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Videmann
- a Unité Associée INRA-DGER de Toxicologie, et Métabolisme Comparés des Xénobiotiques , 1, avenue Bourgelat, B. P. 83, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
| | - S. Bony
- a Unité Associée INRA-DGER de Toxicologie, et Métabolisme Comparés des Xénobiotiques , 1, avenue Bourgelat, B. P. 83, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
| | - P. Berny
- b Unité Associée INRA-DGER de Toxicologie, et Métabolisme Comparés des Xénobiotiques , 1, avenue Bourgelat, B. P. 83, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
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Lemons A, Clay K, Rudgers JA. Connecting plant–microbial interactions above and belowground: a fungal endophyte affects decomposition. Oecologia 2005; 145:595-604. [PMID: 16001218 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutualisms can strongly affect the structure of communities, but their influence on ecosystem processes is not well resolved. Here we show that a plant-microbial mutualism affects the rate of leaf litter decomposition using the widespread interaction between tall fescue grass (Lolium arundinaceum) and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum. In grasses, fungal endophytes live symbiotically in the aboveground tissues, where the fungi gain protection and nutrients from their host and often protect host plants from biotic and abiotic stress. In a field experiment, decomposition rate depended on a complex interaction between the litter source (collected from endophyte-infected or endophyte-free plots), the decomposition microenvironment (endophyte-infected or endophyte-free plots), and the presence of mesoinvertebrates (manipulated by the mesh size of litter bags). Over all treatments, decomposition was slower for endophyte-infected fescue litter than for endophyte-free litter. When mesoinvertebrates were excluded using fine mesh and litter was placed in a microenvironment with the endophyte, the difference between endophyte-infected and endophyte-free litter was strongest. In the presence of mesoinvertebrates, endophyte-infected litter decomposed faster in microenvironments with the endophyte than in microenvironments lacking the endophyte, suggesting that plots differ in the detritivore assemblage. Indeed, the presence of the endophyte in plots shifted the composition of Collembola, with more Hypogastruridae in the presence of the endophyte and more Isotomidae in endophyte-free plots. In a separate outdoor pot experiment, we did not find strong effects of the litter source or the soil microbial/microinvertebrate community on decomposition, which may reflect differences between pot and field conditions or other differences in methodology. Our work is among the first to demonstrate an effect of plant-endophyte mutualisms on ecosystem processes under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Lemons
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
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Spiers DE, Eichen PA, Rottinghaus GE. A model of fescue toxicosis: Responses of rats to intake of endophyte-infected tall fescue1,2. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1423-34. [PMID: 15890821 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8361423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to develop a model for fescue toxicosis using rats fed a diet containing endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (E+). Rats implanted with telemetric transmitters to continuously monitor core body temperature (Tc) and activity were housed at thermoneutrality (21 degrees C) and were fed a diet containing endophyte-free fescue seed (E-). After 2 wk, they were assigned to either E+ or E- diets and initially maintained at thermoneutrality (preheat) for 8 d. They were then exposed to heat stress (31 degrees C) for 22 d, followed by 1 wk of recovery at thermoneutrality (post-heat). Body weight and feed intake were measured daily. Rats receiving the E+ diet showed decreased feed intake (P = 0.001) and weight gains (P = 0.003) during the preheat period. The decrease in Tc from the pre-treatment level was greater in E+ than in E- rats during the preheat (P = 0.001) and postheat (P = 0.001) periods. With heat stress, both groups showed parallel decreases in feed intake. The increase in Tc from pre-heat to heat conditions was greater in E+ vs. E- rats (P = 0.001). Activity level was lower in E+ than in E-rats during heat stress (P = 0.009) and postheat (P = 0.037) periods. These results show that the rat model for fescue toxicosis is extremely useful because many of the observed responses to E+ diet are similar to those noted for cattle, and additional variables that are difficult to measure in cattle, such as activity, can be easily evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Spiers
- University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.
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Omacini M, J. Chaneton E, M. Ghersa C, Otero P. Do foliar endophytes affect grass litter decomposition? A microcosm approach usingLolium multiflorum. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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