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Murtaza M, Chacko A, Delbaz A, Reshamwala R, Rayfield A, McMonagle B, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare? Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:260. [PMID: 31632194 PMCID: PMC6788004 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are unusual in that they rarely form tumors. Only 11 cases, all of which were benign, have been reported to date. In fact, the existence of OEC tumors has been debated as the tumors closely resemble schwannomas (Schwann cell tumors), and there is no definite method for distinguishing the two tumor types. OEC transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for nervous system injuries, and the fact that OECs are not prone to tumorigenesis is therefore vital. However, why OECs are so resistant to neoplastic transformation remains unknown. The primary olfactory nervous system is a highly dynamic region which continuously undergoes regeneration and neurogenesis throughout life. OECs have key roles in this process, providing structural and neurotrophic support as well as phagocytosing the axonal debris resulting from turnover of neurons. The olfactory mucosa and underlying tissue is also frequently exposed to infectious agents, and OECs have key innate immune roles preventing microbes from invading the central nervous system. It is possible that the unique biological functions of OECs, as well as the dynamic nature of the primary olfactory nervous system, relate to the low incidence of OEC tumors. Here, we summarize the known case reports of OEC tumors, discuss the difficulties of correctly diagnosing them, and examine the possible reasons for their rare incidence. Understanding why OECs rarely form tumors may open avenues for new strategies to combat tumorigenesis in other regions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Brent McMonagle
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Boulevard, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - James A St John
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
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Van der Cruyssen F, Politis C. Neurophysiological aspects of the trigeminal sensory system: an update. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:115-123. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe trigeminal system is one of the most complex cranial nerve systems of the human body. Research on it has vastly grown in recent years and concentrated more and more on molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology, but thorough reviews on this topic are lacking, certainly on the normal physiology of the trigeminal sensory system. Here we review the current literature on neurophysiology of the trigeminal nerve from peripheral receptors up to its central projections toward the somatosensory cortex. We focus on the most recent scientific discoveries and describe historical relevant research to substantiate further. One chapter on new insights of the pathophysiology of pain at the level of the trigeminal system is added. A database search of Medline, Embase and Cochrane was conducted with the search terms ‘animal study’, ‘neurophysiology’, ‘trigeminal’, ‘oral’ and ‘sensory’. Articles were manually selected after reading the abstract and where needed the article. Reference lists also served to include relevant research articles. Fifty-six articles were included after critical appraisal. Physiological aspects on mechanoreceptors, trigeminal afferents, trigeminal ganglion and central projections are reviewed in light of reference works. Embryologic and anatomic insights are cited where needed. A brief description of pathophysiology of pain pathways in the trigeminal area and recent advances in dental stem cell research are also discussed. Neurophysiology at the level of the central nervous system is not reviewed. The current body of knowledge is mainly based on animal and cadaveric studies, but recent advancements in functional imaging and molecular neuroscience are elucidating the pathways and functioning of this mixed nerve system. Extrapolation of animal studies or functioning of peripheral nerves should be warranted.
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Morgera SD. Reactive near field electromagnetic axonal communication channels and their role in neurodegenerative diseases. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2307-10. [PMID: 26736754 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Research focus is on the micron-scale subsystem of the human nervous system known as the axon, or nerve fibre. In studying what has been traditionally treated as an electrochemical subsystem, we find that the axon is both an electrochemical and electromagnetic link in an intricately designed network. This work offers a game changing look at phenomena which enable interaction among millions of fibres tightly packed in bundles and tracts in the human peripheral and central nervous systems, respectively. We maintain that these fibres do not act independently as generally believed, but form intricate spatial and temporal near-field networks. An understanding of these networks will lead to improved diagnostics and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
It is very important to evaluate and accurately understand the various conditions of the human nervous system. In this review article, we introduce several morphometric reports that are proven to be accurate from the view point of various errors (range of tissue shrinkage ratios, microscopic multiple counting, artifacts of microscopic structures, etc.). We review the following aspects of the selected reports: methodology, developmental research, neuronal differences, gender differences, aging process and miscellaneous (nerve fibers, unmyelinated fibers, in relation to neuropathology, clinical image-analysis and immunohistochemistry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Goto
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hagiwara Y, Goto J, Goto N, Ezure H, Moriyama H. Age-related changes in nerve fibers of the human fasciculus gracilis. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2003; 80:1-5. [PMID: 12858959 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.80.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nerve fibers of the human fasciculus gracilis were studied on 10 male cadavers aged 41-97 years using a discriminative staining method and a microscopic image-analyzing system. Our data show that the transverse areas of axons in the human fasciculus gracilis significantly decrease with age, while no significant correlation was observed between the number of fibers and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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