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Neuhauser S, Handler J, Schelling C, Pieńkowska-Schelling A. Fertility and 63,X Mosaicism in a Haflinger Sibship. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:127-133. [PMID: 31203976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are notable causes of infertility in horses. Mares show various degrees of estrous behavior, and ultrasound examination often reveals an underdeveloped genital tract. This article reports investigations on fertility in a Haflinger sibship with a healthy, normally developed, fertile mare with at least three healthy offspring. Chromosomal analysis performed incidentally and blinded for this mare revealed 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX mosaicism. Two closely related mares were also mosaics (63,X/64,XX), and one of them was a carrier of a marker chromosome. Repeated examinations of the mare and seven relatives (four mares and three stallions) did not provide evidence for sub- or in-fertility. They had no developmental abnormalities or conspicuous body conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected for analysis of the karyotype and molecular analyses. Chromosomes were Giemsa stained and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banded to identify numerical or structural aberrations of chromosomes and identification of sex chromosomes, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed with an equine Y-chromosome painting probe to identify and count the sex chromosomes, and polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to test for the presence of the SRY gene and investigating chimerism. The present article demonstrates the necessity of further studies analyzing chromosomal X0 mosaics to improve the predictive value of chromosomal aberrations on fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Handler
- Pferdezentrum Bad Saarow, Freie Universität Berlin, Bad Saarow, Germany.
| | - Claude Schelling
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Universität Zürich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Aldona Pieńkowska-Schelling
- Klinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Universität Zürich, Lindau, Switzerland; Institut für Genetik, Vetsuisse Fakultät Bern, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Umeyama K, Nakano K, Matsunari H, Yamada T, Hasegawa K, Tang K, Tokuyama Y, Watanabe M, Nagaya M, Nagashima H. The phenotype of a pig with monosomy X resembling Turner syndrome symptoms: a case report. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:231-237. [PMID: 30773506 PMCID: PMC6584175 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The partial or complete loss of one X chromosome in humans causes Turner syndrome (TS), which is accompanied by a range of physical and reproductive pathologies. This article reports
similarities between the phenotype of a pig with monosomy X and the symptoms of TS in humans. Born as the offspring of a male pig carrying a mutation in an X-chromosomal gene, ornithine
transcarbamylase (OTC), the female pig (37,XO) was raised to the age of 36 months. This X-monosomic pig presented with abnormal physical characteristics including short
stature, micrognathia, and skeletal abnormalities in the limbs. Furthermore, the female did not exhibit an estrous cycle, even after reaching the age of sexual maturity, and showed no
ovarian endocrine activity except for an irregular increase in blood 17β-estradiol levels, which was seemingly attributable to sporadic follicular development. An autopsy at 36 months
revealed an undeveloped reproductive tract with ovaries that lacked follicles. These data demonstrated that the growth processes and anatomical and physiological characteristics of an
X-monosomic pig closely resembled those of a human with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,PorMedTec Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 214-0034, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kun Tang
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuki Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Parma P, Veyrunes F, Pailhoux E. Sex Reversal in Non-Human Placental Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:326-344. [PMID: 27529721 DOI: 10.1159/000448361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonads are very peculiar organs given their bipotential competence. Indeed, early differentiating genital ridges evolve into either of 2 very distinct organs: the testis or the ovary. Accumulating evidence now demonstrates that both genetic pathways must repress the other in order for the organs to differentiate properly, meaning that if this repression is disrupted or attenuated, the other pathway may completely or partially be expressed, leading to disorders of sex development. Among these disorders are the cases of XY male-to-female and XX female-to-male sex reversals as well as true hermaphrodites, in which there is a discrepancy between the chromosomal and gonadal sex. Here, we review known cases of XY and XX sex reversals described in mammals, focusing mostly on domestic animals where sex reversal pathologies occur and on wild species in which deviations from the usual XX/XY system have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Anaya G, Moreno-Millán M, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Pawlina K, Membrillo A, Molina A, Demyda-Peyrás S. Sex reversal syndrome in the horse: Four new cases of feminization in individuals carrying a 64,XY SRY negative chromosomal complement. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Peer M, Neuhauser S, Klaus C, Kuiper H, Gruber AD, Distl O, Lischer C, Handler J. Laparoscopic Gonadectomy in Two Intersex Warmblood Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Lear T, McGee R. Disorders of Sexual Development in the Domestic Horse, Equus caballus. Sex Dev 2012; 6:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000334048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Raudsepp T, Das PJ, Avila F, Chowdhary BP. The pseudoautosomal region and sex chromosome aneuploidies in domestic species. Sex Dev 2011; 6:72-83. [PMID: 21876343 DOI: 10.1159/000330627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a unique and specialized segment on the mammalian sex chromosomes with known functions in male meiosis and fertility. Detailed molecular studies of the region in human and mouse show dramatic differences between the 2 PARs. Recent mapping efforts in horse, dog/cat, cattle/ruminants, pig and alpaca indicate that the PAR also varies in size and gene content between other species. Given that PAR genes escape X inactivation, these differences might critically affect the genetic consequences, such as embryonic survival and postnatal phenotypes of sex chromosome aneuploidies. The aim of this review is to combine the available information about the organization of the PAR in domestic species with the cytogenetic data on sex chromosome aneuploidies. We show that viable XO individuals are relatively frequently found in species with small PARs, such as horses, humans and mice but are rare or absent in species in which the PAR is substantially larger, like in cattle/ruminants, dogs, pigs, and alpacas. No similar correlation can be detected between the PAR size and the X chromosome trisomy in different species. Recent evidence about the likely involvement of PAR genes in placenta formation, early embryonic development and genomic imprinting are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Villagómez D, Lear T, Chenier T, Lee S, McGee R, Cahill J, Foster R, Reyes E, St John E, King W. Equine Disorders of Sexual Development in 17 Mares Including XX, SRY-Negative, XY, SRY-Negative and XY, SRY-Positive Genotypes. Sex Dev 2011; 5:16-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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9
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Raudsepp T, Durkin K, Lear TL, Das PJ, Avila F, Kachroo P, Chowdhary BP. Molecular heterogeneity of XY sex reversal in horses. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 2:41-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Mäkinen A, Hasegawa T, Syrjä P, Katila T. Infertile mares with XO and XY sex chromosome deviations. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kakoi H, Hirota K, Gawahara H, Kurosawa M, Kuwajima M. Genetic diagnosis of sex chromosome aberrations in horses based on parentage test by microsatellite DNA and analysis of X- and Y-linked markers. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:143-7. [PMID: 15779627 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054223787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Sex chromosome aberrations are often associated with clinical signs that affect equine health and reproduction. However, abnormal manifestation with sex chromosome aberration usually appears at maturity and potential disorders may be suspected infrequently. A reliable survey at an early stage is therefore required. OBJECTIVES To detect and characterise sex chromosome aberrations in newborn foals by the parentage test and analysis using X- and Y-linked markers. METHODS We conducted a genetic diagnosis combined with a parentage test by microsatellite DNA and analysis of X- and Y-linked genetic markers in newborn light-breed foals (n = 17, 471). The minimum incidence of sex chromosome aberration in horses was estimated in the context of available population data. RESULTS Eighteen cases with aberrations involving 63,XO, 65,XXY and 65,XXX were found. The XO, XXY (pure 65,XXY and/or mosaics/chimaeras) and XXX were found in 0.15, 0.02 and 0.01% of the population, respectively, based solely on detection of abnormal segregation of a single X chromosome marker, LEX003. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Detection at an early age and understanding of the prevalence of sex chromosome aberrations should assist in the diagnosis and managment of horses kept for breeding. Further, the parental origin of the X chromosome of each disorder could be proved by the results of genetic analysis, thereby contributing to cytogenetic characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kakoi
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-cho, Utsunimiya 320-0851, Japan
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Bodvarsdottir SK, Imsland F, Thorisson B, Steinarsdottir M, Eyfjord JE. 64,XX, SRY-, and ZFY-Negative Icelandic Horse Likely to Be True Hermaphrodite. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Bugno M, Zabek T, Golonka P, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Schelling C, Słota E. A case of an intersex horse with 63,X/64,XX/65,XX,del(Y)(q?) karyotype. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 120:123-6. [PMID: 18467835 DOI: 10.1159/000118750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies of an intersex horse have been carried out. The investigated animal had overall male body conformation; however, its external genitalia consisted of incompletely developed vulva and penis. The X and Y chromosome painting probes detected three cell lines in the examined horse: 63,X, 64,XX and 65,XX with a fragment of a Y chromosome (del Y). The DNA analysis with the PCR and PCR/RFLP methods showed absence of SRY,AMELY and ZFY genes as well as of six Y microsatellite markers (YM2, YP9, YJ10, YE1, YH12, and YA16). These results suggest that the Y chromosome fragment detected in the investigated animal was the result of a deletion of a euchromatic fragment comprising the above-mentioned markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bugno
- Department of Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice/Kraków Equine Hospital in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland.
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Raudsepp T, Lee EJ, Kata SR, Brinkmeyer C, Mickelson JR, Skow LC, Womack JE, Chowdhary BP. Exceptional conservation of horse-human gene order on X chromosome revealed by high-resolution radiation hybrid mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2386-91. [PMID: 14983019 PMCID: PMC356960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308513100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a dense map of the horse genome is key to efforts aimed at identifying genes controlling health, reproduction, and performance. We herein report a high-resolution gene map of the horse (Equus caballus) X chromosome (ECAX) generated by developing and typing 116 gene-specific and 12 short tandem repeat markers on the 5,000-rad horse x hamster whole-genome radiation hybrid panel and mapping 29 gene loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The human X chromosome sequence was used as a template to select genes at 1-Mb intervals to develop equine orthologs. Coupled with our previous data, the new map comprises a total of 175 markers (139 genes and 36 short tandem repeats, of which 53 are fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped) distributed on average at approximately 880-kb intervals along the chromosome. This is the densest and most uniformly distributed chromosomal map presently available in any mammalian species other than humans and rodents. Comparison of the horse and human X chromosome maps shows remarkable conservation of gene order along the entire span of the chromosomes, including the location of the centromere. An overview of the status of the horse map in relation to mouse, livestock, and companion animal species is also provided. The map will be instrumental for analysis of X linked health and fertility traits in horses by facilitating identification of targeted chromosomal regions for isolation of polymorphic markers, building bacterial artificial chromosome contigs, or sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Bugno M, Klukowska J, Słota E, Tischner M, Switoński M. A sporadic case of the sex-reversed mare (64,XY; SRY-negative): molecular and cytogenetic studies of the Y chromosome. Theriogenology 2003; 59:1597-603. [PMID: 12559464 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sex-reversal syndrome appears frequently in the horse. The mare carriers of this syndrome lack of SRY gene. It is suggested that sex-reversal syndrome is probably caused by transfer of the SRY gene from Y to the X chromosome, due to abnormal meiotic exchange. The aim of the study was molecular analysis of the Y-linked genes in a case of the sex-reversed infertile mare with 64,XY karyotype. The karyotype was established on the basis of analysis of 350 metaphase spreads stained by CBG banding. Molecular analysis of the loci assigned to the Y chromosome revealed absence of the SRY gene and presence of the other studied loci (ZFY, AMEL-Y and STS-Y). In this animal all fragments representing X chromosome (ZFX, AMEL-X and STS-X) were detected. External genitalia in the mare were normal, uterus was small and ovaries (examined by ultrasonography) extremely small. The mechanism of sex-reversal syndrome formation was discussed. It is postulated that during spermatogenesis in the sire two crossing-over events between the X and Y chromosomes occurred. One of them took place between the ZFY and SRY loci and another one between the SRY locus and the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno
- Department of Immuno and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
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