1
|
Medina-Bolívar AL, Faleiros RR, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Macroscopic and histopathological description of gastric lesions in horse, donkey, and mule fetuses in the last trimester of gestation. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 39312907 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available on gastric diseases in neonatal foals as compared with extensive studies in young, adult, and geriatric horses. Reports on fetuses are scarce. OBJECTIVES Assess at necropsy stomachs of horse, donkey and mule fetuses in the third trimester of gestation to characterize lesions present during intrauterine life. ANIMALS Forty-six fetal stomachs from both sexes (21 horses, 21 donkeys, and 4 mules) in the third trimester of gestation were collected from a processing plant immediately after slaughter. METHODS Measurements of longitudinal and transverse axes, weight and volume and gastric fluid pH were taken, and glandular and squamous mucosae were inspected. All findings of the gastric mucosa and measurements of the stomachs were presented descriptively. Groups were compared statistically, with significance level set at P < .05 for all evaluations. RESULTS All gastric contents had pH >5.8, and mules had larger stomachs and higher weights compared with horses (P < .05). Macroscopic lesions were classified as hyperemic, punctate, and erosive. Histopathologically, lesions were consistent with a chronic inflammatory process. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our study provides evidence of macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the gastric mucosae of equid fetuses in the last trimester of gestation. Relevant information for perinatology and neonatology is provided regarding the prevalence and classification of preulcerous lesions in equids before birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angie Lorena Medina-Bolívar
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Equinova Research Group, Veterinary School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Ramon Martínez-Aranzales
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tranquille CA, Chojnacka K, Murray RC. Musculoskeletal Injury and Illness Patterns in British Eventing Horses: A Descriptive Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2667. [PMID: 39335262 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been little investigation into the health patterns of the eventing horse population outside veterinary clinics. To target health problems in the eventing horse population, it is important to determine the relative impact of different health problems. The objectives were to describe the prevalence and patterns of lameness/illness in registered British eventing horses. An online survey was released for all horses registered with British eventing in 2018. Data were collated and descriptive analyses undertaken. A total of 1677 surveys were completed, among which 49.4% reported a previous lameness/musculoskeletal problem, 26% being in the previous six months. The most frequently reported musculoskeletal problems were in the foot (421), joints (382), wounds (340), back (333), ligament (205), tendon (213), bones (140) and muscles (135). The most frequent non-musculoskeletal problems related to the skin (183), gastric ulceration (173), colic (145) and infection (88). Injuries to the hoof sole/muscles/tendons were most frequently sustained in competition, suspensory ligament/splint bone/stifle/tarsal injuries were more frequently sustained in training and abscess/foot penetration at rest. DDFT injuries were most frequently out of training for >12 months, SDFT/stifle/suspensory ligament for <12 months, tendon sheath/splint bone for <3 months and tarsal/sole bruising/abscess for <2 weeks. A greater understanding of injuries/illnesses frequently sustained could be useful for veterinarians working with event horses.
Collapse
|
3
|
Medina B AL, Faleiros RR, Martínez A JR. Prevalence of squamous gastric disease in Colombian equids at slaughter: A postmortem comparative study among horses, donkeys and mules. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105138. [PMID: 38950714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) occurs with variable prevalence in horses, donkeys, and mules. Due to the particularities of the mucous membranes, the syndrome is made up of Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). Given the multifactorial nature and multiple classification systems of the syndrome, significant differences have been reported between prevalence studies performed ante mortem, which are even more remarkable when compared with postmortem evaluations. This study aimed to determine the presence and grade of squamous gastric disease in horses, donkeys and mules immediately after slaughter. The postmortem examination considered the inspection of the squamous region (cardia, dorsal fundus, and margo plicatus) and the classification of the observed lesions. The general prevalence of ESGD in the entire population of study was 83.3 % (78 %, 89 %, and 83 % for horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively), compromising the margo plicatus in all cases. 75 % had more than 5 lesions and 50 % had deep lesions, lesions of varying severity and/or evidence of recent/active bleeding. The prevalence of ESGD was similar in horses, donkeys, and mules subjected to similar handling conditions prior to slaughter, including long-distance traveling, fasting, and stress factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Medina B
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, School of Veterinary, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José R Martínez A
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Campbell MLH, Sykes BW. Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition? Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38994580 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prioritising equine welfare, making evidenced-based policy, and consistent decision-making across sports are crucial to maintaining the social licence for equestrian sport. Regulations on the use of omeprazole during competition differ; all regulators argue that their rules prioritise welfare. This discrepancy is a matter of concern to the public and equestrian stakeholders. OBJECTIVES To apply Campbell's Ethical Framework for the use of Horses in Sport to the question: 'Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition?' STUDY DESIGN A desk-based ethico-legal study. METHODS Campbell's Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Sport was applied in a stepwise fashion: definition of the ethical question; analysis of the evidence base; consideration of stakeholders' interests; harm:benefit analysis; application of the three central tenets of the framework, and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. RESULTS Stakeholders in equine sports have a variety of (frequently conflicting) interests; all of them share an interest in optimising equine welfare. The incidence of EGUS in competition horses is high. Omeprazole is a cornerstone treatment. There are currently discrepancies in regulation about the use of omeprazole during competitions. Recent evidence suggests that withholding omeprazole treatment for two clear days before competition allows the recurrence of squamous EGUS, whereas withholding treatment on the day of competition only does not have that effect. MAIN LIMITATIONS The current state of scientific knowledge about the use of omeprazole in horses. The analysis did not consider possible health and thus welfare effects of the out-of-competition treatment with omeprazole. CONCLUSIONS Based on recent scientific evidence, if horses are being treated with omeprazole outside of competition then treatment on the day of competition should be permitted on welfare grounds. Revision of regulations around the use of omeprazole during competition by governing bodies is necessary to safeguard the ethical use of horses in sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calixto-Vega LC, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Gastroscopic characterisation and prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in working mules in Colombia. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:449-455. [PMID: 37559426 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing literature does not contain information about the prevalence of gastric ulcers in mules, and on the potential associations between the presence of ulcers and work load, work type, diet, sex, age and body condition score (BCS). OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with mule gastric ulcer syndrome (MGUS) and evaluate its distribution in both mule squamous gastric disease (MSGD) and mule glandular gastric disease (MGGD) mucosa in a population of mules in Colombia. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional. METHODS A total of 97 clinically healthy mules of different ages and locations in the province of Antioquia (Colombia) were included in this study. The mules were involved in agricultural activities (i.e., riding, pack and ranch mules) at the time of the study. The animals underwent gastroscopic evaluation, and ulcer scores from 0 to 4 were assigned based on severity, with scores ≥2 indicating clinical relevance. The presence or absence of ulcer in the squamous and/or glandular region of the stomach was recorded. Data related to work type, work load and diet, as well as sex, age and BCS were recorded for each mule. Pearson's chi-square test was used to determine the association between the outcomes and explanatory variables of the study (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the risk estimations were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The frequency of MGUS in the study population was 42%. Most of the lesions were located in the squamous region of the stomach (27%), mainly in the margo plicatus, and 20% were located in the glandular region, mainly in the fundus and pyloric antrum. Six animals showed lesions in both squamous and glandular regions. Work load was the only variable associated with the presence of MGUS (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.49-0.96) and MSGD (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.36-0.67). Nevertheless, the findings did not provide any significant risk assessment result, nor did they reveal any significant interactions among the other variables. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study used convenience sampling from a limited geographic region, and multivariate analysis was not performed, one of the exclusion criteria was the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which means that the effect of these drugs can no longer be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS MGUS occurs in mules subjected to agricultural work, the risk factors associated with EGUS do not appear to be significant in mules and other equids subjected to the same conditions, in this region. Further research is needed to define the differential dynamics of MGUS in comparison with the findings in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lady C Calixto-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José R Martínez-Aranzales
- Line of Research in Equine Medicine and Surgery (LIMCE), Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luthersson N, Þorgrímsdóttir ÚÝ, Harris PA, Parkin T, Hopster-Iversen C, Bennet ED. Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Incidence in Adult Icelandic Riding Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3512. [PMID: 38003130 PMCID: PMC10668649 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of both squamous (ESGD) and glandular (EGGD) ulcers was previously found in, mainly young, Icelandic horses coming into training for the first time. This study evaluated risk factors for gastric ulcers in Icelandic riding horses at various ages and stages of training. The horses (n = 211) were gastroscoped from 21 equine establishments across Iceland. A variety of morphometric, clinical, behavioural and management factors were evaluated as potential risk factors for gastroscopically significant (grade ≥ 2/4: found in 27% of horses) or gastroscopically severe (grade 3 or 4/4: found in ~10% of horses) ESGD or gastroscopically significant EGGD (grade ≥ 1/2: found in 46.4%). Body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), stable/turnout behaviour, exercise intensity/frequency and age were not significantly associated with ESGD or EGGD ulcer score. However, having come off the pasture into training for 4 weeks or less was a significant risk factor for gastroscopically significant and severe ESGD compared to 5 weeks or more. For both EGGD and ESGD, "region" was important. Gastroscopically significant EGGD and gastroscopically severe ESGD were more prevalent in those showing clinical signs often associated with ulcers. Geldings were more likely to have gastroscopically significant ESGD than both mares and stallions and more EGGD than stallions. Being stabled, but spending >2 h/day out in the paddock, compared with <2 h paddock time or full-time turnout, was protective for gastroscopically significant ESGD as was being fed complementary feed (all fed <1 g non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)/kg/BW/meal). Being at a training establishment for >4 weeks was protective for gastroscopically significant and gastroscopically severe ESGD but not EGGD. This study confirms the relatively low prevalence of ESGD in Icelandic horses being kept in training establishments and fed low NSC diets but highlights the high prevalence of EGGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Luthersson
- Hestedoktoren, Hojgaard Sjaelland ApS, Hvalsovej 298, DK-4360 Eskilstrup, Denmark;
| | | | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Tim Parkin
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | | | - Euan D. Bennet
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leleu C, Couroucé A. Effect of a blend of magnesium oxide on Equine Squamous Gastric Disease in young trotter horses under training. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e87. [PMID: 38031523 PMCID: PMC10694373 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), as part of the equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), are common in racing horses. The use of buffering feed supplements to treat and/or prevent gastric ulcers is an option to control this condition. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 30-day supplementation with a blend of magnesium oxide (MgO) on ESGD scores in trotters under training. METHODS Forty-two young trotters were submitted to a gastroscopic evaluation to assess their ESGD score and were randomly assigned in a group supplemented with MgO or in a control group. After 30 days, a second evaluation by gastroscopy was performed. The effect of the MgO supplementation was assessed by comparing the evolution of the ESGD score in supplemented and control groups between day 0 and day 30. RESULTS The results confirm the high prevalence of EGUS in young Trotters. The supplementation significantly decreased the ESGD scoring in the supplemented group whereas the control group remain unchanged. CONCLUSION The oral MgO supplementation was efficient to control ESGD in the population studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Couroucé
- BIOTARGEN, Université de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
- ONIRIS, CISCO-ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, Nantes Cedex 44307, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Medical Disorders and Racing Outcomes in Poorly Performing Standardbred Trotter Racehorses: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2569. [PMID: 37627359 PMCID: PMC10451774 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor performance in racehorses is commonly associated with subclinical diseases. This study aims to evaluate the associations between medical disorders and racing results in Standardbred trotters. The clinical records of 248 poorly performing Standardbreds were retrospectively reviewed, and their racing results were extracted from an online database, concerning the periods 3 months before and 6 months after hospitalization and the entire lifetime. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the effects of different disorders on racing outcomes. Airway neutrophilia was associated with limiting lifetime starts and wins pre- and post-hospitalization, while mastocytosis was associated with less wins in the post-hospitalization period. Therefore, lower airway inflammation showed both short- and long-term impacts on racing performance. Severe upper airway obstructions and gastric ulcers showed associations with less placings in the post-discharge period but no long-term influence on performance. The significance of exertional rhabdomyolysis was indeterminable, yet interference with the number of starts in the post-discharge period was reported and associated with lower total career earnings. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and cardiac arrhythmias were not associated with worse racing outcomes: therefore, their role in poor performance remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.)
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.)
| | - Giovanni Stancari
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Bozzola
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.)
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.)
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferlini Agne G, Somogyi AA, Sykes B, Knych H, Franklin S. Identification and kinetics of microsomal and recombinant equine liver cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for in vitro metabolism of omeprazole. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115635. [PMID: 37285945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In humans, omeprazole is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 with differences in CYP2C19 genotypes leading to variable response to therapy. Despite a wide use of omeprazole in horses with evidence of variable therapeutic efficiency, information regarding enzymatic metabolism is not currently available. This study aims to describe the in vitro kinetics of omeprazole metabolism and determine which enzyme(s) are responsible for omeprazole metabolism in horses. Omeprazole (0-800 uM) was incubated with liver microsomes and a panel of equine recombinant CYP450s (eq-rCYP). Metabolite concentrations were quantified by LC-MS and the kinetics of metabolites' formation were calculated by non-linear regression analysis. The in vitro liver microsomes formed three metabolites (5-hydroxy-omeprazole, 5-O-desmethyl-omeprazole and omeprazole-sulfone). The 5-O-desmesthyl-omeprazole formation was best fitted to a two enzyme Michaelis-Menten (MM) model with the high affinity site Clint double that of the low affinity site. For 5-hydroxy-omeprazole the best fit was to a 1 enzyme MM model with a Clint higher than for 5-O-desmesthyl-omeprazole (0.12 vs 0.09 pmol/min/pmol P450). The formation of omeprazole-sulfone was negligible. Recombinant CYP3A89 and CYP3A97 produced substantial amounts of 5-hydroxy-omeprazole (1551.72 ng/mL and 1665.33 ng/mL, respectively), while 5-O-desmethyl-omeprazole and omeprazole-sulfone were formed to a much lesser extent by multiple eq-rCYP from the CYP2C and CYP3A family. In vitro metabolism of omeprazole in horses is different to that in humans, with major metabolites produced by the CYP3A family. The current study provides the basis for further investigations of CYP450 single nucleotide polymorphisms that could affect omeprazole metabolism and therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ
| | - Heather Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shan R, Steel CM, Sykes B. The Impact of Two Recommended Withholding Periods for Omeprazole and the Use of a Nutraceutical Supplement on Recurrence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1823. [PMID: 37889700 PMCID: PMC10251805 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of recommended withholding periods (RWPs) for omeprazole on the recurrence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is unknown. The study was designed to compare the effect of two RWPs on EGUS recurrence post-omeprazole treatment and to determine if a nutraceutical supplement would reduce EGUS recurrence when administrated during an RWP. The study was a blinded, randomized clinical trial. Part 1: Horses were allocated to an RWP0 or RWP2 and crossed over after 4-weeks. Horses received oral omeprazole once daily, except during the RWPs at the end of the treatment periods. Part 2: Horses received omeprazole for 21 days prior to an RWP2 during which they received a nutraceutical supplement. Gastroscopy was performed on Day 0 and pre- and post- RWP. Part 1: More horses were affected by Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) after the '2-clear-days' RWP than the 'not on race-day' RWP (p = 0.012). The prevalence of ESGD post-RWP for '2-clear-days' did not differ from day 0 (p = 0.478). Part 2: The prevalence of ESGD post-RWP was lower than on Day 0 (p = 0.046). A difference in recurrence of ESGD was present between the two common RWPs. The implications of this on the welfare of Thoroughbred racehorses warrant further discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Conghua Racecourse, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Catherine M. Steel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Conghua Racecourse, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Ben Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag, 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ermers C, McGilchrist N, Fenner K, Wilson B, McGreevy P. The Fibre Requirements of Horses and the Consequences and Causes of Failure to Meet Them. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081414. [PMID: 37106977 PMCID: PMC10135103 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to meet the minimum forage requirement of 1.5% of the horse's bodyweight and the opportunity for foraging for a minimum of 8 h a day (not going without this opportunity longer than four to five consecutive hours) can have both physiological and behavioural consequences. To provide an energy source for horses, rations often include starch rather than fibre. This can result in health issues related to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in the horse. In the stomach, the main concern is equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) and, more specifically, equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). Ulcerations are caused either by increasing acidity in the stomach (from starch ingestion and reduced saliva production) or splashing of acidic juices caused by a lack of a forage barrier prior to exercise or prolonged periods without fibrous feed intake, which allows the stomach to collapse and spread acidic gastric fluids into the upper squamous regions of the stomach. In the hindgut, starch that has escaped digestion in the small intestine causes microbial instability and increased production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid. This puts horses at great risk for acidosis and subsequent laminitis. Shifts in the hindgut microbiota will also affect a horse's behaviour via the gut-brain axis, as well as potentially compromise immune function. Reduced fluid intake caused by reduced saliva production can result in colic. Choosing a fibrous alternative for starch in a high-energy diet greatly reduces the risk of EGUS and acidosis and improves digestion, GIT pH, body condition, behaviour, immune functions, and performance. Providing hay can reduce crib-biting, wood-chewing, coprophagia, the consumption of bedding, aggression, and stress, and subsequently increase social bonding and affiliation with conspecifics. Adequate fibre intake is related to reduced clinical signs of EGUS, reduced reactivity, and better adaptation to weaning. Lignophagia (wood chewing) has also been observed in horses that are foraging, and this is thought to reflect low fibre content in the available forage (for example, early vegetative, lush pasture).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colette Ermers
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Kate Fenner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Bethany Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul McGreevy
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vokes J, Lovett A, Sykes B. Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1261. [PMID: 37048517 PMCID: PMC10093336 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a term that has been used since 1999, initially being used to describe all gastric mucosal disease in horses. Since this time, the identification of two distinct main disease entities of the equine gastric mucosa have been described under the umbrella of EGUS; these are Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). In 2015 the European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) released a consensus statement defining these disease entities. This document highlighted the lack of evidence surrounding EGGD compared to ESGD, and identified knowledge gaps for further research to be directed. Subsequently, many studies on EGGD have been published, especially on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. This article updates current knowledge on both ESGD and EGGD as understanding has evolved since the last large-scale review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vokes
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome affects fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1014619. [PMID: 36504861 PMCID: PMC9732101 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1014619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent disorder in horses, which can be classified, based on the localization of the lesions, as Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) or Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). Although EGUS is recognized as a common cause of poor performance in racehorses, objective investigations about its relation with athletic capacity are lacking. Therefore, the present retrospective study aims to evaluate the associations between EGUS severity and some fitness parameters measured during an incremental treadmill test in Standardbred racehorses in training. Methods With this aim, data from 87 Standard bred racehorses which underwent a complete diagnostic evaluation for poor performance was reviewed. During gastroscopic examination, a 0-4 score was assigned to ESGD, while EGGD was evaluated for absence/presence; a total EGUS score was obtained by adding 1 point to ESGD score in horses showing concomitant EGGD. Fitness parameters obtained during incremental treadmill test included speed at a heart rate of 200 bpm (V200), speed and heart rate at a blood lactate of 4 mmol/L (VLa4, HRLa4), peak lactate, lactate and heart rate at 30 minutes post-exercise, maximum speed, minimum pH and maximum hematocrit. The associations between fitness parameters and EGUS and ESGD scores were evaluated by Spearman correlation, while Mann-Whitney test was used to compare them between horses with or without EGGD. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results EGUS grade was inversely correlated with V200 (p = 0.0025) and minimum pH (p = 0.0469); ESGD grade was inversely correlated with V200 (p = 0.0025) and VLa4 (p = 0.0363). Although a trend was observed, no significant differences in V200 were observed between horses with or without EGGD (p = 0.073); horses with EGGD reached a lower minimum pH (p = 0.0087). Discussion These results show a negative association between aerobic capacity and EGUS, in particular ESGD. Although different hypotheses have been proposed, including abdominal pain and decreased appetite due to lactate accumulation, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, and it is not clear whether EGUS represents a cause or a consequence of an early lactate accumulation and post-exercise acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Ferrucci
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stancari
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy,Luca Stucchi
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calixto LC, Martínez JR. Determinación de Helicobacter spp. en mucosa gástrica glandular de mulas a través de la prueba de la actividad de la ureasa e histopatología. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n2.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La información sobre la presentación y los factores predisponentes del síndrome de úlcera gástrica en mulas (SUGM) es escasa en comparación con el síndrome de úlcera gástrica en equinos (SUGE) y asnales. Debido a la naturaleza multifactorial de este síndrome, la helicobacteriosis ha sido estudiada en otras especies. El objetivo fue establecer la presencia de Helicobacter spp. en mucosa gástrica de mulas a través de la prueba rápida de la ureasa (PRU) y de análisis histopatológico. Menos del 27% de las muestras reaccionaron a la PRU, con tiempos prolongados de reacción, y al Agar Urea (prueba de oro), con menor porcentaje de positividad. La histopatología reveló procesos inflamatorios crónicos, sin presencia de bacterias curvoespiraladas. Las PRU no fueron conclusivas en la determinación de Helicobacter spp., comportamiento similar reportado en equinos. Se requieren exámenes diagnósticos específicos y procedimientos complementarios que explore regiones del estómago en consideración del número de muestras representativas.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hewetson M, Tallon R. Equine Squamous Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:381-399. [PMID: 35004264 PMCID: PMC8725839 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s235258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review explores the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of ESGD (equine squamous gastric disease) and discusses the impact of this commonly encountered condition on the equine industry. ESGD refers specifically to peptic injury of the squamous mucosa of the stomach. Prevalence is highest in performance horses, but the disease has been documented across many breeds and ages, including in feral horses and foals. The pathogenesis of ESGD is well understood. Intensive management and exercise are important factors that contribute to a disruption of the normal stratification of gastric pH. This results in exposure of the vulnerable squamous mucosa to acid, leading to ulceration. Clinical signs are variable and there is little evidence to support a direct association between reported signs and the presence or absence of lesions seen on gastroscopy. Management is aimed at acid suppression and mitigation of known risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hewetson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rose Tallon
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bishop RC, Kemper AM, Wilkins PA, McCoy AM. Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting/NSAID model. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:829-837. [PMID: 34719063 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common and significant cause of morbidity in horses, with a range of clinical signs, including inappetence, colic and poor performance. Hospitalised horses are exposed to factors that may induce EGUS, including fasting and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration, and may be at risk for development of squamous (ESGD) and glandular gastric disease (EGGD). Prophylactic anti-ulcer medication is often prescribed for these patients, but drug selection is complicated by different aetiology and response to treatment of ESGD and EGGD. OBJECTIVES To establish the efficacy of sucralfate or omeprazole used prophylactically in horses exposed to a combined feed-fast and NSAID administration EGUS induction protocol. We hypothesised that these drugs would be equally effective for prevention of gastric lesions in the experimental cohort. STUDY DESIGN Randomised crossover experimental design. METHODS Horses (n = 14) received either omeprazole (1 mg/kg PO q24h) or sucralfate (20 mg/kg PO q8h) while undergoing the feed-fast/NSAID protocol, allowed an 8-week washout period, and then administered the alternate treatment. Serial gastroscopy, ultrasound and haematology documented treatment effects. RESULTS ESGD and EGGD score increased over time under both treatments. There was a significant effect of treatment on EGGD scores (P < .001), with post-treatment EGGD scores higher for horses receiving sucralfate (median 3; IQR 2.25,3) than omeprazole (1; 1,1). The effect of treatment on ESGD scores just achieved significance (P = .05), with post-treatment ESGD scores higher for sucralfate (4; 3,4) than omeprazole (2; 2,3). MAIN LIMITATIONS This study was performed in healthy horses, and response to treatment may differ in horses with clinical illness. Additional investigation in a larger population may be required to detect significant differences in other clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS Omeprazole was superior to sucralfate for mitigating gastric lesion severity in healthy horses exposed to a feed-fast/NSAID model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ann M Kemper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Annette M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hausberger M, Lesimple C, Henry S. Detecting Welfare in a Non-Verbal Species: Social/Cultural Biases and Difficulties in Horse Welfare Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082249. [PMID: 34438708 PMCID: PMC8388525 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is a paradox about the welfare of horses in the domestic situation: on the one hand, horses are beloved partners for most owners, but on the other hand, scientific studies are converging to show that there is a high prevalence of welfare problems. There seems to be a mismatch between theoretical knowledge and field applications. In this review, we aim at disentangling the possible factors explaining such a paradox. Among them, we consider the impact of anthropomorphic and cultural biases, popular beliefs, but also overexposure to horses with compromised welfare state, which can change owners’ representation of what is a “normal” horse, on the undervaluation of horse welfare state. We suggest that, rather than simply having knowledge on what should be done, identifying the horse welfare state using validated animal-based indicators is essential to identify and promote best practices. Abstract Horses were domesticated for more than 5000 years and have been one of the most emblematic species living alongside humans. This long-shared history would suggest that horses are well known and well understood, but scientific data raise many concerns about the welfare state of most domestic horses suggesting that many aspects have been largely misunderstood. In the present review, we will examine some of the possible human factors that may explain the huge prevalence of welfare problems, despite horses being of special importance to humans. First of all, as horses are non-verbal, current management practices rely upon what one thinks is good for them, which opens the way to subjective interpretations and projections, based on one’s own subjective experience but probably still more on cultural/social norms and influences, traditions and beliefs. The lack of recognition, identification, or even the misinterpretation of signals are other potential reasons for welfare issues. Lastly, the over-exposure to animals with expressions of compromised welfare may lead to lower sensitivity of owners/professionals. That is why we lastly suggest that instead of simply providing information on what to do, we should promote validated visible indicators that leave less room for personal interpretation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vargovic L, Hermesch S, Athorn RZ, Bunter KL. Feed intake and feeding behaviour traits of gestating sows are associated with undesirable outcomes. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Wise JC, Hughes KJ, Edwards S, Jacobson GA, Narkowicz CK, Raidal SL. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of 2 registered omeprazole preparations and varying dose rates in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:620-631. [PMID: 33340169 PMCID: PMC7848319 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Omeprazole preparations vary in bioavailability in horses. Hypothesis/Objectives To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an existing enteric‐coated oral omeprazole paste (REF) and a novel, in‐feed, enteric‐coated dry granule preparation (NOV). Animals Twelve Standardbred/Thoroughbred mares free from clinical disease. Methods A prospective, blinded randomized interventional study was trial, conducted in 3 parts: (a) bioavailability study, (b) dose titration study, and (c) comparative clinical pharmacodynamic study, each using a blocked crossover design. Results Consistent with the larger dose administered, Cmax (median, 1032 ng/mL; range, 576‐1766) and AUC0‐24 (median, 63.9 μg/mL*min; range, 42.4‐152.4) were greater after single oral administration of NOV than REF (282.7 ng/mL; range, 94.8‐390.2, and 319 23.8 μg/mL*min; range, 8.2‐42.3, respectively; both P = .004). No differences were observed between products for absolute oral bioavailability (NOV 55% range, 15‐88; REF 17% range, 10‐77; P = .25). Treatment with both preparations was associated with reduced gastric squamous ulcer scores and increased pH of gastric fluid. Bioequivalence was demonstrated for pharmacodynamic measures with the exception of % time pH <4, despite differences in dose rate and subsequent plasma omeprazole concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The findings of this study indicate that the NOV product would be a suitable alternative to the reference product, and confirm that plasma concentrations of omeprazole and omeprazole dose do not predict drug pharmacodynamics in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Wise
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn A Jacobson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christian K Narkowicz
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kjærulff LNR, Lindegaard C. Performance and rideability issues in horses as a manifestation of pain: A review of differential diagnosis and diagnostic approach. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. R. Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reed L, MacNicol JL, Charchoglyan A, Brewer D, Murrant C, Pearson W. A Botanical-Based Equine Nutraceutical Reduces Gastric Smooth Muscle Contractile Force In Vitro. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102836. [PMID: 31864457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a botanical-based equine nutraceutical on contractility of gastric smooth muscle in vitro. Gastric ulcers are prevalent in performance horses and negatively impact horse welfare. Gastric hypermotility has been positively associated with the development of gastric ulceration in nonequine species, and reduction of hypermotility may be protective against their development. Stomachs from 12 pigs processed for food at a provincially inspected abattoir were collected within 1 hour of slaughter. Explants of nonglandular gastric tissue were prepared and suspended in a tissue bath, attached to a force transducer, in the presence or absence of a simulated digest extract of the nutraceutical. Tissue was stimulated to contract using increasing doses of acetylcholine. Peak and mean contractile force over 1 and 2 minutes after exposure to acetylcholine were measured. Exposure of gastric smooth muscle to the nutraceutical significantly reduced contractility of the tissue. These data provide support for the use of this nutraceutical to reduce contractility of nonglandular gastric smooth muscle and may indicate a protective effect of this nutraceutical in horses with mechanically induced gastric ulcers. Future studies are needed to clarify the role of gastric hypermotility on development of equine gastric ulcers and to determine the effect of this nutraceutical on equine gastric contractility and ulcerogenesis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lexie Reed
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L MacNicol
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dyanne Brewer
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Coral Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Galinelli N, Wambacq W, Broeckx BJG, Hesta M. High intake of sugars and starch, low number of meals and low roughage intake are associated with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in a Belgian cohort. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:18-23. [PMID: 31637798 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a pathological condition affecting the glandular and squamous regions of the stomach. It is characterized by non-specific clinical signs, behavioural changes or can also be found without any overt clinical manifestations. Nutritional factors such as intermittent feeding, high sugars and starch intake, large amounts of straw as forage and prolonged time without access to forage have all been associated with an increased risk of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). The aim of this study was to investigate which nutritional practices are commonly seen in clinical ESGD cases in Belgium. Medical records of 27 horses referred to the equine nutritional service at Ghent University (2013-2018) due to equine gastric ulcer lesions were reviewed. Twenty-one healthy horses referred for dietary evaluation during the same period were selected as control cases (CC). Dietary evaluation was performed on an individual basis. Forage/concentrate ratio on dry matter basis, forage content in the diet, total dietary sugars and starch intake per day and per meal were analysed. Retrospective descriptive and statistical analyses were performed. Significantly, higher amounts of forage intake (%DM per BW) in the CC vs. ESGD group were noted (p ≤ .05) with average values of 1.39 (SD ± 0.27) and 1.27 (SD ± 0.70) respectively. There were no significant differences for sugars and starch intake in g/kg BW/day (p = .18). However, the sugars and starch intake per meal (g/kg BW/meal) in the CC group (average value 1.06, SD ± 0.56) was significantly (p < .001) lower than in the EGUS group (average value 1.85 SD ± 0.78). Forage intake below the recommended absolute minimum value as well as high sugars and starch intake were most commonly associated with EGUS in the present case series. An adequate diet formulation taking into account these main nutritional factors is therefore essential to avoid gastric problems in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Galinelli
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wendy Wambacq
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bart J G Broeckx
- Laboratory of Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tesena P, Yingchutrakul Y, Roytrakul S, Taylor J, Angkanaporn K, Wongtawan T. Searching for serum protein markers of equine squamous gastric disease using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:581-586. [PMID: 30636330 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) is a very common disorder but an accurate and practical screening technique for detecting ESGD is currently lacking. OBJECTIVES To identify serum protein markers to detect ESGD using electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. STUDY DESIGN Proteomic analysis and bioinformatics. METHODS ESGD was diagnosed using gastroscopy in 30 horses. Gastric ulceration was categorised into three groups: normal, mild/moderate and severe ESGD. Pooled sera from each group were compared using 1D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The candidate proteins for ESGD markers were selected based on their specifically high expression in nonglandular stomach, and their association with gastric ulceration using public gene and protein databases. RESULTS The prevalence of ESGD in this study was 43% (with mild/moderate ESGD at 33% and severe ESGD at 10%). The proteomic study revealed that the identified serum protein markers for normal equine stomach were B4GALNT2 and XDH. The marker for mild/moderate EGSD was KRT10, while the marker for severe ESGD was KLK13. Furthermore, markers for both ulcer types were SLC4A7, PPARG, FCGBP, PKP1, ASPRV1 and KRT5-like proteins. MAIN LIMITATIONS The functions of the identified proteins are not well characterised in horse. Proteomics is a tool for screening protein markers, but confirmation of putative protein markers with specific antibodies is required. CONCLUSIONS In total, 10 serum proteins found in this study may be used as putative markers for ESGD. However, confirmation of candidate proteins with specific antibodies in a larger study cohort is necessary before it can be used in the veterinary clinic or on horse farms. The Summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting Information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Tesena
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Y Yingchutrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Technology Research Unit, National Centre for Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - S Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome Technology Research Unit, National Centre for Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - J Taylor
- Biomedical Teaching Organisation, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Angkanaporn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Wongtawan
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science and Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sykes BW, Bowen M, Habershon-Butcher JL, Green M, Hallowell GD. Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:233-240. [PMID: 30499188 PMCID: PMC6335573 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, risk factors for equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) have not been described in Thoroughbred racehorses. OBJECTIVES To determine management factors associated with EGGD, identify clinical signs in affected horses, and compare these to equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). ANIMALS The study was carried out on 109 Thoroughbred racehorses from 8 training yards (3 in the United Kingdom and 5 in Australia). METHODS Gastroscopic examination alongside a questionnaire regarding management, feeding, exercise, and health. RESULTS Management factors and clinical signs were different for EGGD versus ESGD. Exercising ≥5 days per week was associated with a 10.4 times (95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.34-26.9) increased risk of EGGD. Horses racing below expectation were 3.7 times (95% CI: 1.1-16.7) more likely to have EGGD. Trainer was also identified as a risk factor for EGGD. Time in work ≤6 weeks was associated with a decreased risk of ESGD (odds ratio [OR] 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.99). Horses aggressive to humans were less likely to have ESGD (OR 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.54). Horses with stereotypies were more likely to have ESGD (OR 5.0; 95% CI: 1.6-15.9). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The findings of our study further support the notion that EGGD should be considered as a distinct disease entity to ESGD. Exercising ≤4 days per week could reduce the risk of EGGD. Horses with EGGD are more likely to perform below expectation and, as such, EGGD might be performance limiting in some affected individuals. Stress minimization could reduce the risk of EGGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Luoda Pharma, Caringbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Bowen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gayle D Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
POLTEP K, TESENA P, YINGCHUTRAKUL Y, TAYLOR J, WONGTAWAN T. Optimisation of a serum albumin removal protocol for use in a proteomic study to identify the protein biomarkers for silent gastric ulceration in horses. J Equine Sci 2018; 29:53-60. [PMID: 30250392 PMCID: PMC6145863 DOI: 10.1294/jes.29.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent gastric ulceration occurs without evidence of clinical signs and is common in horses. There is currently no a simple and effective method to diagnose this disease. Proteomics can be used to identify serum biomarkers, but the most abundant serum protein, albumin, could conceal candidate biomarkers. Therefore, it is recommended to remove albumin before a proteomic study; however, there is no specific albumin depletion kit or standard protocol available for horse samples. The objectives of this study were to optimise a protocol to remove equine serum albumin and to use albumin-depleted serum to identify the protein biomarkers for silent gastric ulceration. Gastroscopy was used to identify gastric ulceration, and serum was obtained from horses with either a healthy gastric mucosa or gastric ulceration. Serum albumin was removed using the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) protein precipitation method, and this protocol was optimised by varying the concentration of TCA, type of organic solvents, ratio of serum to protein precipitation solution, and incubation times. Electrophoresis and image analysis were used to compare the amounts of albumin, immunoglobulins G (IgG), and protein degradation before and after TCA precipitation. The best protocol was chosen to remove albumin for a proteomic study (electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results revealed that protocol 2 (ratio of serum to solution 1:5, 10% TCA in acetone, and 90 min incubation) was the most efficient protocol to remove albumin (98%) and IgG heavy (80%) and light (98%) chains without degrading other proteins. After electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis, KRT1, KRT6A and KRT18 were identified as potential markers for silent gastric ulceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanaporn POLTEP
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for
Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol
University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and
Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom
73170, Thailand
| | - Parichart TESENA
- Department of Clinical Science and Public
Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170,
Thailand
| | - Yodying YINGCHUTRAKUL
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, Genome
Technology Research Unit, National Centre for Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology,
Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jane TAYLOR
- Biomedical Teaching Organisation, Biomedical
Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG,
U.K.
| | - Tuempong WONGTAWAN
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal
Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170,
Thailand
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and
Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom
73170, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pedersen SK, Cribb AE, Windeyer MC, Read EK, French D, Banse HE. Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:747-751. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Pedersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- TD Equine Veterinary Group; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - A. E. Cribb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - M. C. Windeyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - E. K. Read
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - D. French
- TD Equine Veterinary Group; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - H. E. Banse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Cancers of the Esophagus and Stomach: Potential Mechanisms Behind the Beneficial Influence of Physical Activity. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27:415-421. [PMID: 27428674 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare findings from several recent meta-analyses showing a reduced risk of gastric and esophageal cancers in physically active individuals, to assess the magnitude of this benefit, and to seek information on potential underlying mechanisms. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search of Ovid/Medline from 1996 to February 2016, using the terms physical activity or exercise or training and esophageal or gastric cancer, and supplementing the articles identified by material from references lists and personal files. MAIN RESULTS Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with a 20% to 30% reduction in the risk of gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, with a significant dose/response relationship. Benefit is greater in women than in men, and greater for noncardia than for cardia or esophageal tumors. Mechanisms could include a reduction of visceral fat (with a lesser production of cancer promoting hormones and reduced gastroesophageal reflux) and/or a lesser likelihood of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Physical activity does not protect against Helicobacter pylori infections or gastric ulceration, but mechanisms related to the impact of exercise on immune function, antioxidant mechanisms, and gastroesophageal reflux remain to be explored. CONCLUSIONS Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with a clinically significant reduction in the risk of gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, but mechanisms are as yet unclear, and a causal relationship remains to be proven.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hewetson M, Sykes BW, Hallowell GD, Tulamo RM. Diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:15. [PMID: 28284214 PMCID: PMC5346197 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is common in adult horses, particularly those involved in performance disciplines. Currently, detection of EGUS by gastroscopy is the only reliable ante mortem method for definitive diagnosis; however it is unsuitable as a screening test because it is expensive, time consuming, and is not readily available to most veterinarians. Sucrose permeability testing represents a simple, economical alternative to gastroscopy for screening purposes, and the feasibility of this approach in the horse has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose as a screening test for EGUS in a large group of adult horses with and without naturally occurring gastric disease. Results One hundred and one adult horses with or without naturally occurring gastric ulceration were studied. The diagnostic accuracy of blood sucrose for diagnosis of gastric lesions (GL), glandular lesions (GDL), squamous lesions (SQL), and clinically significant lesions (CSL) at 45 and 90 min after administration of 1 g/kg of sucrose via nasogastric intubation was assessed using receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). For each lesion type, sucrose concentration in blood was compared to gastroscopy, as the gold standard, and sensitivities (Se) and specificities (Sp) were calculated across a range of sucrose concentrations. Ulcer grading was performed blindly by one observer; and the results were validated by comparing them with that of two other observers, and calculating the level of agreement. Cut-off values were selected manually to optimize Se. The prevalence of GL, GDL, SQL, and CSL was 83, 70, 53 and 58% respectively. At the selected cut-offs, Se ranged from 51 to 79% and Sp ranged from 43 to 72%, depending upon the lesion type and time of sampling. Conclusions Blood sucrose is neither a sensitive or specific test for detecting EGUS in this population of adult horses with naturally occurring gastric ulceration. Further studies aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of the test in different study populations are warranted. Given the limitations of endoscopy, due consideration should also be given to alternative methods for comparison of blood sucrose with a gold standard. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0284-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
30
|
Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
31
|
Padalino B, Rubino G, Lacinio R, Petazzi F. A New Classification to Diagnose Type of Anemia in Standardbred Horses: A Retrospective Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine Consensus Statement--Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 29:1288-99. [PMID: 26340142 PMCID: PMC4858038 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B W Sykes
- BW Sykes Consultancy, Upper Orara, NSW, Australia.,School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hewetson
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - R J Hepburn
- B&W Equine Hospital, Breadstone, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | - Y Tamzali
- Equine Internal Medicine, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martínez JR, Zuluaga AM, Silveira GE. Effects of corn oil on the gastric mucosa of horses with induced ulcer. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge USA
| | - C. Larson
- Zinpro Corporation; Eden Prairie Minnesota USA
| | - P. Harris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Waltham-on-the-Wolds; Leicestershire UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Woodward MC, Huff NK, Garza F, Keowen ML, Kearney MT, Andrews FM. Effect of pectin, lecithin, and antacid feed supplements (Egusin®) on gastric ulcer scores, gastric fluid pH and blood gas values in horses. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 25238454 PMCID: PMC4123152 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of two commercial feed supplements, Egusin 250® [E-250] and Egusin SLH® [E-SLH], on gastric ulcer scores, gastric fluid pH, and blood gas values in stall-confined horses undergoing feed-deprivation. Methods Nine Thoroughbred horses were used in a three-period crossover study. For the three treatment groups, sweet feed was mixed with E-250, E-SLH, or nothing (control group) and fed twice daily. Horses were treated for 21 days, then an additional 7 days while on an alternating feed-deprivation model to induce or worsen ulcers (period one). In periods two and three, horses (n=6) were treated for an additional 7 days after feed-deprivation. Gastroscopies were performed on day -1 (n=9), day 21 (n=9), day 28 (n=9) and day 35 (n=6). Gastric juice pH was measured and gastric ulcer scores were assigned. Venous blood gas values were also measured. Results Gastric ulcers in control horses significantly decreased after 21 days, but there was no difference in ulcer scores when compared to the Egusin® treated horses. NG gastric ulcer scores significantly increased in E-250 and control horses on day 28 compared to day 21 as a result of intermittent feed-deprivation, but no treatment effect was observed. NG ulcer scores remained high in the control group but significantly decreased in the E-SLH- and E-250-treated horses by day 35. Gastric juice pH values were low and variable and no treatment effect was observed. Mean blood pCO2 values were significantly increased two hours after feeding in treated horses compared to controls, whereas mean blood TCO2 values increased in the 24 hour sample, but did not exceed 38 mmol/l. Conclusions The feed-deprivation model increased NG gastric ulcer severity in the horses. However, by day 35, Egusin® treated horses had less severe NG gastric ulcers compared to untreated control horses. After 35 days, Egusin® products tested here ameliorate the severity of gastric ulcers in stall-confined horses after feed stress.
Collapse
|
38
|
Birkmann K, Junge HK, Maischberger E, Wehrli Eser M, Schwarzwald CC. Efficacy of omeprazole powder paste or enteric-coated formulation in healing of gastric ulcers in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:925-33. [PMID: 24628650 PMCID: PMC4895457 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GastroGard, an omeprazole powder paste formulation, is considered the standard treatment for gastric ulcers in horses and is highly effective. Gastrozol, an enteric‐coated omeprazole formulation for horses, has recently become available, but efficacy data are controversial and sparse. Objectives To investigate the efficacy of GastroGard and Gastrozol at labeled doses (4 and 1 mg of omeprazole per kg bwt, respectively, PO q24h) in healing of gastric ulcers. Animals 40 horses; 9.5 ± 4.6 years; 491 ± 135 kg. Methods Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Horses with an ulcer score ≥1 (Equine Gastric Ulcer Council) were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated for 2 weeks each with GastroGard followed by Gastrozol (A) or vice versa (B). After 2 and 4 weeks, scoring was repeated and compared with baseline. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were measured on the first day of treatment after administration of GastroGard (n = 5) or Gastrozol (n = 5). Results Compared with baseline (squamous score (A) 1.65 ± 0.11, (B) 1.98 ± 0.11), ulcer scores at 2 weeks ((A) 0.89 ± 0.11, (B) 1.01 ± 0.11) and 4 weeks ((A) 1.10 ± 0.12, (B) 0.80 ± 0.12) had significantly decreased in both groups (P < .001), independent of treatment (P = .7). Plasma omeprazole concentrations were significantly higher after GastroGard compared with Gastrozol administration (AUCGG = 2856 (1405‐4576) ng/mL × h, AUCGZ = 604 (430‐1609) ng/mL × h; P = .03). The bioavailability for Gastrozol was 1.26 (95% CI 0.56–2.81) times higher than for GastroGard. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Both Gastrozol and GastroGard, combined with appropriate environmental changes, promote healing of gastric ulcers in horses. However, despite enteric coating of Gastrozol, plasma omeprazole concentrations after single labeled doses were significantly higher with GastroGard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Birkmann
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hellings IR, Larsen S. ImproWin® in the treatment of gastric ulceration of the squamous mucosa in trotting racehorses. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:13. [PMID: 24625291 PMCID: PMC4008370 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric ulceration is highly prevalent in horses, and there is a large commercial market for feed-additives and non-licenced products that claim effect for prevention and treatment of gastric ulceration. ImproWin® has been used as a feed additive in horses with anecdotal evidence that it may have some positive effects on gastric ulceration.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ImproWin® treatment on spontaneously occurring gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in Standardbred and Coldblooded trotting racehorses. The study was performed as a randomised, double-blinded, single centre study with stratified semi cross-over design with breed as stratification factors. The horses were clinically and endoscopically examined prior to start and after three weeks of treatment. The ulcerations were scored in accordance with Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (EGUC) recommendations on a 5 point scale and on a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The patients were responder-classified after 3 weeks. Responders in need of ulcer treatment were randomly allocated to 2 or 4 weeks of additional treatment. Non-responders to placebo were crossed to ImproWin®. RESULTS The 5-point EGUC score and VAS recorded score was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.01) in both groups after 3 weeks of treatment. From 3 weeks to the end of treatment the score was further significantly reduced in the ImproWin® group (P ≤ 0.05). At the end of treatment, 78% in the ImproWin® group and 54.8% in the placebo group were classified as responders. The difference was significant (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS ImproWin® may aid the healing process of ulcers of the gastric squamous mucosa of trotters.
Collapse
|
40
|
Cate R, Nielsen B, Spooner H, O'Connor-Robison C, Schott II H. Prevalence of gastric ulcers and relationship to other parameters in Standardbred racehorses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric ulcer prevalence rate is reported to be 60-90% in racehorses. This study examined a population of 40 Standardbred horses in race training and assessed the relationship of ulcers to performance history and body condition score (BCS). Forty Standardbreds on two racing facilities in southern Michigan were examined during the last 2 weeks of December 2007 and the second week of January 2008. Age of horses (as of January 1) ranged from 3 to 12 years. Squamous epithelial ulcers were graded (0-4) using an established scoring system during gastroscopic examinations and BCS was recorded (1 to 9 scale). Trainers graded racing performance of each horse on a scale of A to F, with A being best. Horses were grouped according to gender, age, and BCS. Prevalence of ulcers was similar between facilities (50% and 56%) but the mean prevalence (52.5%) was lower than in previous reports. Ulcer score was not related to gender (P=0.84), age (P=0.72), BCS (P=0.64), or performance history (P=0.55). These findings suggest that commonly cited prevalence rates of ulcers may not be consistent for all populations of racehorses. Further, given that less than 20% of the horses examined had an ulcer score grade 2 or higher, the impact that ulcers have on performance may be overestimated in some equine populations. Finally, this study clearly demonstrates that a gastroscopic examination is necessary to determine presence of ulcers, rather than assuming their presence based on decreased performance or low body condition score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.E. Cate
- Large Animal Medicine and Surgery Academic Program, St. George's University, University Centre, Grenada, West Indies
| | - B.D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H.S. Spooner
- Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C.I. O'Connor-Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H.C. Schott II
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sairanen J, Katila T, Virtala AM, Ojala M. Effects of racing on equine fertility. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 124:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:619-24. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x441910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:625-30. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x441929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- J A Nadeau
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
de Bruijn CM, Schutrups AH, Seesing EHAL. Prevalence of equine gastric ulceration syndrome in standardbreds. Vet Rec 2009; 164:814-5. [PMID: 19561352 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.26.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M de Bruijn
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Stellingenweg, Oldeholtpade, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Videla R, Andrews FM. New Perspectives in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:283-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|