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Phannithi T, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W, Rungsri P, Apichaimongkonkun T, Watchrarat K, Cherdchutham W. External Hoof Measurements of Untrimmed and Unshod Mules in Northern Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1197. [PMID: 38672345 PMCID: PMC11047516 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
External hoof characteristics, balance, and conformation have been extensively studied in horses; however, mules remain understudied in these aspects. This study evaluated the size, shape, and symmetry of untrimmed and unshod forelimb hooves, compared the symmetry between forelimb hooves and stratified external forelimb hoof measurements based on the body condition score of mules raised in the foothill plains of northern Thailand. The forelimb hooves of 38 mules were photographed and 33 parameters, including angular and linear measurements, were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was used to explore the influence of sex, age, and body condition scores (BCS) on angular, linear, and area parameters. Additionally, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to compare these parameters across different BCS groups. Despite the absence of shoeing and trimming, these mules exhibited optimal left-right forelimb hoof symmetry, with no significant (p < 0.05) differences in: outer wall length and inner wall length (OWL-IWL: Left 0.11 ± 0.66 cm; Right -0.12 ± 0.43 cm); sole length and sole width (SLS-SW: Left 1.65 ± 0.76 cm; Right 1.46 ± 0.89 cm); dorsal hoof wall length and heel length (DHWL-HL: Left 4.00 ± 0.80 cm; Right 3.81 ± 0.72 cm); and frog length and frog width (FL-FW: Left 3.88 ± 1.13 cm; Right 3.82 ± 0.18 cm). However, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed within each body condition score group for forelimb hoof measurements for DHWL, IWL, heel separation (HS), heel bulb distance (HBD), SW, FW, and FL, while sex and age had no significant differences across the study variables. These findings provide valuable insights into mule welfare and management, contributing to understanding of the interplay between overall health and hoof conformation in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawijit Phannithi
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Aree Laikul
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Watcharapol Pathomsakulwong
- Equine Clinic, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Sean, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (W.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Porrakote Rungsri
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Tawanhathai Apichaimongkonkun
- Equine Clinic, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Sean, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (W.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Krisana Watchrarat
- Veterinarian of Royal Stable Unit, The Royal Thai Army, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Worakij Cherdchutham
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand;
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Crecan CM, Peștean CP. Inertial Sensor Technologies-Their Role in Equine Gait Analysis, a Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6301. [PMID: 37514599 PMCID: PMC10386433 DOI: 10.3390/s23146301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective gait analysis provides valuable information about the locomotion characteristics of sound and lame horses. Due to their high accuracy and sensitivity, inertial measurement units (IMUs) have gained popularity over objective measurement techniques such as force plates and optical motion capture (OMC) systems. IMUs are wearable sensors that measure acceleration forces and angular velocities, providing the possibility of a non-invasive and continuous monitoring of horse gait during walk, trot, or canter during field conditions. The present narrative review aimed to describe the inertial sensor technologies and summarize their role in equine gait analysis. The literature was searched using general terms related to inertial sensors and their applicability, gait analysis methods, and lameness evaluation. The efficacy and performance of IMU-based methods for the assessment of normal gait, detection of lameness, analysis of horse-rider interaction, as well as the influence of sedative drugs, are discussed and compared with force plate and OMC techniques. The collected evidence indicated that IMU-based sensor systems can monitor and quantify horse locomotion with high accuracy and precision, having comparable or superior performance to objective measurement techniques. IMUs are reliable tools for the evaluation of horse-rider interactions. The observed efficacy and performance of IMU systems in equine gait analysis warrant further research in this population, with special focus on the potential implementation of novel techniques described and validated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Mihăiță Crecan
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmin Petru Peștean
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Trialling Locally Made, Low-Cost Bits to Improve Bit-Related Welfare Problems in Cart Horses: Findings from a Study in Senegal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010002. [PMID: 36611612 PMCID: PMC9817802 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bits used for cart horses in Senegal are typically made of recovered construction iron and often have defects related to design, shape, fit and metal quality. Consequently, there is widespread presence of bit-related oral injury amongst these equids. It was hypothesised that improving bit design would ameliorate bit-related welfare issues for working cart horses. This study aimed to develop locally made alternative bit prototypes and test their efficacy as less harmful to working horses, and their acceptability to their drivers. Eight animal-based welfare indicators (four physical and four behavioural) were designed to measure positive or negative effects of the new bits. Following a testing phase to appraise and mitigate potential animal welfare risk associated with the alternative bit designs, a total of 540 driver/horse combinations were opportunistically selected across five municipalities in Senegal. Welfare indicators were observed when new bits were introduced and again after 21 weeks of daily use. The results indicated statistically significant improvements in all welfare indicators measured (i.e., lesions on lip commissures, tongue, buccal mucosa and bars; and open mouth, tongue loll, head toss/shake, and head tilt/turn behaviours). None of the drivers reported any difficulty with horse control, nor chose to revert back to their original bits. Whilst acknowledging the limitation of inability to control all potential confounding variables, these preliminary findings suggest the bit itself as an important contributor to oral injury, and the possibility to improve this through alternative bit design that is low-cost, locally produced and acceptable to drivers.
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Merridale-Punter MS, Wiethoelter AK, El-Hage CM, Hitchens PL. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Working Equid Lameness in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223100. [PMID: 36428328 PMCID: PMC9686919 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lameness is an important concern in working equids of low- and middle-income communities (LMICs) with significant One Welfare implications. This study aims to determine the prevalence and influencing factors of lameness in working equids of LMICs. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate pooled outcome prevalence using a random intercept regression model. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed through meta-regression. A meta-analysis of study factors for lameness prevalence was performed. Sixty-four studies were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of lameness was 29.9% (n = 42, 95% CI 17-47%), while the pooled prevalence of gait abnormality was 62.9% (n = 12; 95% CI 31-87%). When considering both outcomes together, the pooled prevalence was 38.4% (n = 46; 95% CI 23-57%) with a significant (p = 0.02) difference between lameness (29.5%; 95% CI 16-48%) and gait abnormality (78.8%; 95% CI 40-95%). Species, country income level, gait assessed, and risk of bias did not significantly affect the pooled prevalence. Lower body condition scores, unresponsive attitudes, and old age were the most frequently reported factors positively associated with lameness-related outcomes. Working 7 days per week was positively associated with lameness. The standardization of outcome terminology, grading systems, and study factor categorization is recommended to enable more accurate interpretation and comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde S. Merridale-Punter
- Equine Lameness and Imaging Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Anke K. Wiethoelter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Charles M. El-Hage
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peta L. Hitchens
- Equine Lameness and Imaging Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Maldonado MD, Parkinson SD, Story MR, Haussler KK. The Effect of Chiropractic Treatment on Limb Lameness and Concurrent Axial Skeleton Pain and Dysfunction in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202845. [PMID: 36290230 PMCID: PMC9597761 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiropractic care is a common treatment modality used in equine practice to manage back pain and stiffness but has limited evidence for treating lameness. The objective of this blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of chiropractic treatment on chronic lameness and concurrent axial skeleton pain and dysfunction. Two groups of horses with multiple limb lameness (polo) or isolated hind limb lameness (Quarter Horses) were enrolled. Outcome measures included subjective and objective measures of lameness, spinal pain and stiffness, epaxial muscle hypertonicity, and mechanical nociceptive thresholds collected on days 0, 14, and 28. Chiropractic treatment was applied on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. No treatment was applied to control horses. Data was analyzed by a mixed model fit separately for each response variable (p < 0.05) and was examined within each group of horses individually. Significant treatment effects were noted in subjective measures of hind limb and whole-body lameness scores and vertebral stiffness. Limited or inconsistent therapeutic effects were noted in objective lameness scores and other measures of axial skeleton pain and dysfunction. The lack of pathoanatomical diagnoses, multilimb lameness, and lack of validated outcome measures likely had negative impacts on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela D. Maldonado
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Samantha D. Parkinson
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Melinda R. Story
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kevin K. Haussler
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence:
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Jain S, Patil SG, Chinta G, Alluri KV. TamaFlex™—A novel nutraceutical blend improves lameness and joint functions in working horses. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1936-1945. [PMID: 35905197 PMCID: PMC9514497 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lameness is one of the major causes of reduced physical performance and early retirement in working horses. TamaFlex™ (NXT15906F6) is a standardized synergistic anti‐inflammatory botanical formulation containing Tamarindus indica seed extract and Curcuma longa rhizome extract at a 2:1 ratio. Methods We conducted a 12‐week single‐center, randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled trial demonstrating the efficacy of NXT15906F6 in horses with lameness grade 2–4 on the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) scale. Twenty‐two lame horses were supplemented with NXT15906F6 (2.5 gram/day) or placebo over a period of 84 days. Improvement in lameness over placebo was the primary endpoint, and changes in the levels of rheumatoid factor (RF), anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACC‐peptide) in serum, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL‐1β and IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2) in serum and synovial fluid were the secondary endpoints. Results NXT15906F6 exhibited significant relief from lameness in a time‐dependent manner. NXT15906F6 also reduced levels of ANA, PGE2, IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6. Moreover, NXT15906F6 supplementation is safe and tolerable in alleviating joint pain in lame horses, and protects the joints from further degradation by reducing pro‐inflammatory mediators. Conclusion NXT15906F6 significantly reduces the lameness during walking and trotting, leading to an improvement in their joint flexibility, health, and working performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gopichand Chinta
- Laila Nutraceuticals R & D Centre Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh India
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Adam SY, Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Feail JS, Musa TH. A Comparison Between Working and Nonworking Donkeys Welfare Issues in Nyala City, South Darfur, Sudan. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104110. [PMID: 36031030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In impoverished nations, donkeys help people make a living. The welfare of donkeys in Sudan is neglected compared with developed countries. However, there is no information available about donkey welfare in Nyala. This study aimed to assess the welfare of donkeys in Nyala. Donkeys were divided into two groups (n=50), working and nonworking. The donkeys' physical, emotional, and clinial parameters and an owner's interview were assessed. There were significant differences in body condition scores: 37% and 47% of working and nonworking donkeys, respectively, had ideal body condition scores, while 13% of working donkeys were emaciated. Of the working and nonworking 33% and 19% had hoof problems, respectively. Fifteen percent of working donkeys had ocular discharge, and 25% had wounds. In working donkeys, 7% and 5% depressive and aggressive behavioral responses, respectively, were observed. Furthermore, there were significant differences in tools used for hitting donkeys, with 33% and 17% of owners using a stick and whip, respectively, for hitting working donkeys. 82% of owners feed their donkeys one to three times daily (50% working and 32% nonworking donkeys), and free access feeding was only observed in 18% of nonworking donkeys. There were no significant differences (P >0.06) in emotional parameters. We conclude that working donkeys suffer from multiple welfare problems more than nonworking donkeys in Nyala. More awareness, veterinary services, and research are needed to improve donkey care in Nyala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Y Adam
- Department of One Health, Medical and Cancer Research Institute; Animal Welfare Center, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Abdelkareem A Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan; Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan.
| | - Hassan H Musa
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Jafaar S Feail
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Taha H Musa
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan
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Bukhari SSUH, Rosanowski SM, McElligott AG, Parkes RSV. Welfare Concerns for Mounted Load Carrying by Working Donkeys in Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:886020. [PMID: 35692297 PMCID: PMC9186103 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.886020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Working donkeys (Equus asinus) are vital to people's livelihoods. They are essential for carrying goods, however, globally, overloading is one of the primary welfare concerns for working donkeys. We studied mounted load carrying by donkeys and associated factors in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study of donkey owners (n = 332) was conducted, and interviews were undertaken based on a questionnaire. Owners estimated that the median weight of their donkeys was 110 kg [interquartile range (IQR) 100–120 kg], and that they carried a median mounted load of 81.5 kg (IQR 63–99 kg). We found that 87.4% of donkeys carried a load above 50% of their bodyweight ratio (BWR), the median BWR carried was 77.1% (IQR 54.5–90.7%), and 25.3% of donkeys carried above 90% BWR. Donkeys that were loaded at more than 50% BWR were more likely to adopt sternal recumbency compared to donkeys loaded with less weight (P = 0.01). Donkeys carrying construction material were more likely to carry more than the median BWR, when compared to domestic loads (P < 0.001). Younger donkeys aged between one and 5 years carried more than the median BWR compared to those aged over 15 years (P = 0.03). For the models with donkeys carrying median BWR and above 90% BWR, those working in peri-urban and urban areas were more likely to carry a greater BWR than donkeys working in rural areas (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). For donkeys carrying more than 90% BWR, mixed breed donkeys carried higher loads compared to other breeds of donkeys (P < 0.001). Overloading based on current recommendations (50% BWR) was common, with the majority (87.4%) of donkeys reported to carry more than the recommended 50% limit. This survey provides evidence of on-the-ground working practices and factors associated with mounted load carrying, which is critical for developing evidence-based recommendations for loading, in order to improve the welfare of working donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. U. H. Bukhari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Syed S. U. H. Bukhari
| | | | - Alan G. McElligott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca S. V. Parkes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Rebecca S. V. Parkes
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Akbari Shahkhosravi N, C R Bellenzani M, M S Davies H, Komeili A. The influence of equine limb conformation on the biomechanical responses of the hoof: An in vivo and finite element study. J Biomech 2021; 128:110715. [PMID: 34482223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hoof conformation plays a key role in equine locomotion. Toe-in conformation is an abnormal condition characterized by inward deviation of the limb from its frontal axis. Several studies have documented differences in hoof deformation and hoof kinematics in horses with toe-in and normal hoof conformations. However, the reason behind this has yet to be understood. The present study hypothesizes that a different center of pressure (COP) path underneath the hoof is the cause of different deformation patterns and hoof kinematics in toe-in hooves. In vivo measurements and finite element (FE) analysis were conducted to test the hypothesis. A normal and a toe-in limb were considered for in vivo strain measurements. Strains were measured at three different sites on the hoof wall, and the stride characteristics were investigated using video recording. The magnitude of the minimum principal strain measured at the medial aspect of the toe-in hoof was much lower relative to the normal hoof. Furthermore, the toe-in hoof had a different movement pattern (plaiting) compared to the normal hoof. In the second study, an entire hoof model was simulated from computed tomography (CT) scans of an equine left forelimb. The Neo-Hookean hyperelastic material model was used, and the hoof was under dynamic loading over a complete stride at the trot. Two different COP paths associated with normal and toe-in conformations were assigned to the model. The FE model produced the same in vivo minimum principal strain distributions and successfully showed the different kinematics of the toe-in and normal hooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeim Akbari Shahkhosravi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Maria C R Bellenzani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC-MG), Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Helen M S Davies
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amin Komeili
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Müller-Quirin J, Dittmann MT, Roepstorff C, Arpagaus S, Latif SN, Weishaupt MA. Riding Soundness-Comparison of Subjective With Objective Lameness Assessments of Owner-Sound Horses at Trot on a Treadmill. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103314. [PMID: 33276930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lameness is a symptom indicative of pain or injury of the locomotor apparatus. Lame horses generally should not be ridden. However, owners' ability to assess lameness has been questioned. This study's aim was to use subjective lameness assessments and objective gait analysis to generate a descriptive overview of movement and weight-bearing asymmetries of owner-sound riding horses. 235 horses were subjectively assessed in a field study, and the owner's perception of their horse's orthopedic health was recorded through an online survey. 69 horses were re-evaluated by gait analysis at an equine hospital. During trot on an instrumented treadmill, the gait was scored by a veterinarian using lameness grades from 0/5 (sound) to 3/5 (moderate lameness visible at trot). Movement asymmetry of the head (HDmin) and pelvis (PDmin) and weight-bearing asymmetry were quantified simultaneously. The prevalence of subjectively scored lameness grade ≥2/5 in one or more limbs was 55% during study part 1 and 74% during study part 2. Movement asymmetry of the head and/or pelvis exceeding HDmin ≥12 mm and/or PDmin ≥6 mm was found in 57% of the horses. 58% showed weight-bearing asymmetries between contralateral front and/or hind limbs of ≥3% body mass. Gait analysis showed considerable variability of movement and weight-bearing asymmetry values, sometimes independent of the clinical lameness grade, especially in the forehand. Several horses with lameness grade ≤1/5 had asymmetry values greater than mentioned thresholds. The analysis of movement and weight-bearing asymmetry revealed that these objective variables did not necessarily act uniformly and therefore should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Müller-Quirin
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marie T Dittmann
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samuel Arpagaus
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selma N Latif
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Weishaupt
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A Tadich
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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12
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Welfare Assessment and Husbandry Practices of Working Horses in Fiji. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030392. [PMID: 32121106 PMCID: PMC7142562 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In low and middle-income countries, working equids play an essential role in supporting the livelihoods of their owners. The primary objective of the study was to provide the first description of the welfare status of working horses in Fiji by analysing owner and animal-based parameters and owner perceptions of husbandry and healthcare. A total of 279 Fijian horse owners were questioned on their husbandry and healthcare practices and the welfare of their horses was assessed. Horse owners who were supporting a greater number of dependent family members had horses with an increased prevalence of wounds than those with less dependents. Wounds were more prevalent in horses used for draught work and “carrying people or goods on back” while hoof neglect was associated with draught and breeding/other work. A lower body condition score was found in horses with neglected hooves and the presence of hoof neglect and wounds was associated with a negative general attitude in these horses. However, this study also found indicators of good welfare in these horses. These findings suggest that intervention, in the form of targeted veterinary services alongside training programs for owners, is required in order to improve the welfare of working horses in Fiji. Abstract Research shows that working equids in low and middle-income countries play an essential role in supporting the livelihoods of their owners. The objective of the study was to provide the first description of the welfare status of working horses in Fiji by analysing animal-based parameters alongside owner knowledge and perceptions of horse management. Trained assessors used a structured interview to question 279 horse owners on their knowledge and management practices, while their horses (n = 672) were assessed on health and welfare parameters. Horse owners supporting five or more dependent family members had horses with an increased prevalence of wounds than those with less dependents. The presence of wounds was associated with draught work and “carrying people or goods on back” while hoof neglect was associated with draught and breeding/other work. A lower body condition score was found in horses with neglected hooves and the presence of hoof neglect and wounds was associated with a negative general attitude in these horses. However, this study also found indicators of good welfare in these horses. These findings suggest that intervention, in the form of targeted veterinary services alongside training programs for owners, is required in order to improve the welfare of working horses in Fiji.
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COL2A1 and Caspase-3 as Promising Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis Prognosis in an Equus asinus Model. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030354. [PMID: 32111016 PMCID: PMC7175237 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most degenerative joint diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. The objective of the present study was the early diagnosis of OA in donkeys using a reliable grading of the disease based on clinical, chemical, and molecular alterations. OA was induced by intra-articular injection of 25 mg monoiodoacetate (MIA) as a single dose into the left radiocarpal joint of nine donkeys. Animals were clinically evaluated through the assessment of lameness score, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings for seven months. Synovial fluid and cartilage samples were collected from both normal and diseased joints for the assessment of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, COL2A1 protein expression level, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of Caspase-3. Animals showed the highest lameness score post-induction after one week then decreased gradually with the progression of radiographical and ultrasonographic changes. MMP activity and COL2A1 and Caspase-3 expression increased, accompanied by articular cartilage degeneration and loss of proteoglycan. OA was successfully graded in Egyptian donkeys, with the promising use of COL2A1and Caspase-3 for prognosis. However, MMPs failed to discriminate between early and late grades of OA.
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Souto MTM, Fantoni DT, Hamaji A, Hamaji M, Vendruscolo CP, Otsuki DA, Pinto ACB, Ambrósio AM. Ultrasound-guided continuous block of median and ulnar nerves in horses: development of the technique. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:405-413. [PMID: 32249126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a technique for ultrasound-guided continuous median and ulnar peripheral nerve block in horses. STUDY DESIGN Anatomical and prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 16 thoracic limbs from horse cadavers and 18 adult horses. METHOD This study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1: Dissection of median and ulnar nerves in the antebrachial region of two cadaver limbs to identify localizing landmarks. Description of sonoanatomy in 14 cadaver limbs using ultrasound-guided perineural infiltration of a combination of cellulose gel (5 mL), contrast medium (4 mL) and methylene blue (1 mL). Catheters were inserted between the perineural sheath and epineurium in six limbs, followed by computed tomography. Phase 2: Ultrasonographic images of the limbs of 18 healthy horses of different breeds were used to define an acoustic window and optimize the approach to nerves. Phase 3: Two case reports of horses with chronic pain of different etiologies. Catheters were inserted between the epineurium and paraneural sheath of the median and/or ulnar nerves guided by ultrasound, followed by continuous infusion of 0.4% ropivacaine. RESULTS Information from phase 1 was used to direct needle insertion, solution dispersion and catheter implantation in phase 2, which resulted in 100% technique accuracy. In response to the peripheral nerve block, pain reduction was apparent in the two clinical cases by increased weight bearing in affected limbs and decreased requirement for systemic analgesic medications. No local reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ultrasound technique allowed real-time visualization of needle, catheter and drug dispersion and resulted in a high success rate for nerve blocks. The horses administered a median and ulnar nerve block exhibited no discomfort or signs of infection at the catheter insertion site. Further studies are warranted to validate the efficacy of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Mr Souto
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise T Fantoni
- Surgical Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adilson Hamaji
- Clinical Hospital, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hamaji
- Clinical Hospital, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cynthia P Vendruscolo
- Surgical Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise A Otsuki
- LIM/08, Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Medical Research, Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Bcf Pinto
- Surgical Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline M Ambrósio
- Surgical Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sanmartín Sánchez L, Blanco-Penedo I, Perea Muñoz JM, Quiñones Pérez C, Delgado JV, Vega-Pla JL. Welfare assessment at a Spanish Army Equine Breeding Centre. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1706433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Sanmartín Sánchez
- Centro de Apoyo Logístico a las Operaciones, Cuartel General de la Fuerza Logística Operativa, Ejército de Tierra, Ministry of Defense, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Carlota Quiñones Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada, Cría Caballar de las Fuerzas Armadas Ministry of Defense, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Vega-Pla
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada, Cría Caballar de las Fuerzas Armadas Ministry of Defense, Córdoba, Spain
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Kay G, Tligui N, Semmate N, Azrib R, González FJN, Brizgys L, McLean A. Determining factors and interspecific modeling for serum amyloid a concentrations in working horses, donkeys, and mules. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:256-265. [PMID: 31325640 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein and α-globulin that is produced in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. Considered a major acute phase protein in most domestic species, its concentrations rapidly decrease after resolution of inflammation, making SAA measurement a useful tool for monitoring the course of inflammation in an individual animal. The objective of this study was to compare SAA values in working equids including mules, donkeys and horses as well as values for different diseases at various times of the year. Samples were collected from 77 equids; 13 mules, 17 donkeys and 47 horses from sick or injured animals who presented to the clinic. Twenty-eight disease clinical diagnoses were compared with most cases being acute colitis. A highly significant differences between species was found when comparing SAA concentrations of mules to horses (P < .001) using Dunn comparison pairwise test. A difference (P < .05) was found between donkeys and horses, but not donkeys to mules (P > .05). The study suggests that SAA can be a helpful tool for disease diagnosis in mules and donkeys and suggests that the inflammatory response of mules maybe less than that of horses and donkeys but future studies evaluating SAA in healthy mules compared to diseased should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Kay
- The American Fondouk Veterinary Clinic, Fes, Morocco
| | | | - Noha Semmate
- Institut Agronomic et Veterinaire, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Institut Agronomic et Veterinaire, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Lauren Brizgys
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Amy McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
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A Pilot Welfare Assessment of Working Ponies on Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070433. [PMID: 31323983 PMCID: PMC6680438 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many working equids in developing countries experience poor health and welfare due to environmental and management factors. Collecting baseline data on these populations is essential to inform education projects to improve equid health and welfare. Gili Trawangan is an island in Indonesia that has no motor vehicles and a working pony population of approximately 200. This pilot study sought to determine baseline data on their health, welfare, and husbandry to inform future health and welfare strategies. A cross-sectional study was performed in May 2017 consisting of a pony cart driver questionnaire (n = 33) and a basic pony health examination (n = 38). The body condition scores of ponies were 3/5 (60.5%), 2/5 (31.6%), and 1/5 (7.9%), while 38% and 92% of ponies had lameness and foot pathology, respectively, and 31 ponies (86.1%) had at least one wound. Thirty percent of cart drivers stated they would work their ponies despite evidence of injury or illness. Limited education, poor access to veterinary services, and remoteness pose barriers to improving pony health and welfare. Our results indicate a need for, and can help inform, targeted education programmes to improve the lives of working ponies and protect livelihoods and tourism on Gili Trawangan.
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Al-Agele R, Paul E, Taylor S, Watson C, Sturrock C, Drakopoulos M, Atwood RC, Rutland CS, Menzies-Gow N, Knowles E, Elliott J, Harris P, Rauch C. Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190214. [PMID: 31238833 PMCID: PMC6597769 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global inequalities in economic access and agriculture productivity imply that a large number of developing countries rely on working equids for transport/agriculture/mining. Therefore, the understanding of hoof conditions/shape variations affecting equids' ability to work is still a persistent concern. To bridge this gap, using a multi-scale interdisciplinary approach, we provide a bio-physical model predicting the shape of equids' hooves as a function of physical and biological parameters. In particular, we show (i) where the hoof growth stress originates from, (ii) why the hoof growth rate is one order of magnitude higher than the proliferation rate of epithelial cells and (iii) how the soft-to-hard transformation of the epithelium is possible allowing the hoof to fulfil its function as a weight-bearing element. Finally (iv), we demonstrate that the reason for hoof misshaping is linked to the asymmetrical design of equids' feet (shorter quarters/long toe) together with the inability of the biological growth stress to compensate for such an asymmetry. Consequently, the hoof can adopt a dorsal curvature and become 'dished' overtime, which is a function of the animal's mass and the hoof growth rate. This approach allows us to discuss the potential occurrence of this multifaceted pathology in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Al-Agele
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Emily Paul
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sophie Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Charlotte Watson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig Sturrock
- CIPB, Hounsfield Building, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael Drakopoulos
- BL12, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Robert C. Atwood
- BL12, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola Menzies-Gow
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Edd Knowles
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA, UK
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicester LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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Mohite DS, Sheikh CS, Singh S, Kalita J, Williams S, Compston PC. Using Qualitative Methods to Explore Farrier-Related Barriers to Successful Farriery Interventions for Equine Welfare in India. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050252. [PMID: 31109080 PMCID: PMC6562430 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Farriery is important for maintaining equine (horse, mule and donkey) foot health, but is often poorly-executed in low and middle-income countries like India. It is important to understand the challenges in providing farriery services if external agencies want to improve them. This study, undertaken in North India, started to build this understanding by collecting information from farriers’ points of view. Through focus group discussion, it became clear that farriery in this area was very demand-led: farriers found it difficult to practice improved techniques if animal owners were not prepared, or unable, to pay for the extra time that this takes. This was linked to the self-perceived status of farriers within the community: those with higher status (often due to having additional income streams) were more confident in their interactions with animal owners. Difficulties associated with demand were closely linked to the external environment: farriers whose work relied on the local brick kilns had been significantly affected by a recent down-turn in that industry. Training and technical knowledge varied; training was more popular when it was inclusive and addressed the questions farriers had about their work. Understanding this system from the perspective of the stakeholders within it is essential for successful improvement programmes. Abstract Farriery is a critical component of healthcare services for working equids. However, in India, an informal workforce, lack of structured training facilities and non-implementation of farriery regulations pose challenges for quality farriery. Brooke India, an equine welfare organisation, has undertaken many initiatives aiming to improve farriery services, including technical training and engagement with equid-owning communities. However, this has met with varying success. The study aimed to identify factors that prevent farriers providing quality farriery services. Focus-group discussions were conducted with farriers from two districts of Uttar Pradesh with varying programme outcomes. Within each area, farriers were grouped according to previous level of engagement with Brooke programmes. Demand for services, farrier status, the external environment and technical training and knowledge were identified as key elements that affected farriery work. These factors were very context specific: in areas where brick kilns provided the majority of customers, recent closures had resulted in an increase in those farriers’ feeling of insecurity. A systems approach to improving farriery services, taking these factors into account, is advised. Mentoring-based capacity building, which is closely aligned to farrier needs and expectations, is expected to have positive results in terms of technical skill and farrier engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Mohite
- Functional and Comparative Genomics Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Chand S Sheikh
- Haffkin Biopharmaceutical Corporation, Pune 411018, M.S., India.
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Brooke India, A 223-226, Pacific Business Park, Sahibabad Industrial area, Ghaziabad 201010, U.P., India.
| | - Jogen Kalita
- KABIL Office, Flat No.3 C, BD Enclave, Khanamukh, Guwahati-781014, A.S., India.
| | - Shereene Williams
- Brooke, 5th floor, Friars Bridge Court, 41-45 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NZ, UK.
| | - Polly C Compston
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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HIMANI HIMANI, KUMAR ASHWANI, ANAND ARUN, SINGH NAVDEEP, UPPAL VARINDER, MOHINDROO JITENDER. Clinical occurrence and radiographic diagnosis of distal limb lameness in equine. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study was to evaluate the hospital occurrence of various radiographic lesions of the distal limb (bones and joints) lameness in equine and to evaluate the role of nerve and joint blocks for the localization of lameness in equine. All the equine lameness cases (117), presented during the one year study period that were subjected to radiographic evaluation, were investigated. Out of these, 20 equine lameness cases were subjected to systematic evaluation including nerve / joint blocks to confirm, whether the clinically or radiographically detectedlesion was the primary cause for the lameness or not. Out of 117, 78 equine (66.67%), were diagnosed with 124 radiographic lesions involving 101 limbs. The majority (62.8%) of the equines had single radiographic lesion, whereas the remaining animals were detected with multiple lesions involving one (15.4%) or more limbs (21.8%). Majority cases of equine lameness were recorded in winter season. Highest per cent lesions were recorded in hoofregion (25.81%) with more common involvement of fore feet (68.75%) and in mares (54.54%). Hock and fetlock regions were second (22.6%) and third (21.8%) most common regions for occurrence of equine lameness. Fetlock joint of hindlimb (63%) was more commonly affected than that of the forelimb. In this study, 16 nerve / joint blocks were applied in 15 horses and these were found helpful in confirming the lameness lesions in 66.7% cases. In conclusion, high prevalence of multiple lesions involving one or more limb poses great diagnostic challenge. Forelimb hoof and the hock were most frequently involved in distal limb lameness in equine. Periostitis and arthritis were most prevalent lameness causing lesions in equine. Physical examinations, nerve/ joint bocks and radiography complement each other in confirming the site of lesion causing lameness.
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Abdelgalil AI, Hassan EA, Torad FA. Cow hock: A normal tarsal conformation in donkeys (
Equus asinus
). EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Abdelgalil
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - E. A. Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - F. A. Torad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
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Popescu S, Diugan E, Sandru CD, Spinu M. Welfare Indicators Correlated with Resistance to Disease: The Romanian Experience. Anim Welf 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sommerville R, Brown AF, Upjohn M. A standardised equine-based welfare assessment tool used for six years in low and middle income countries. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192354. [PMID: 29466391 PMCID: PMC5821349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of horses, donkeys and mules (equids) are in low- and middle-income countries, where they remain a key source of labour in the construction, agriculture and tourism industries, as well as supporting households daily through transporting people and staple goods. Globally, approximately 600 million people depend on working equids for their livelihood. Safeguarding the welfare of these animals is essential for them to work, as well as for the intrinsic value of the animal’s quality of life. In order to manage animal welfare, it must be measured. Over the past decade, welfare assessment methodologies have emerged for different species, more recently for equids. We present the Standardised Equine-Based Welfare Assessment Tool (SEBWAT) for working equids. The tool is unique, in that it has been applied in practice by a non-governmental organisation (NGO) for six years across Low-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). We describe the revision of the tool from an original to a second version, the tool methodology and user training process and how data collection and analysis have been conducted. We describe its application at scale, where it has been used more than 71,000 times in 11 countries. Case study examples are given from the tool being used for a needs assessment in Guatemala and monitoring welfare change in Jordan. We conclude by describing the main benefits and limitations for how the tool could be applied by others on working equids in LMICs and how it may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sommerville
- Brooke, Action for Working Horses and Donkeys, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashleigh F. Brown
- Brooke, Action for Working Horses and Donkeys, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Upjohn
- Brooke, Action for Working Horses and Donkeys, London, United Kingdom
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Pritchard J, Upjohn M, Hirson T. Improving working equine welfare in 'hard-win' situations, where gains are difficult, expensive or marginal. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191950. [PMID: 29408887 PMCID: PMC5800664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Brooke is a non-government organisation with working equine welfare programmes across Africa, Asia and Latin America. In 2014, staff from ten country programmes were asked to identify ‘no-win’ situations (subsequently reframed as ‘hard-wins’)—where improving equine welfare is proving difficult, expensive and/or marginal—in order to inform strategic decisions on how to approach, manage and mitigate for such situations. Methods The Delphi-type consultation process had three phases. Round 1 posed five questions in the form of a workshop, survey and semi-structured interviews. Round 2 re-presented key themes and sense-checked initial conclusions. Round 3 reviewed the nature and prevalence of hard-win situations at an international meeting of all participants. Results Reasons given for hard-win situations included: no economic or social benefit from caring for working animals; poor resource availability; lack of empathy for working equids or their owners among wider stakeholders; deep-seated social issues, such as addiction or illegal working; areas with a high animal turnover or migratory human population; lack of community cooperation or cohesion; unsafe areas where welfare interventions cannot be adequately supported. Participants estimated the prevalence of hard-win situations as 40–70% of their work. They suggested some current ways of working that may be contributing to the problem, and opportunities to tackle hard-wins more effectively. Conclusion and animal welfare implications Respondents agreed that if equine welfare improvements are to span generations of animals, interventions cannot rely on relatively simple, technical knowledge-transfer strategies and quick-wins alone. Programmes need to be more flexible and iterative and less risk-averse in their approaches to embedding good equine welfare practices in all relevant actors. Consultation recommendations informed development of Brooke’s new global strategy, a revised organisational structure and redefinition of roles and responsibilities to streamline ways to approach hard-wins in the complex environments and socio-economic contexts in which working equids are found.
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Galindo F, de Aluja A, Cagigas R, Huerta LA, Tadich TA. Application of the Hands-On Donkey Tool for Assessing the Welfare of Working Equids at Tuliman, Mexico. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2017; 21:93-100. [PMID: 28762781 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1351365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Equids are still used for diverse chores in Mexico and are essential for the livelihoods of numerous families. Appropriate health and behavior are prerequisites for performing work without affecting welfare. This study aimed to assess the welfare of working equids in Tuliman, applying the hands-on donkey tool. This tool evaluates five dimensions (behavior, body condition score [BCS], wounds, lameness, and other health issues) and was applied to 438 working equids (horses, mules, and donkeys). The Kruskall-Wallis test was applied to investigate differences between species and sex. Donkeys were more common; they also presented more positive behaviors and less lameness (p < 0.05). No differences were found for BCS among species on a scale ranging from 1 to 5 (mean BCS for donkeys = 1.9; mules = 2; and horses = 1.8). Mares had significantly lower BCS (mean = 1.5) than stallions (p < 0.05) and geldings (mean = 1.9). Overall mules had better welfare evaluations. The tool allowed detection of welfare issues in working equids; a practical outcome would be implementing local welfare strategies according to its results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galindo
- a Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - A de Aluja
- b Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - R Cagigas
- c Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - L A Huerta
- d Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - T A Tadich
- e Centro Colaborador en Bienestar Animal y Producción Animal Sostenible para la OIE Chile-México-Uruguay, Mexico City, Mexico
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Stringer AP, Christley RM, Bell CE, Gebreab F, Tefera G, Reed K, Trawford A, Pinchbeck GL. Owner reported diseases of working equids in central Ethiopia. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:501-506. [PMID: 27565130 PMCID: PMC5484383 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Working horses, donkeys and mules suffer from numerous diseases and clinical problems. However, there is little information on what owners perceive as important health concerns in their working animals. OBJECTIVES To identify and prioritise with owners the diseases and other health concerns in working equids in central Ethiopia using participatory methodologies. STUDY DESIGN Participatory situation analysis (PSA). METHODS The study was conducted with carthorse- and donkey-owners in 16 sites in central Ethiopia. Multiple participatory methodologies were utilised, including ranking, matrices and focus group discussions. Owners' perceptions on frequency, importance, morbidity and mortality of volunteered diseases and the clinical signs that owners attributed to each disease were obtained; information regarding the impact of these diseases and health concerns was also sought. RESULTS A total of 40 separate disease and health problems were volunteered by carthorse- and donkey-owners. Horse-owners volunteered a musculoskeletal syndrome (with the local name 'bird', clinical signs suggest possible disease pathologies including equine exertional rhabdomyolysis), colic and epizootic lymphangitis most frequently, whereas donkey-owners volunteered sarcoids, nasal discharge and wounds to occur most frequently. One problem (coughing) was volunteered frequently by both horse- and donkey-owners. Owners demonstrated knowledge of differing manifestations and severity of these problems, which resulted in differing impacts on the working ability of the animal. CONCLUSIONS Although many of the diseases and clinical signs had been previously reported, this study also identified some previously unreported priorities such as rabies in donkeys, an unidentified musculoskeletal syndrome in horses and respiratory signs in both horses and donkeys. The information gathered during this participatory study with owners may be used to inform future veterinary and educational programme interventions, as well as identify future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Stringer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R M Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C E Bell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - F Gebreab
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - G Tefera
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | - A Trawford
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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The prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in cart mules in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1483-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sohail ML, Khan MS, Avais M, Zahoor MY, Ijaz M, Ullah A, Fatima Z, Naseer O, Khattak I, Ali S. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Horses of Distinct Climatic Regions of Punjab, Pakistan. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Whay HR, Dikshit AK, Hockenhull J, Parker RMA, Banerjee A, Hughes SI, Pritchard JC, Reix CE. Evaluation of changes in equine care and limb-related abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India, as part of a two year participatory intervention study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126160. [PMID: 26000967 PMCID: PMC4441452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have found the prevalence of lameness in working horses to be 90–100%. Risk factors for lameness in this important equine population, together with risk-reduction strategies adopted by their owners, are poorly understood. The objective was to uncover risk factors for lameness and limb abnormalities in working horses, by associating clinical lameness examination findings on three occasions over two years with owner reported changes in equine management and work practices over this period. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-one communities of horse owners in Jaipur, India, took part in a participatory intervention (PI) project aiming to reduce risk factors for poor welfare, particularly lameness and limb problems. Associations between quantitative measures of equine lameness/limb abnormalities and reported changes in management and work practices were compared with 21 control (C) communities of owners where no intervention had taken place. Key findings from ‘complete cases’, where the same horse stayed with the same owner for the whole study period (PI group = 73 owners of 83 horses, C group = 58 owners of 66 horses), were that more positive statements of change in equine management and work practices were made by PI group owners than C group owners. A mixed picture of potential risk factors emerged: some reported management improvements, for example reducing the weight of the load for cart animals, were associated with improved limbs and lameness, and others, such as making improvements in shoeing and increasing the age at which their animals started work, with negative outcomes. Conclusions/Significance This study illustrates the complexity and interacting nature of risk factors for lameness in working horses, and highlights the importance of longitudinal investigations that recognise and address this. PI group owners found the project useful and requested similar inputs in future. Our findings demonstrate the value of exploratory and participatory research methodology in the field of working horse welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jo Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. A. Parker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Anindo Banerjee
- Praxis Institute for Participatory Practices, C-75, South Extension, Part II, New Delhi, India
| | - Sue I. Hughes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Joy C. Pritchard
- Animals in International Development, Banwell, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, Friars Bridge Court, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E. Reix
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, Friars Bridge Court, London, United Kingdom
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Reix CE, Dikshit AK, Hockenhull J, Parker RMA, Banerjee A, Burn CC, Pritchard JC, Whay HR. A two-year participatory intervention project with owners to reduce lameness and limb abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124342. [PMID: 25898014 PMCID: PMC4405470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participatory methods are increasingly used in international human development, but scientific evaluation of their efficacy versus a control group is rare. Working horses support families in impoverished communities. Lameness and limb abnormalities are highly prevalent in these animals and a cause for welfare concern. We aimed to stimulate and evaluate improvements in lameness and limb abnormalities in horses whose owners took part in a 2-year participatory intervention project to reduce lameness (PI) versus a control group (C) in Jaipur, India. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In total, 439 owners of 862 horses participated in the study. PI group owners from 21 communities were encouraged to meet regularly to discuss management and work practices influencing lameness and poor welfare and to track their own progress in improving these. Lameness examinations (41 parameters) were conducted at the start of the study (Baseline), and after 1 year and 2 years. Results were compared with control horses from a further 21 communities outside the intervention. Of the 149 horses assessed on all three occasions, PI horses showed significantly (P<0.05) greater improvement than C horses in 20 parameters, most notably overall lameness score, measures of sole pain and range of movement on limb flexion. Control horses showed slight but significantly greater improvements in four parameters, including frog quality in fore and hindlimbs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This participatory intervention succeeded in improving lameness and some limb abnormalities in working horses, by encouraging changes in management and work practices which were feasible within owners' socioeconomic and environmental constraints. Demonstration of the potentially sustainable improvements achieved here should encourage further development of participatory intervention approaches to benefit humans and animals in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Reix
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jo Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. A. Parker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Anindo Banerjee
- Praxis Institute for Participatory Practices, C—75, South Extension, Part II, New Delhi, India
| | - Charlotte C. Burn
- Centre for Animal Welfare, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joy C. Pritchard
- Animals in International Development, Banwell, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Regan Nee Ashley FH, Hockenhull J, Pritchard JC, Waterman-Pearson AE, Whay HR. Clinical abnormalities in working donkeys and their associations with behaviour. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000105. [PMID: 26392903 PMCID: PMC4567160 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS Working donkeys are at risk of developing multiple, acute and chronic health problems. The ability to recognise and assess pain in donkeys associated with these health problems is important for people responsible for their care and treatment, including owners and veterinary or animal health workers. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were firstly to quantify the prevalence of a range of clinical abnormalities within a sample of working donkeys; and secondly to find out whether these abnormalities were associated with potential behavioural indicators of pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and thirty-three entire male adult working donkeys were observed for ten minutes before and after a one-hour rest period. Using an ethogram developed and refined in associated studies, posture and event behaviours were recorded by a single observer. The health of each donkey was then assessed by a veterinarian for specific clinical abnormalities. RESULTS Working donkeys have a high prevalence of clinical abnormalities and a number of behaviours are associated with these. Significant associations were found between observed behaviours and systemic, ocular and limb-related clinical abnormalities. Cumulative clinical scores for limb-related problems were associated with a higher frequency of leg trembling, knuckling of the forelimb, leg-lifting and weight-shifting behaviours (all R≥0.4; P<0.001) and with a lower frequency of weight-bearing evenly on all four feet (R=-0.458; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The specific behaviour changes associated with clinical abnormalities identified in this study, together with general changes in demeanour identified in related studies, may be useful in assessing the presence and severity of pain in working donkeys and their response to medical and palliative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK
| | - J C Pritchard
- Animals in International Development , North Somerset , UK ; The Brooke , London , UK
| | | | - H R Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , North Somerset , UK
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Vergara F, Tadich TA. Effect of the Work Performed by Tourism Carriage Horses on Physiological and Blood Parameters. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Geiger M, Hovorka AJ. Using physical and emotional parameters to assess donkey welfare in Botswana. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000062. [PMID: 26392888 PMCID: PMC4567146 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Working donkeys in Maun, Botswana contribute to people's livelihoods substantially through the provision of transport, ploughing and income generating activities. However, working donkeys suffer from various welfare issues that were investigated in this study to provide preliminary insights on their health and well-being. MATERIALS AND METHODS An assessment protocol involving direct observations of the donkeys was developed and operationalised to assess physical and emotional welfare. Physical welfare parameters such as body condition score, abnormal limbs, impeded gait, eye abnormalities, sore and scar locations, hoof and coat condition were recorded. Emotional welfare parameters such as eyes, tail movement, ear position, neck position, posture and vocalisation were recorded. In addition, donkey-owner interactions were recorded and scored, as well as the donkey's response to environmental factors. A total cross-section of 100 donkeys sub-stratified by roles of riding, cart pulling and resting were randomly selected in eight villages and three urban wards and assessed during the period of May to August 2012. RESULTS The findings reveals that the 100 adult working donkeys assessed were physically afflicted by poor BCSs of two (66 per cent), long and cracked hooves (50 per cent), sores on at least two locations on their body (53 per cent), scars on at least two locations on their body (86 per cent), and poor coat conditions (58 per cent). Emotionally, donkeys displayed unresponsiveness (35 per cent), avoidance (31 per cent), disinterest in hand sniffing (59 per cent), dull facial expression (33 per cent), tail stillness (89 per cent), neck stiffness and/or raised head (13 per cent) or head hanging low (32 per cent visibly withdrawn), and tense ears pointing back or to the side (69 per cent). By contrast, the remaining donkeys (31 per cent) exhibited a happy demeanour of curiosity, interest, alert facial expression, tail swishing, relaxed ears pointed to the side or forward and neck relaxed and/or level. CONCLUSIONS This study offers preliminary findings from an investigation into the welfare of working donkeys in Greater Maun, Botswana, and provides baseline research to inform future research and strategies to enhance donkey well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Geiger
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Alice J. Hovorka
- Queen's University, Department of Geography & School of Environmental Studies, Kingston, ON, CanadaK7L 3N6
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Owers R, Marr C. World Horse Welfare online collection of research on working equids. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:764-5. [PMID: 25319160 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Owers
- World Horse Welfare, Snetterton, Norfolk, UK
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Reix CE, Burn CC, Pritchard JC, Barr ARS, Whay HR. The range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in Pakistan. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:771-7. [PMID: 24433378 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Lameness is prevalent in working donkeys and has major welfare implications; however, a detailed study of the associated clinical signs is lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe the range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS Data were collected from 102 working draught donkeys in Pakistan. A lameness assessment adapted for working donkeys was used to record clinical signs of lameness, gait, limb conformation and pain responses in the feet, limbs and spine using observation, palpation and manipulation. Lameness at the walk was scored from 0 to 10 (sound to nonweightbearing). RESULTS Every donkey examined had gait abnormalities, with 5% having a nonweightbearing limb. Lameness was significantly more severe with older age, lower body condition score and forward-at-the-knee conformation. More severe lameness was also associated with pain responses in the hoof walls, palpation of limb joints and spinal flexion. Joint, tendon and foot pathology was highly prevalent, as well as pain responses to joint flexion and spinal manipulation. Conformational abnormalities showed lateral asymmetries. CONCLUSIONS Over 98% of the world's 42.2 million donkeys are in low-income countries, most being used for work. The high prevalence of lameness, pain and multiple limb and spinal abnormalities in working donkeys is of great welfare concern and highlights the complexity of addressing this problem. This standardised lameness assessment can be used when implementing and monitoring interventions to reduce lameness prevalence in working donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Reix
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK; The Brooke, London, UK
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Oosterlinck M, Gasthuys F, Back W, Pille F. Does long-term unilateral circling affect locomotor symmetry in ponies used for carousel rides? Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e143-6. [PMID: 24360733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is ethical debate on the use of ponies for carousel rides at city fairs, as these animals may develop progressive locomotor asymmetry during their career. To investigate this issue, 21 ponies used for carousel rides were walked and trotted over a pressure plate system. Non-directional symmetry ratios and directional asymmetry indices of forelimb peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), stance time (ST) and hoof contact area (CA) were calculated and compared to reference data. In both the carousel and reference groups, most ponies presented higher loading of the right forelimb at the walk and trot. Carousel ponies presented slightly, though significantly, lower symmetry ratios and more negative asymmetry indices than the reference group for PVF and VI, but not for ST and CA. However, repeated analysis after exclusion of the ponies with visually observed lameness revealed no significant differences in asymmetry indices, whereas symmetry ratios remained lower in the carousel group. Interestingly, Ten of 21 carousel ponies were subjectively more difficult to lunge on the circle opposite to their routine working direction, whereas the ponies in the reference group were easily lunged in both directions. In the absence of clear unilateral lameness or locomotor asymmetry in the majority of ponies, it is reasonable to assume a behavioural explanation for this observation. There was no significant association between the duration of the career and all symmetry indices. These results indicate an overall less symmetric locomotion in carousel ponies, but progressive locomotor asymmetry due to long-term unilateral circling seems to be unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Warner SE, Pickering P, Panagiotopoulou O, Pfau T, Ren L, Hutchinson JR. Size-related changes in foot impact mechanics in hoofed mammals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54784. [PMID: 23382967 PMCID: PMC3559824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-ground impact is mechanically challenging for all animals, but how do large animals mitigate increased mass during foot impact? We hypothesized that impact force amplitude scales according to isometry in animals of increasing size through allometric scaling of related impact parameters. To test this, we measured limb kinetics and kinematics in 11 species of hoofed mammals ranging from 18-3157 kg body mass. We found impact force amplitude to be maintained proportional to size in hoofed mammals, but that other features of foot impact exhibit differential scaling patterns depending on the limb; forelimb parameters typically exhibit higher intercepts with lower scaling exponents than hind limb parameters. Our explorations of the size-related consequences of foot impact advance understanding of how body size influences limb morphology and function, foot design and locomotor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Elaine Warner
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Carstens A, Kirberger RM, Dahlberg LE, Prozesky L, Fletcher L, Lammentausta E. VALIDATION OF DELAYED GADOLINIUM-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE AND T2 MAPPING FOR QUANTIFYING DISTAL METACARPUS/METATARSUS CARTILAGE THICKNESS IN THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 54:139-48. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Carstens
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | | | - Leon Prozesky
- Department of Pathology; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Lizelle Fletcher
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, and the Department of Statistics; University of Pretoria; South Africa
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Upjohn MM, Shipton K, Pfeiffer DU, Lerotholi T, Attwood G, Verheyen KLP. Cross-sectional survey of owner knowledge and husbandry practices, tack and health issues affecting working horses in Lesotho. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:310-8. [PMID: 21848533 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To establish baseline parameters of equine health, owner knowledge and husbandry practices and tack against which benefits to local horses arising from an equine charity's training programme in Lesotho could be measured. OBJECTIVES To describe and investigate associations between owner knowledge and equine husbandry practices, horse health and tack-related parameters prior to the start of the training programme. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in the catchment area of students attending the first training course. Owners from randomly selected villages were interviewed about horse care using a standardised, structured questionnaire, administered face to face in local language. Horses were clinically examined and tack assessed according to standardised protocols. RESULTS Clinical examinations were performed on 312 horses and 287 owners were interviewed. Owners had variable knowledge of equine husbandry and limited understanding of appropriate primary and preventive healthcare. Equine health problems identified included ecto- and endoparasite infestation, mouth lesions, overgrown and unbalanced feet and tack-associated wounds. The majority of tack was in poor condition, dirty and ill-fitting. With the exception of below-average body condition score, no associations were found between key adverse horse-related clinical findings and owners reporting their horse as being 'unhealthy'. CONCLUSIONS Working horses in Lesotho have a range of physical problems, many of which could be ameliorated through targeted owner education. With limited access to veterinary advice and scarce resources, improved availability of affordable local equine trade skills is key to improving equine health. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Findings could be used to inform and direct training programmes to maximise benefits to equine health and to serve as a baseline against which to monitor effects of educational and other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Upjohn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Edwards SHR. Intra-articular drug delivery: the challenge to extend drug residence time within the joint. Vet J 2010; 190:15-21. [PMID: 20947396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rationale behind developing sustained release microsphere formulations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administered via the intra-articular (IA) route is to minimise the systemic bioavailability and attendant side-effects associated with oral drug administration. Overall dose is reduced whilst therapeutic benefit within the joint is maintained. The potential benefits of IA therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) are not achieved using currently available medications and delivery vehicles due to the rapid clearance of therapeutic substances from the synovial space. There is a need for sustained release delivery systems if the potential of IA drug administration is to be realised. Rationally designed microspheres taken up by synovial macrophages offer a strategy to sustain drug delivery within the joint, and to deliver NSAIDs directly to pivotal inflammatory cells. The efficacy of microsphere candidates may be evaluated in large animal models of OA. The principles of IA microsphere drug delivery may also be applicable to other classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H R Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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Relationships between behaviour and health in working horses, donkeys, and mules in developing countries. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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RABBA SILVIA, BOLEN GÉRALDINE, VERWILGHEN DENIS, SALCICCIA ALEXANDRA, BUSONI VALERIA. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH FOOT PAIN BUT WITHOUT RADIOGRAPHICALLY DETECTABLE OSSEOUS ABNORMALITIES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Singh B, Chauhan M, Sindhu R, Gulati B, Khurana S, Singh B, Yadav H, Yadav R. Diseases Prevalent in Equids in India: A Survey of Veterinary Practitioners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2010.143.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Burn CC, Dennison TL, Whay HR. Environmental and demographic risk factors for poor welfare in working horses, donkeys and mules in developing countries. Vet J 2009; 186:385-92. [PMID: 19926316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over 85% of equids live in developing countries, where they are usually used for work. We aimed to identify environmental factors associated with potential welfare problems in working equids, helping target welfare interventions towards the most vulnerable animals. Over 5 years, non-invasive behavioural and physical data were collected from 5481 donkeys, 4504 horses, and 858 mules across nine developing countries. Hoof and limb problems were over 90% prevalent, and 85% of equids were thin. Older, thinner animals had the most problems, and species differences in susceptibility were found. Equids used to transport people by cart, to carry goods by pack, or to work in bricks kilns had more problems than other equids. Rural equids had more problems than urban ones, but urban equids had more lesions, and were more aggressive towards observers. Equids were significantly thinner when climates were warmer. These results should aid the development and targeting of specific welfare interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Burn
- Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Observer reliability for working equine welfare assessment: problems with high prevalences of certain results. Anim Welf 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWelfare issues relevant to equids working in developing countries may differ greatly to those of sport and companion equids in developed countries. In this study, we test the observer reliability of a working equine welfare assessment, demonstrating how prevalence of certain observations reduces reliability ratings. The assessment included behaviour, general health, wounds, and limb and foot pathologies. In Study 1, agreement between five observers and their trainer (the ‘gold standard’) was assessed using 80 horses and 80 donkeys in India. Intra-observer agreement was later tested on 40 of each species. Study 2 took place in Egypt, using nine observers, their trainer, 30 horses and 30 donkeys, adjusting some scoring systems and providing observers with more detailed guidelines than in Study 1. Percentage agreements, Fleiss kappa (with a weighted version for ordinal scores) and prevalence indices were calculated for each variable. Reliability was similar across both studies, but was significantly poorer for donkeys than horses. Age, sex, certain wounds and (for horses alone) body condition, consistently attained clinically-useful reliability. Hoofhorn quality, point-of-hock lesions, mucous membrane abnormalities, limb-tether lesions, and skin tenting showed poor reliability. Reporting the prevalence index alongside the percentage agreement showed that, for many variables, the populations were too homogenous for conclusive reliability ratings. Suggestions are made for improving scoring systems showing poor reliability, but future testing will require deliberate selection of a more diverse equine population. This could prove challenging given that, in both populations of horses and donkeys studied here, many pathologies apparently showed 90-100% prevalence.
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